Expt #: 1 Date: 02/13/20

Expt Title: Separation and Purification of Organic Compounds (CRYSTALLIZATION)

Introduction:
Crystallization is simple, effective and very important technique to separate and purify
solids. It is based on the fact that all organic compounds are more soluble in hot than in cold
solvents, so that solid gets dissolved on heating and is obtained back on cooling. And to carry out
the purification, we have been employed various techniques of crystallization. It involves the
process of dissolving the material to form a saturated solution in a suitable solvent at an elevated
temperature, filtering while hot to remove any suspended insoluble particles, and letting
crystallization proceed.
Materials:
Apparatus: Test Compounds: Reagents:
beaker test tube benzoic acid animal charcoal
Erlenmeyer flask filter paper sodium chloride 5% nitric acid solution
glass rod pipette methylene blue 1% silver nitrate solution
hot plate ice brown sugar distilled water
medicine dropper funnel
watch glass
Procedure:

Test Compounds

Benzoic acid &NaCl Brown Sugar

Add distilled water to the sample Control Filtrate

Heat and dissolve the solution Heat the solution

Dissolve the sample to
distilled water

Add animal charcoal and stir Add animal

charcoal and stir
Hot Filtration
Hot Filtration
Cooling

Place at room temperature Soak with ice water

Cold Filtration

Wash the crystals

Dry the crystals and collect

Add 2 drops of 1% AgNO₃

 Results and Discussion:
Test Compounds
A. Benzoic acid & NaCl
1. Description of Mixture
1.1 Before Heating
1.2 While Heating
2. Formation of Crystals
2.1 Rapid Cooling
2.2 Slow Cooling
3. Solution
3.1 Purified crystals + 1-
2 drops of 1% AgNO₃
B. Brown Sugar
Observation Interpretation
The liquid is Benzoic acid is an organic compound
blue in color. while NaCl is an inorganic compound.
NaCl dissolved Since Benzoic acid is an organic
in the water but compound, it does not easily dissolve in
the Benzoic a solvent with a lower temperature,
acid does not, since the principle behind crystallization
hence it is that the amount of solute that can be
submerged. dissolved by a solvent increase with
temperature; therefore, benzoic acid is
relatively insoluble in room temperature
unlike NaCl.
Methylene blue is an organic compound
and also has a polar character like
water, so it easily dissociates in water
making the liquid blue in color.
The Benzoic acid A solution is created by dissolving a
and NaCl dissolved in the liquid solute in a solvent at or near its boiling
after being heated near in its boiling point. At this high temperature, the
point and stirred vigorously. solute has a greatly increased solubility
in the solvent, so a much smaller
quantity of hot solvent is needed than
when the solvent is at room
temperature; therefore; the solute was
much more soluble at higher
temperature.
The crystals Ice was used as the catalyst to rapidly
formed in rapid cooling were cool the solution. Rate of crystallization
smaller than the crystals in slow slows as temperature decreases. If the
cooling. solution cools quickly, the crystals do
not have much time to form, so they are
very small.
The crystals
formed in slow If the solution cool slowly, then the
cooling were crystals have enough time to grow and
larger and finer become large.
than the crystal
in rapid
cooling.
There were white solution and Silver precipitates chloride. Silver
white precipitate formed. nitrate will form an insoluble precipitate
with chloride ions. If you make an
aqueous solution from your crystals and
treat it with silver nitrate, a precipitate
will indicate the presence of sodium
chloride.
If a precipitate form, the separation is
not complete
The control is yellowish in color Brown sugar is an organic compound, it
dissolves in a water after stirring, and
 1. Control the color diffuse rapidly making the
(without animal charcoal) solution yellowish in color.

2. Filtrate
(with animal charcoal) The filtrate is The animal charcoal is a decolorizing
usually almost carbon that absorbed impurities from
colorless the solution making the solution clear
and colorless.

1. How are colored impurities removed from crystals?

- Colored impurities were removed from crystals through filtration and by the addition
of decolorizing carbon such as animal charcoal.
2. Why is it necessary to filter the solution while still hot?
- It is necessary to filter the solution while still hot to remove insoluble purities
because according on the principles of solubility, compounds tend to be more soluble
in hot liquids. If you allowed it to cool, the solute is no longer soluble in solvent and
forms crystals of pure compound.
3. What are the methods of inducing crystal formation from solution?
- Removal of impurities which may retard or inhibit crystal formation
- Nucleus formation, and
- Encouragement of growth of crystals to visible form
- Crystallization can be induced by reduction in temperature i.e. put in an ice bath or
you can use a technique called seeding where you put a few crystals of the expected
substance in the solution, the other method is to increase the concentration of the
solution by evaporating it, to saturation point, ensure you do not evaporate it dry.

4. What factors cause the difference in the size of crystals formed?

- Variables that control crystal growth include the amount of dissolved material,
evaporation, pressure, and temperature. The higher the amount of dissolved material
in the water, the more pressure that is placed on the material, the bigger the crystals
will grow.
- Nucleation or the agitation or the continuous stirring of the solution may also affect
the size of crystal formation.

5. How is the completeness of separation of the benzoic acid crystals from sodium chloride
known with the addition of Ag NO₃ solution?
-If the separation is incomplete, sodium chloride will be an impurity in benzoic acid
crystals. Silver nitrate will form an insoluble precipitate with chloride ions. Therefore, if
sodium chloride is present, if you make an aqueous solution from your crystals and treat
it with silver nitrate, a precipitate will indicate the presence of sodium chloride. Silver
precipitates chloride. If a precipitate form, the separation is not complete

Question to Post Lab:

What is the used of the animal charcoal? How it helps to purified the solution?
- Animal charcoal is a decolorizing carbon. The fine carbon particles present a large,
active surface upon which soluble colored substances (impurities) may be absorbed
making the solution purified.

Conclusion:
- In the experiment conducted, we learned that allowing a hot solution of the
required compound to cool is called crystallization. If the impure compound is
 insoluble in cold solvent and soluble in hot solvent, the suitable crystallization is
obtained. Having a best solvent is a must, because if not, all steps are not obtained. In
short, you cannot have a pure compound. Crystallization have processes mainly:
dissolution, hot filtration and drying. Problems occur in crystallization when the
solvent is not suitable and when compound does not crystallize. Organic compounds
are more soluble at high temperature. Methylene blue mixture was boiled and mixed
with animal charcoal to purify the solution. The slow cooling solution revealed large
and fine crystals while the rapid cooling solution revealed smaller crystals. Brown
sugar and water was yellowish in color and the it was heated and the filtrate with
animal charcoal is clear and colorless since animal charcoal is a decolorizing carbon
and that process is called decolorization. If the separation is incomplete, sodium
chloride will be an impurity in benzoic acid crystals. Silver nitrate will form an
insoluble precipitate with chloride ions. Variables that control crystal growth include
the amount of dissolved material, evaporation, pressure, and temperature. Nucleation
or the agitation or the continuous stirring of the solution may also affect the size of
crystal formation.

Name:
Kathleen Joy Navasero NJ Lorenzo
Princess Anne Maramag Daniella Jacobe
Jessa Labrador Abigail Macanang
Gwyneth Gatpolitan