STATICAL INDETERMINACY

KINEMATIC INDETERMINACY
CONSTRAINTS

STRUCTURAL THEORY 2
CE 421

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

 Statically Determinate Structure

- all member forces and external reactions may be determined by applying the
equations of equilibrium. ΣH = 0
ΣV = 0
ΣM = 0
 Statically Indeterminate Structure
- possesses more unknown member forces and reactions than available equations of
equilibrium.
- also known as redundant structure
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

 Statically Indeterminate Structure

- The number of unknowns, in excess of the available equations of equilibrium, is
the degree of indeterminacy, and the unknown forces and reactions are the redundants
- additional equations must be obtained from conditions of geometrical
compatibility
- redundants may be removed from the structure, leaving a stable, determinate
structure, which is known as the cut-back structure

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

 Redundants
- External Redundants
- exist among the external reactions
- Internal Redundants
- exist among the member forces

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

 Indeterminacy
- Pin-Jointed Frames (Truss Frames)
𝐷 = 𝑛 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗
D - degree of indeterminacy
n - number of members
r - number of reactions
j - number of joints

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

Example: Find the degree of indeterminacy of the truss shown

Answer:

𝑖 𝐷 = 10 + 3 − 2 ∗ 6 = 1
𝑖𝑖 𝐷 = 11 + 4 − 2 ∗ 6 = 3
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

 Indeterminacy
- Rigid Frames (Beam-Column Frames)
𝐷 = 3𝑛 + 𝑟 − 3𝑗
D - degree of indeterminacy
n - number of members
r - number of reactions
j - number of joints

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

Example: Find the degree of indeterminacy of the structure shown

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

Answer:

𝑖 𝐷 =3+4− 3∗2 =1
𝑖𝑖 𝐷 = 3+4− 3∗2 =1
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐷 = 3+5− 3∗2 =2
𝑖𝑣 𝐷 =3+6− 3∗2 =3
𝑣 𝐷 =3+3− 3∗2 =0

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

 Indeterminacy
- Rigid Frames with Internal Hinges (Beam-Column Frames)
(Hinges within a Member)
𝐷 = 3𝑛 + 𝑟 − 3𝑗 − ℎ − 2𝑠
D - degree of indeterminacy
n - number of members
r - number of external restraints
j - number of joints before the introduction of hinge
h - number of internal hinges
s - number of rollers introduced
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

Example: Find the degree of indeterminacy for the structure as shown

Answer:

𝑖 𝐷 = 3∗3 +4− 3∗4 −1= 0

𝑖𝑖 𝐷 = 3 ∗ 1 + 4 − 3 ∗ 2 − 1 = 0
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐷 = 3 ∗ 7 + 12 − 3 ∗ 8 − 3 = 6
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

Example: Find the degree of indeterminacy for the structure as shown

Answer:

𝐷 = 3∗4 +6− 3∗5 − 2∗1 −1 =0

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

 Indeterminacy
- Rigid Frames with Internal Hinges (Beam-Column Frames)
(Hinges at a Joint)
𝐷 = 3𝑛 + 𝑟 − 3𝑗 − 𝑐
D - degree of indeterminacy
n - number of members
r - number of reactions
j - number of joints
c - number of releases
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

Two members meeting at a rigid joint

- one unknown moment producing one release

Three members meeting at a rigid joint

- two unknown moments producing two releases

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

Four members meeting at a rigid joint

- three unknown moments producing three releases

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

Example: Find the degree of indeterminacy of the structure as shown

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

Answer:
𝑖 𝐷 = 3∗5 +3− 3∗4 −5=1
𝑖𝑖 𝐷 = 3 ∗ 6 +3− 3∗6 −2=1
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐷 = 3 ∗ 2 +3− 3∗2 −2=1
𝑖𝑣 𝐷 = 3 ∗ 5 +9− 3∗6 −1=5
𝑣 𝐷 = 3∗4 +5− 3∗4 −4=1

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 STATICAL INDETERMINACY

Exercises: Find the degree of indeterminacy of the structures shown

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 KINEMATIC INDETERMINACY

Kinematics of the structure are the displacement quantities of the structure. These are
the horizontal displacement, vertical displacement and rotational displacement

Kinematic Indeterminacy is the degrees of freedom that a structure has.

Degrees of Freedom is the minimum number of displacement quantities required to

determine and define the displaced geometry of the structure

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 KINEMATIC INDETERMINACY

Truss Frame
𝐷𝑘 = 2𝑗 − 𝑟
j - number of joints
r - number of support reactions or restraints

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 KINEMATIC INDETERMINACY

Plane Frame (Beam)

𝐷𝑘 = 3𝑗 − 𝑟
j - number of joints
r - number of support reactions or restraints

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 CONSTRAINTS

Constraints assumes one or more displacements be equal to zero or the displacement

is being neglected.

In a beam or frame structure the load is transferred to a beam or frame through

flexural deformation or the structure bends to take the load. The flexural deformation
is so large that the effect of axial deformation is so small compared to it. Hence, axial
deformation is being neglected or the beam is implicitly considered to be axially rigid.

Applying constraints to the structure eliminates or reduces the degree of freedom of

the structure
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 CONSTRAINTS

Plane Frame (Beam)

𝐷𝑘 = 3𝑗 − 𝑟 − 𝑐
j - number of joints
r - number of support reactions or restraints
c - number of constraints applied

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT