Example Prestress Losses

Dr Antonis Michael
Department of Civil Engineering
Frederick University

Example
Post-Tensioned Simply Supported Double T-Beam

c.g.c
yp =0.476 m
ye =0.33 m

L = 21.3 m
3.05 m

0.813 m 0.051 m

1.524 m

1
 Given:
fck = 34.5 MPa, fci = 24.5 MPa (Light weight concrete)
fpk = 1860 MPa, fp0,1k = 1580 MPa, Ep = 193 GPa
51 mm topping will be cast at 30 days
Prestress transfer will be take place at 18 hrs from casting of the beam
Seat slip: ∆A = 0.64 cm
RH = 70%
yP = 0.476 m (at mid-span)
Twelve 12.7 mm tendons are used to prestress the beam (Atendon = 99 mm2)
with all tendons simultaneously stressed in a steel duct with no lubrication
Tendons are Class 1
Non-composite section properties:
Ac = 0.397 m2, Ic = 0.0249 m4, yb = 0.558 m, yt = 0.255 m

Compute prestress losses at section 0.4L due to permanent &

superimposed permanent loads for:
(a) Stage I at transfer of prestress
(b) Stage II after concrete topping is placed (30 days)
(c) Stage III after 2 years

Solution
wsw (no topping) = (0.397)x(18.136) = 7.2 kN/m (light weight concrete)
wsL (topping) = (0.051)x(3.05)x(23.5)= 3.65 kN/m
Aps = 12 x (99 mm2) = 1188 mm2 = 0.001188 m2

σ p , max = min{0.8 ⋅ f pk ;0.9 ⋅ f p 0,1k } = min{0.8 ⋅1860;0.9 ⋅1580} = 1422MPa

Pi = Ap ⋅ σ p ,max = 0.001188m 2 ⋅1422MPa = 1689kN

x 8.52
M SW = wSW ⋅ ⋅ (L − x ) = 7.2 (21.3 − 8.52) = 392kNm
2 2

x 8.52
M SL = wSL ⋅ ⋅ (L − x ) = 3.65 (21.3 − 8.52) = 199kNm
2 2

2
 (1) Anchorage seating losses:

∆A 0.64
∆Psl = A p ⋅ E p ⋅ = 0.001188 ⋅193000000 ⋅ = 68.9kN
L 21.3 ⋅100
(2) Elastic shortening losses

Because all tendons will be simultaneously tensioned the elastic shortening of

concrete will not affect tendons since it will be taking place at the same time as
tensioning and no loss of prestress force will take place.

∆Pel = 0

(3) Friction losses

Assuming that the parabolic tendon approximates the shape of an arc of a

circle then:
α m 2m
tan = =
2 x x
2 α/2 α/2
y m
m α α
y≅ tan =
2 2 2
α
x/2
α 4y
=
2 x
x

8y
α =θ =
x

3
 8 y 8( y p − ye ) 8(0.476 − 0.33)
θ= = = = 0.055rad
x L 21.3

∆Pµ ( x) = Pmax (1 − e − µ (θ + kx ) ) (5.10.5.2 & Table 5.1)

∆Pµ ( x) = 1689(1 − e −0.24 ( 0.055+ 0.007 ( 21.3)) )= 80.7 kN

Prestressing force at time of prestress transfer accounting immediate losses:

Pi ,immed = Pi − (∆Pel + ∆Psl + ∆Pµ ( x) ) = 1689 − (68.9 + 0 + 80.7 ) = 1539.4kN

(a) Stage I: Loss at transfer

Steel Relaxation losses:

0,75 ( 1− µ )
∆σ pr  t  (3.3.1 Eq (3.30))
= 5,39 ρ1000 e 6,7 µ   10 −5
σ pi  1000 

For Class I strands ρ1000 = 8% (3.3.1. (6))

σ pi
µ=
f pk
σpi is the absolute value of the initial prestress and is equal to σpm0 which should
not exceed the following (5.10.3 (2)):

σ pm 0 = min{0.75 ⋅ f pk ;0.85 ⋅ f p 0,1k } = min{0.75 ⋅1860;0.85 ⋅1580} = 1343MPa

Pi ,0 1539.4
σ pi = = = 1295.8MPa
Aps 0.001188

4
 1295.8
µ= = 0.697
1860

Time t for stage I is 18 hours

0.75(1− µ )
∆σ pr  t 
= 5.39 ⋅ ρ1000 ⋅ e 6.7 µ   10 −5
σ pi  1000 
0.75 (1− 0.697 )
∆σ pr  18 
= 5.39 ⋅ 8 ⋅ e 6.7 (0.697 )   10 −5 = 1.846 ⋅10 − 2
σ pi  1000 

( ) (
∆σ pr = σ pi 1.846 ⋅10 −2 = 1295.8 1.846 ⋅10−2 = 24MPa )
∆Pr = ∆σ pr ⋅ Aps = 24000(0.001188) = 28.5kN

Creep and shrinkage losses for 18 hrs are both zero. No significant creep or
shrinkage has taken place during the 18 hrs after casting of the beam.

The prestressing force at stage I including all prestress losses is:

Pi , 0 = Pi ,immed − (∆Pr + ∆PC + ∆PS ) = 1539.4 − (28.5 + 0 + 0) = 1510.9kN

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 (a) Stage II: Loss at 30 days after casting of topping
Will use simplified method (5.10.6 Eq 5.46)

Ep
ε cs E p + 0,8∆σ pr + ϕ ( t, t 0 ).σ c ,QP
E cm
∆Pc + s + r = A p ∆σ p ,c + s + r = A p
Ep Ap Ac 2
1+ (1 + z cp ) [1 + 0,8 ϕ ( t , t 0 )]
E cm A c Ιc

Steel relaxation losses:

0,75 ( 1− µ )
∆σ pr  t  (3.3.1 Eq (3.30))
= 5,39 ρ1000 e 6,7 µ   10 −5
σ pi  1000 

For Class I strands ρ1000 = 8% (3.3.1. (6))

σ pi
µ=
f pk
σpi is the absolute value of the initial prestress and is equal to σpm0 which should
not exceed the following (5.10.3 (2)):

σ pm 0 = min{0.75 ⋅ f pk ;0.85 ⋅ f p 0,1k } = min{0.75 ⋅1860;0.85 ⋅1580} = 1343MPa

Pi ,0 1539.4
σ pi = = = 1295.8MPa
Aps 0.001188

6
 1295.8
µ= = 0.697
1860

Time t for stage II is 720 hrs (30 days x 24 hrs/day = 720 hrs)
0.75(1− µ )
∆σ pr  t 
= 5.39 ⋅ ρ1000 ⋅ e 6.7 µ   10 −5
σ pi  1000 
0.75(1− 0.697 )
∆σ pr  30 ⋅ 24 
= 5.39 ⋅ 8 ⋅ e 6.7 (0.697 )   10 −5 = 0.0423
σ pi  1000 

∆σ pr = σ pi (0.0423) = 1295.8(0.0423) = 54.8MPa

Creep coefficient:

0.4 L(0.476 − 0.33)

y P , 0.4 L = 0.33 + = 0.447m
0.5L

Pi , 0 Pi , 0 ⋅ y P , 0.4 L ⋅ yb M SW ⋅ yb 1510.9 1510.9 ⋅ 0.447 ⋅ 0.558 392 ⋅ 0.558

σ bot = − − + =− − +
Ac Ic Ic 0.397 0.0249 0.0249

σ bot = −3806 − 15135 + 8785 = −10156kPa = −10.2 MPa

Stress level for creep calculation:

− 10.2
⋅100 = 42.3%
− 24.1

The stress level is less than 0.45 fcm therefore creep coefficient is linear EN
1992 3.1.4

7
 The creep strain is given by EN 1992 Annex B.1

2 Ac 2 ⋅ 397000mm 2
h0 = = = 85.8mm u = perimeter of section
u 9250mm

ϕ (t,t0) = ϕ0 · βc(t,t0) ϕ0 = ϕRH · β(fcm) · β(t0)

1 − RH / 100
ϕRH = 1 + for fcm ≤ 35 MPa
0,1 ⋅ 3 h0

1 − 70 / 100
ϕ RH = 1 + = 1.68
0,1⋅ 3 85.8

16,8 16.8 1 1
β ( f cm ) = = = 2.86 β (t 0 ) = = = 0.958
f cm 34.5
0 , 20
(
(0,1 + t 0 ) 0.1 + 0.750.2 )

ϕ0 = ϕ RH ⋅ β ( f cm ) ⋅ β (t0 ) = 1.68 ⋅ 2.86 ⋅ 0.958 = 4.603

βH =1,5 [1 + (0,012 RH)18] h0 + 250 ≤ 1500 for fcm ≤ 35

[ ] [
β H = 1.5 1 + (0.012 RH )18 h0 + 250 = 1.5 1 + (0.012 ⋅ 70 )18 85.8 + 250 = 384.3 ]
0. 3 0.3
 (t − t 0 )   (30 − 0.75) 
β (t , t 0 ) =   = = 0.452
 (β H + t − t 0 )   (384 .3 + 30 − 0.75)

ϕ (t , t0 ) = ϕ0 ⋅ β c (t , t0 ) = 4.603 ⋅ 0.452 = 2.08

Creep coefficient must be modified for light weight concrete:

2 2
 ρ   1842 
ϕ LWC (t , t0 ) = ϕ (t , t0 ) ⋅   = 2.08 ⋅   = 1.458
 2200   2200 

8
 Pi , 0 Pi , 0 ⋅ y P , 0.4 L ⋅ ycs M T ⋅ ycs 1510.9 1510.9 ⋅ 0.447 ⋅ 0.447 591⋅ 0.447
σ c ,QP = − − + =− − +
Ac Ic Ic 0.397 0.0249 0.0249

σ c ,QP = −3806 − 12124 + 10610 = −5320kPa = −5.3MPa

Shrinkage strain EN 1992 Annex B2:

εcd is the drying shrinkage strain

εcs = εcd + εca
εca is the autogenous shrinkage strain

  fcm 
ε cd,0 = 0,85(220 + 110 ⋅ α ds1 ) ⋅ exp − α ds2 ⋅  ⋅10 −6 ⋅ β RH
  fcmo 

  RH  
3
 70  
3

βRH = −1,55 1−    = −1,55 1−    = −1.018

  RH 0     100  

  34.5 
ε cd,0 = 0.85(220 + 110 ⋅ 6 ) ⋅ exp − 0.11 ⋅ −6
 ⋅ 10 ⋅ (−1.018) = −5.21 ⋅10
−4

  10 

ε cd ( t ) = β ds ⋅ (t − t s ) ⋅ k h ⋅ ε cd ,0

β ds ( t , t s ) =
(t − t s ) =
(30 − 0.75) = 0.479
(t − t s ) + 0.04 h 3
0 (30 − 0.75) + 0.04 85.83

kh is found in EN 1992 Table 3.3:

kh = 1 for h0 less than 100

ε cd ( t ) = 0.479 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ (− 5.21 ⋅10 −4 ) = −2.496 ⋅10 −4

9
 ε ca ( t ) = β as ⋅ (t ) ⋅ ε ca (∞)

ε ca (∞) = 2.5 ⋅ ( f ck − 10) ⋅10 −6

ε ca (∞) = 2.5 ⋅ (34.5 − 10) ⋅10 −6 = 6.125 ⋅10 −5

β as ( t ) = 1 − exp(−0.2t 0.5 )

β as ( t ) = 1 − exp(−0.2(30) 0.5 ) = 0.666

ε ca ( t ) = 0.666 ⋅ 6.125 ⋅10 −5 = 4.08 ⋅10 −5

Total shrinkage strain:

ε cs ( t ) = ε cd ( t ) + ε ca ( t ) = −2.496 ⋅10 −4 + 4.08 ⋅10 −5 = −2.088 ⋅10 −4

0.3
Ecm = 22 
( f cm )  = 22 (34.5) 
0.3
= 31.9GPa
 10  10
2 2
 ρ   1842 
Elcm = Elcm ⋅   = 31.9 ⋅   = 22.4GPa
 2200   2200 

Ep
ε cs E p + 0,8∆σ pr + ϕ ( t , t 0 ).σ c ,QP
E cm
∆Pc + s + r = A p
Ep Ap Ac 2
1+ (1 + z cp ) [1 + 0,8 ϕ ( t , t 0 )]
E cm A c Ιc

193000000
2.088 ⋅10 − 4 ⋅193000000 + 0,8 ⋅ 54800 + 1.458.5300
∆Pc + s + r = 0.001188 22400000
193000000 0.001188 0.397
1+ (1 + 0.447 2 ) [1 + 0,8 ⋅1.458]
22400000 0.397 0.0249

∆Pc + s + r = 145.1kN

10
 Total prestress force at stage II at 30 days:

P30 = Pi ,immed − ∆Pr + C + S = 1539.4 − 145.1 = 1394.3kN

(a) Stage III: Loss after 2 years

Will use simplified method (5.10.6 Eq 5.46)

Ep
ε cs E p + 0,8∆σ pr + ϕ ( t, t 0 ).σ c ,QP
E cm
∆Pc + s + r = A p ∆σ p ,c + s + r = A p
Ep Ap Ac 2
1+ (1 + z cp ) [1 + 0,8 ϕ ( t , t 0 )]
E cm A c Ιc

Steel relaxation losses:

0,75 ( 1− µ )
∆σ pr  t  (3.3.1 Eq (3.30))
= 5,39 ρ1000 e 6,7 µ   10 −5
σ pi  1000 

For Class I strands ρ1000 = 8% (3.3.1. (6)).

From stages I and II we know

µ = 0.697
Time t for stage III is 17520 hrs (730 days x 24 hrs/day = 17520 hrs)
0.75(1− 0.697 )
∆σ pr 6.7 ( 0.697 )  730 ⋅ 24 
= 5.39 ⋅ 8 ⋅ e   10 −5 = 0.0882
σ pi  1000 

∆σ pr = σ pi (0.0882) = 1295.8(0.0882) = 114.3MPa

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 Creep coefficient:
Since we are only considering permanent loads we know that

σ bot = −10.2MPa

The stress level is less than 0.45 fcm therefore creep coefficient is linear EN
1992 3.1.4

The creep strain is given by EN 1992 Annex B.1

h0 = 85.8mm

1 − 70 / 100
ϕ RH = 1 + = 1.68
0,1 ⋅ 3 85.8

16,8 16.8 1 1
β ( f cm ) = = = 2.86 β (t 0 ) = = = 0.958
f cm 34.5 ( )
(0,1 + t 00 , 20 ) 0.1 + 0.750.2

ϕ0 = 4.603 β H = 384.3

0. 3 0.3
 (t − t 0 )   (730 − 0.75) 
β (t , t 0 ) =   = = 0.881
 (β H + t − t 0 )   (384 .3 + 730 − 0.75 )

ϕ (t , t0 ) = ϕ0 ⋅ β c (t , t0 ) = 4.603 ⋅ 0.881 = 4.06

Creep coefficient must be modified for light weight concrete:
2 2
 ρ   1842 
ϕ LWC (t , t0 ) = ϕ (t , t0 ) ⋅   = 4.06 ⋅   = 2.85
 2200   2200 

12
 P30 P30 ⋅ y P ,0.4 L ⋅ yb M T ⋅ yb 1389.5 1389.5 ⋅ 0.447 ⋅ 0.447 591⋅ 0.447
σ c ,QP = − − + =− − +
Ac Ic Ic 0.397 0.0249 0.0249

σ c ,QP = −3500 − 11150 + 10610 = −4040kPa = −4.0MPa

Shrinkage strain EN 1992 Annex B2:

ε cd,0 = −5.21 ⋅10 −4

β ds ( t , t s ) =
(t − t s ) =
(730 − 0.75) = 0.958
(t − t s ) + 0.04 h 3
0 (730 − 0.75) + 0.04 85.83

kh is found in EN 1992 Table 3.3:

kh = 1 for h0 less than 100

ε cd ( t ) = 0.958 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ (− 5.21⋅10 −4 ) = −5 ⋅10 −4

ε ca ( t ) = β as ⋅ (t ) ⋅ ε ca (∞)

ε ca (∞) = 6.125 ⋅10 −5

β as ( t ) = 1 − exp(−0.2t 0.5 )

β as ( t ) = 1 − exp(−0.2(730) 0.5 ) = 0.996

ε ca ( t ) = 0.996 ⋅ 6.125 ⋅10 −5 = 6.1 ⋅10 −5

Total shrinkage strain:

ε cs ( t ) = ε cd ( t ) + ε ca ( t ) = −5 ⋅10 −4 + 6.1 ⋅10 −5 = −4.39 ⋅10 −4

13
 0.3
Ecm = 22 
( f cm )  = 22 (34.5) 
0.3
= 31.9GPa
 10  10
2 2
 ρ   1842 
Elcm = Elcm ⋅   = 31.9 ⋅   = 22.4GPa
 2200   2200 

Ep
ε cs E p + 0,8∆σ pr + ϕ ( t , t 0 ).σ c ,QP
E cm
∆Pc + s + r = A p
Ep Ap Ac 2
1+ (1 + z cp ) [1 + 0,8 ϕ ( t , t 0 )]
E cm A c Ιc

193000000
4.39 ⋅10 − 4 ⋅193000000 + 0.8 ⋅114300 + 2.85.4000
∆Pc + s + r = 0.001188 22400000
193000000 0.001188 0.397
1+ (1 + 0.447 2 ) [1 + 0.8 ⋅ 2.85]
22400000 0.397 0.0249

∆Pc + s + r = 261.6kN

Total prestress force at stage III at 30 days:

P2 yrs = Pi ,immed − ∆Pr +C + S = 1539.4 − 261.6 = 1277.8kN

Total prestress losses are approximately 24.3% (jacking force 1689kN)

14