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CHAPTER
MEC 451
4 Thermodynamics
Lecture Notes:
MOHD HAFIZ MOHD NOH
HAZRAN HUSAIN & MOHD
SUHAIRIL
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450
Second Law of
Shah Alam, Selangor Thermodynamics
Introduction
Satisfying the first law alone does not ensure that the process will take
place.
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Kelvin-Planck statement
No heat engine can have a
thermal efficiency 100
percent.
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Heat Engines
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The work-producing
device that best fit into
the definition of a heat
engine is the steam
power plant, which is
an external combustion
engine.
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Thermal Efficiency
Wnet , out
ηth =
Qin
where
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Wnet , out
ηth =
Qin
Qin − Qout
=
Qin
Qout
= 1−
Qin 9
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
QL TL
=
QH TH
TL
ηth , rev = 1−
TH
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QH QH QL
COPHP = = COPR =
Wnet , in QH − QL Wnet , in
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Carnot Cycle
Process Description
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Example 4.1
Solution:
A steam power plant
produces 50 MW of net Wnet , out
ηth =
work while burning fuel QH
to produce 150 MW of 50 MW
= = 0.333 or 33.3%
heat energy at the high 150 MW
temperature. Determine
Wnet , out = QH − QL
the cycle thermal
efficiency and the heat QL = QH − Wnet , out
rejected by the cycle to = 150 MW − 50 MW
the surroundings. = 100 MW
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Example 4.2
A Carnot heat engine receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a high-
temperature heat reservoir at 652ºC and rejects heat to a low-
temperature heat reservoir at 30ºC. Determine :
(a) The thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine
(b) The amount of heat rejected to the low-temperature heat
reservoir
Solution:
TH = 652oC
TL QL TL
QH
ηth , rev = 1 − =
TH QH TH
HE
WOUT
(30 + 273) K ( 30 + 273) K
= 1− = = 0.328
QL (652 + 273) K ( 652 + 273) K
TL = 30oC = 0.672 or 67.2% QL = 500 kJ (0.328)
= 164 kJ
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MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
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Example 4.3
Solution:
TH = 25oC
QL TL
COPR = =
QH QH − QL TH − TL
(2 + 273) K
R
Win =
(25 − 2) K
QL = 1196
.
TL = 2oC
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Entropy
This relates to the 2nd law since the 2nd law predicts
that not all heat provided to a cycle can be
transformed into an equal amount of work, some heat
rejection must take place.
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Entropy Change
dS = 0
S2 = S1
i. Pure substances:
Any process: Δs = s2 – s1 (kJ/kg⋅K)
Isentropic process: s2 = s1
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T2 P2
s2 − s1 = C p , av ln − R ln
T1 P1
for isentropic process
k
P2 v1
=
P1 s = const . v2
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Example 4.5
Solution:
s1 = 8.0311 kgkJ. K
W& = m& ( h − h )
out 1 2
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T2 = Tsat @ P2 = 45.81o C
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Example 4.6
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State 1
P1 = 1 MPa h1 = 3698.6 kg
kJ
T1 = 600o C s1 = 8.0311 kgkJ. K
State 2s
sat.mixture
P2 = 0.01 MPa
x2 s = 0.984
s2 s = s1 = 8.0311 kgkJ. K
h = 2545.6 kJ
2s kg
wa = h1 − h2 a State 2a
h2 a = h1 − wa
P2 = 0.01 MPa sup erheated
= 2660.9 kJ
kg h2 a = 2660.9 kJ
kg T
2a = 86.85o
C
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Example 4.7
Wc , s
W&c , s Wc ,a = = 220 kJ
Wc , s = = h2 s − h1 ηisen ,c kg
m&
= CP ( T2 s − T1 ) 33
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