Gas Turbines

Item # Question Answer

1. Charles’ Law states that: Volume at a given mass of gas at constant pressure is
proportional to its absolute temperature.

2. Heat & Mechanical energy are mutually 1400ft/lbs.

convertible & 1 Celsius Heat Unit (CHG) is:

3. Newton’s first law of motion states that: A body persists ins a state of rest or uniform motion unless
influenced by an external force.

4. At constant temperature, if the volume of gas is Double.

halved, does the pressure? :

5. Work required to raise 1lb of water through 1OF 788ft/lbs.

is equal:

6. Airflow through a convergent duct causes: Increase in velocity, decrease in pressure (& temperature).

7. If the temperature of a mass of air is increased Pressure increases.

whilst the volume remains constant, then:

8. Newton’s second law of motion states that: Acceleration is proportional to & in the direction of the
applied force.

9. Airflow through a divergent duct: Pressure increases, velocity decreases.

10. If air remains at constant pressure & Density will decrease.

temperature, but becomes humid:

11. The efficiency of a gas turbine engine at altitude: Increases.

12. If a mass of air is subjected to an increased The temperature rises.

pressure:

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Item # Question Answer

13. The Celsius (Centigrade) heat unit is the amount 1lb of water at standard atmosphere press through 1OC.
of energy required to raise the temperature of a
mass of:

14. During the cycle of a gas turbine combustion Continuously.

takes place:

15. A turbo jet is smoother running because: It has no reciprocating parts.

16. A turbo jet engine gives: Large acceleration to a small mass of air.

17. In a turbo jet engine, combustion occurs at a: Constant pressure.

18. With a ram effect due to increased airspeed, Increase.

efficiency of the engine will:

19. The mass airflow through the engine will vary if: Density, air temperature & forward speed vary.

20. If air is taken from the compressor for air Thrust will decrease, Jet Pipe Temperature (JPT) will
conditioning or anti-icing: increase.

21. With the aircraft, propulsive efficiency: Is minimum.

22. The efficient conversion of kinetic energy into Propulsive efficiency.

propulsive work is a measure of:

23. A jet engine derives its thrust by: Reaction of the propelling gases.

24. Pressure varies with change of volume: Pressure doubles when volume is halved.

25. If a volume of a mass of air is 646 cu ft at 1OC, at 2 cu ft smaller.

0OC, it will be:

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Item # Question Answer

26. What will be the effect of operating the intake A decrease in power.
anti-icing system of a gas turbine:

27. Intakes are designed to: Decelerate the free air stream flow.

28. A badly designed or damaged air intake will Power output.

affect:

29. The compressor idling speed will increase: At altitude.

30. Intake air turbulence: Decrease the efficiency of the compressor.

31. Total head pressure: Increases as the aircraft speed increases.

32. Compressor inlet pressure must be: As near as possible to total head pressure.

33. Reduction in engine efficiency can be caused by: Ice formation on air intake.

34. Air intakes are designed to handle: Subsonic & supersonic airflows.

35. When air is compressed adiabatically: There is no loss or gain of heat.

36. Compression ratio is: Ratio between inlet & outlet pressure.

37. An axial flow compressor consists of: One rotor & stator assembly.

38. Shrouding of stator blade tips is to: Minimize vibration.

39. As the air passes through an axial flow Between rotor & stator blades.
compressor, compression takes place:

40. The pressure rise across each stage of an axial Between 1.1 & 1.3 to 1
flow compressor is:
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Item # Question Answer

41. The efficiency of a compressor is shown by: The temperature change during compression.

42. The ring of fixed blades at the intake to an axial Intake guide vanes.
flow compressor are:

43. At constant rpm, the pressure ratio of the Remains constant irrespective of height.
compressor & the temperature rise across the
compressor:

44. Why in an axial flow compressor, is the cross To maintain the velocity of the air under rising pressure.
sectional area of the compressor air duct reduced
at each stage? :

45. Why are the blades in the later stages of an axial To withstand the heat from compression.
flow compressor made of bronze alloy:

46. In an axial flow compressor, which factors govern The speed and the number of stages.
the compression ratio of the compressor? :

47. Attachment of blades to the compressor disc: Allows slight movement to relieve stress concentration.

48. What is the purpose of the diffuser vanes in a To convert kinetic into pressure energy.
centrifugal compressor:

49. Compressor blades are designed to: Produce a steady pressure & energy rise over the engine
speed range.

50. A compressor blade will stall when: Pressure, velocity & rotational speed relationship is
disturbed.

51. Compressor surge occurs when: All stages have stalled.

52. The purpose of the rotating guide vanes on a To direct the air smoothly into the impeller.
centrifugal compressor is:

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Item # Question Answer

53. The pressure rise across a centrifugal Is shared equally by the impeller & diffuser.
compressor:

54. If HP clearance in a centrifugal compressor is too Aerodynamic buffeting would cause vibration.
small:

55. The purpose of cascade vanes is to: Turn the air smoothly through 90O & complete diffusion.

56. A disadvantage of a double sided impeller is: Preheating of the air occurs.

57. If the airflow through the compressor is radial, Centrifugal.

the type would be:

58. An advantage of the centrifugal compressor is: It is robust & can stand some shock from icing up.

59. Under ideal conditions, the pressure rise across a Not more than 4 to 1.
centrifugal compressor is:

60. Running clearance is kept to a minimum to Tip loss.

reduce:

61. Compressor stall is caused by: Over fuelling.

62. Variable inlet guide vanes prevent: Compressor stalling.

63. An axial flow compressor surges when: All stages are stalled.

64. In the event of a surge occurring, the correct Close throttle slowly.
action to take would be:

65. Inlet guide vanes are fitted to: Control the angle of airflow into the compressor.

66. When a surge occurs: JPT increases rapidly.

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Item # Question Answer

67. A compressor stage stalls when: Smooth airflow is disrupted.

68. A bleed valve Relieves compressor choking at low rpm.

69. If compressor surge occurs, it is recognized by: Coughing in compressor & vibration.

70. The value of airflow & pressure ratio at which a Surge point.
surge occurs is :

71. Low mass airflow through a compressor will Stalling of early stages.
produce:

72. Pressure rise across an axial flow compressor is: Up to sixteen to one.

73. Bleed valves: Open at low rpm.

74. The purpose of bleeding air from the compressor To prevent choking intermediate stages.
is:

75. Bleeding takes place: In the front stages.

76. Axial compressor blades are twisted to: Maintain uniform axial velocity.

77. If the turbine & compressor are misaligned, it will Loss of power and high Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC).
cause:

78. In a reverse flow system, the last stage of an axial Provide initial turning of the airflow.
flow compressor is often centrifugal, this is to:

79. The overall air/fuel ratio of a combustion 45:1 to 130:1

chamber (or burner) can vary between:

80. The power required to drive the compressor & 60% of energy available after combustion.
components is approximately:
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Item # Question Answer

81. At high rpm, the position of the variable intake Minimum swirl position.
vanes are:

82. The approximate percentage of the mass airflow 18%.

taken in by the flame tube snout is:

83. Where will the highest gas pressure occur: After leaving the compressor & before entering the
combustion chamber.

84. In a gas turbine, combustion takes place at: Constant pressure.

85. Air used for combustion is termed: Primary.

86. The main purpose of combustion is to: Increase the gas velocity.

87. Where is the highest velocity experienced? : At the exhaust outlet.

88. During normal running conditions: Combustion is self-supporting.

89. The heated gas produced in the combustion Rearwards & impinges on the turbine assembly.
chambers expands:

90. A toroidal vortex: A region in the combustion chamber of low velocity re-
circulation.

91. When light up takes place: Interconnectors spread the heat to adjacent flame tubes.

92. When accelerating from “light up” to ground Increases.

idling speed, the JPT:

93. Fuel entering the combustion chamber from an A fuel-air mixture.

atomizer spray nozzle enters as:

94. The flame temperature is approximately: 2000OC.

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Item # Question Answer

95. Air through the compressor, before entering the Through divergent passage to increase the pressure.
combustion chamber passes:

96. The fuel-air ratio in the combustion area of the 18:1.

combustion chamber is:

97. Another name for cannular combustion system Turbo-annular combustion chamber.
is:

98. Temperature within the combustion system is Turbine blade and nozzle materials.
limited by:

99. The flame speed of kerosene at normal mixture 1 – 2 ft / sec.

strength is:

100. Air from the compressor enters the combustion 500 ft / sec.
chamber at approximately:

101. The ratio of kerosene to air for efficient 1:130.

combustion is:

102. The swirl vanes in a flame tube: Produce gas re-circulation.

103. What is a cannular combustion system? : A set of flame tubes, enclosed in a common air casing.

104. An advantage of annular combustion system: Decrease in engine length.

105. Why are sliding joints fitted between the To allow free expansion of combustion chamber.
combustion chamber & nozzle box:

106. How is the combustion chamber drain valve By combustion chamber gas pressure.
closed? :

What is the advantage of the annular system It gives better pressure distribution.
107. compared with the multiple chamber system? :
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Item # Question Answer

108. Why is it necessary to have a combustion drain To prevent initial over-fuelling on startup, or wet start.
system? :

109. What is the purpose of the tertiary airflow To reduce the gas temperature & cool the flame head.
created in the combustion chamber? :

110. As the gases pass across the turbine: Temperature & speed decrease.

111. Combustion is initiated in the combustion Ignitor plug.

chamber by:

112. Why are two or more turbine wheels coupled To keep turbine rotor diameter small.
together? :

113. How is a tight fit ensured between blades & By centrifugal force & blade compression loads.
turbine disc? :

114. In a free turbine: There is no mechanical connection.

115. Why are nozzle vanes fitted? : To increase velocity of the gas flow.

116. What is one reason for shrouding turbine To improve efficiency & reduce vibration.
engines? :

117. What are the main contributory factors causing High rpm & torque loading.
creep in turbine blades:

118. Turbine rotation is achieved because: Rotation is caused by a combination of impulse & reaction.

119. Why is impulse blading sometimes used in the Because it promotes longer blade life, & there is no back
first stage of a multi stage turbine? : pressure.

120. After the gas stream has been used to drive the Temperature, velocity & pressure will have fallen.
turbine, then:
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Item # Question Answer

121. A nozzle is “choked” when: The gas flow through it is sonic.

122. A “choked” nozzle is: Gives additional thrust.

123. The velocity of the gases in the exhaust unit is Mach 0.5.
held to:

124. The exhaust cone: Prevents the hot gases flowing across the turbine face.

125. For what purpose is the propelling nozzle Increase velocity & decrease pressure of the gas stream
designed? : leaving the nozzle.

126. What would be the effect of a jet pipe with too Exhaust velocity lower causing drop in thrust.
large an exit nozzle area? :

127. An advantage of the cone type variable area Easier starting at low rpm & temperature.
propelling nozzle is:

128. With a convergent type propelling nozzle: Energy is wasted because of atmospheric pressure.

129. The Jet pipe is insulated from the airframe by: Combination of cooling air & insulating materials.

130. The gas enters the Jet Pipe from the turbine at a 750 – 1200 ft / second.
velocity of:

131. An increase in fuel flow will cause: An increase in temperature, decreased gas expansion.

132. Fuel supplied to the combustion chamber should Readily combustible state.
be in a :

133. Which of the following is a “wide-cut” gasoline? : Derd 2486 AV / TAG.

134. A wide cut fuel is: More volatile than kerosene type fuel.
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Item # Question Answer

135. In a turbine engine the engine speed is usually set Throttle valve.
by the:

136. To what condition does the fuel flow correspond Mass airflow through the engine.
during acceleration:

137. Which component corrects for air density effects Barometric pressure control valve.
on fuel / air mixture? :

138. How is the danger of ice crystal formation in the By using a fuel cooled oil cooler.
fuel system reduced? :

139. What limits the maximum output of the HP fuel Maximum rpm governor.
pump? :

140. Why is a low pressure fuel pump fitted in the To maintain fuel pressure from the tank to the HP Pump.
aircraft fuel system? :

141. Why is it necessary to control fuel supply to the To prevent excessively high JPT & possible compressor
engine during rapid acceleration? : stall.

142. Why is a barometric pressure control fluid fitted To vary pump output in relation to pressure variation at
in the fuel system? : the intake.

143. What are the two main forces acting in a Pump delivery pressure & P1.
barometric pressure control? :

144. How is the maximum fuel pump delivery pressure By the servo half ball valve in the maximum rpm governor.
controlled? :

145. What is the purpose of the attenuator fitted ????

between the fuel pump and the BPC? :

146.

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Item # Question Answer

147. How will governor creep be indicated during a An increased maximum rpm.
climb? :

148. The burner fuel flow is at maximum at: ISA sea level.

149. Why is air provided to the shroud around the To minimize carbon formation.
burner head? :

150. A gas turbine engine is stopped by closing: HP Cock.

151. In the sunplex burner, if minimum pressure for 3000 psi.

effective atomization is 30 psi, the pressure
required for maximum flow would be:

152. A typical figure for the lubrication system 16 pints.

capacity would be:

153. The oil used in gas turbine lubrication systems is: Synthetic anti-freeze oil.

154. The bearings of a turbine engine are relatively Because there are no heavy loads arising from
lightly loaded compared to those of a piston reciprocation.
engine. Why? :

155. Why are oil seals pressurized? : To ensure minimum oil loss.

156. What limits the oil pressure in the fuel cooled oil A by-pass valve between inlet & outlet connections.
cooler? :

157. On a turbine engine, how is engine casing Via the centrifugal breather.
vented? :

158. How are the main bearings in axial flow engine Air from the intermediate stage of the compressor.
normally pressurized? :

159. The main bearings are lubricated by: Oil jets.

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Item # Question Answer

160. A squeeze film bearing: Reduces oil consumption.

161. If engine run down time is short coupled with Labyrinth seal rub.
high oil consumption, the most probable cause is:

162. The turbine disc is cooled by: Compressor delivery air.

163. Nozzle guide vanes & turbine blades are cooled Compressor delivery air.
by? :

164. ??? ???

165. ??? ???

166. ??? ???

167. Why is a hotwell not required in a turbine engine Because low viscosity oil is used.
oil tank? :

168. Why is a centrifugal breather fitted in the oil To prevent oil mist passing to atmosphere?
system? :

169. In the case of fire, it is prevented from spreading The creation of differential pressures.
to the “cool” zone by:

170. The pressure control valve in an accessory By micro switches on the undercarriage.
induced cooling system is:

171. The main advantage of a turbo-starter is: Safer in operation.

172. In an electrical starter system, the slow start The time switch.
resistor is short circuited by:

173. What is the advantage of an air starter system? : It is light, simple & economical.
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Item # Question Answer

174. On starting a jet engine, how would a failed light Low RPM and no JPT.
up be indicated? :

175. In a high energy ignitor unit, the discharge Allow the capacitor to discharge when the unit is switched
resistors: off.

176. Self-sustaining rpm means: The engine will run independently of external help.

177. The air supply to operate an air starter usually The APU.
comes from:

178. In a high efficiency Ignitor Unit, the choke: Prolongs the discharge.

179. An ignitor plug takes the form at a: Surface discharge plug.

180. The rate of discharge of the High Energy Ignitor 60 – 100 per minute.
Unit is:

181. In an electrical system of ice protection, the Part continuously, part intermittently.
heating element operates:

182. ??? ???

183. On a twin spool engine, the: HP & LP compressors are operated by their respective HP
& LP turbines.

184. ??? ???

185. If a bypass engine replaces a turbo jet engine of The bypass engines fuel consumption will be lower.
equivalent power:

186. In a twin spool engine, at what speed does the LP At a lower rpm than the HP compressor.
compressor run? :

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Item # Question Answer

187. Which type of turbo-propeller engine is Compound twin spool.

practically free from surge & requires low power
for starting? :

188. How is the efficiency of a turbo-propeller engine By comparing torque meter pressure against a reference
assessed? : figure.

189. On which type of turbo-propeller would you Free turbine.

expect to find a parking brake:

190. ??? ???

191. ??? ???

192. The maximum temperature of the gas in a gas The materials in the turbine.
turbine is limited by:

193. The most efficient fuel / air ratio for combustion 18:1
is:

194. The starting sequence of an electric engine The engine achieving self-sustaining rpm.
starter is normally:

195. The expression relighting means: Starting an engine in the air after flameout.

196. A swirl vane is situated: In the combustion chamber.

197. The effect of a swirl vane is to: Anchor & stabilize the flame.

198. Approximately 25% of the total air in a turbine Combustion.

engine us used in:

199. Inlet guide vanes are used to: Prevent stalling in the compressor.

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 Item # Question Answer

200. The sequence of events in a gas turbine engine is: Induction, compression, ignition, expansion, exhaust.

201. The type of oil used in a turbine engine is: Synthetic.

202. The starting sequence of an air turbine starter is The starter motor reaching a pre-determined speed.
terminated by:

203. During the starting sequence, light up should take Within XX seconds of introducing fuel flow.
place:

204. The effect of increasing the area of the jet nozzle A decrease in thrust.
would be:

205. Use of reverse thrust after landing: Shortens the landing roll.

206. The use of engine anti icing us recommended: When there is visible moisture and the OAT is below 10OC.

207. ??? ???

208. ??? ???

209. In a turbo-prop engine: Energy is extracted at the turbine to drive the propeller.

Notes:

1. Highlighted items need clarification/confirmation.

2. ??? Means notes are unreadable.

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