Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TRANSFORMERS
Power Transformers
TESTING & ACCEPTANCE CONDITIONS
INDEX
Part (1) ……… Reference International Standards
Page 1
Power Transformers
Part (1)
Reference International Standards
Page 2
Power Transformers
IEC 60076-1
(Power transformers –General)
IEC 60076-2
(Power transformers –Temperature Rise)
IEC 60076-3
(Power transformers –Insulation levels & Dielectric Test)
IEC 60076-5
(Ability to withstand short circuit)
IEC 60076-10
(Determination of Sound Levels)
Page 3
Power Transformers
Part (2)
Reference Database Documents
This Document is to be read in conjunction with the following Database
Documents:
(Tap Changers – Part(1) – On load Tap Changers – Testing and Acceptance Conditions)
Page 4
Power Transformers
Part (3)
General requirements for routine, type and special tests
(Preparatory Check List)
Page 5
Power Transformers
3- All external components and fittings that are likely to affect the performance
of the transformer during the test shall be in place.
5- The test basis for all characteristics other than insulation is the rated
condition, unless the test clause states otherwise.
6- All measuring systems used for the tests shall have certified traceable
accuracy and be subjected to periodic calibration, according to the rules of
4.11 of ISO 9001.
Page 6
Power Transformers
Part (4)
List of All Tests that may be applied
Page 7
Power Transformers
• Routine Tests
1- Measurement of winding resistance.
2- Measurement of voltage ratio and check of phase displacement.
3- Measurement of short-circuit impedance and load loss.
4- Measurement of no-load loss and current.
5- Dielectric routine tests (IEC 60076-3) which includes:
a) Switching Impulse Test.
(Not Applicable for Um≤72.5kV)
b) Lightning Impulse Test.
(Originally a Type Test, in some cases it’s considered a Routine Test)
c) Separate Source AC withstand voltage test.
d) Short duration induced AC withstand voltage test
e) Long duration induced AC withstand voltage test
(Not Applicable for Um≤72.5kV)
6- Functional Checks on Marshalling & Remote control Panel.
7- Operation Tests on On-Load Tap Changer.
(Found under Tap changer test report)
• Type Tests
1- Temperature-rise test (IEC 60076-2).
2- Dielectric type tests (IEC 60076-3).
• Special Tests
1- Dielectric special tests (IEC 60076-3).
2- Determination of capacitances windings-to-earth, and between windings.
3- Determination of transient voltage transfer characteristics.
4- Measurement of zero-sequence impedance(s) on three-phase
transformers (10.7).
5- Short-circuit withstand test (IEC 60076-5).
6- Determination of sound levels (IEC 60551).
7- Measurement of the harmonics of the no-load current (10.6).
8- Measurement of the power taken by the fan and oil pump motors.
9- Measurement of insulation resistance to earth of the windings, and/or
measurement of dissipation factor (tan d) of the insulation system
capacitances. (These are reference values for comparison with later
measurement in the field. No limitations for the values are given here.)
Page 8
Power Transformers
Part (5)
Detailed Routine Test Procedure
Page 9
Power Transformers
Test Purpose:
Test Precautions:
For the Dry Type- Power Transformers, the transformer shall be at rest in a
constant ambient temperature for at least 3h.
For the Oil immersed- Power Transformers, after the transformer has been
under oil without excitation for at least 3h, the average oil temperature shall be
determined and the temperature of the winding shall be considered the same as
the average oil temperature. The average oil temperature is taken as the mean of
the top and bottom oil temperatures.
1- Resistance to be measured between each main terminal pair (i.e. A-B , A-C &
C-B) in case of Delta connected windings, and between each terminal to
neutral (i.e. a-n , b-n, …etc,) in case of wye connected windings.
2- In case of tapped windings, above readings are recorded at each tap.
3- Average oil temperature is to be recorded.
4- Measured values are to be corrected to required temperatures as mentioned
under Part (2) (Preparatory Check List).
Acceptance Criteria:
Page 10
Power Transformers
Test Purpose:
The voltage ratio shall be measured on each tapping in the no-load condition. The
polarity of single-phase transformers and the connection symbol of three-phase
transformers shall be checked.
1- 3phase voltage source with known value is applied and other generated
voltages are measured.
2- By performing some arithmetic analysis on the transformers vector group,
the phase displacement can be verified.
(For details, Refer to Part (5) “Reference Test Reports”)
Acceptance Criteria:
Page 11
Power Transformers
Test Purpose:
In this test, the value of the short circuit impedance Z% and the load (copper)
losses (I2R) are obtained.
Test Precautions:
1- Voltage will be applied to the terminals of one winding (usually the H.V.)
with the other winding short circuited (usually the L.V.)
2- Voltage to be increased gradually till the current in the energized winding
reaches the required value (50% to 100% rated current).
3- If transformer is equipped with a tap changer, above tapping regulations are
applied.
4- Readings to be taken as quickly as possible as the windings warm up and
the winding resistance increases. Hence, the losses value will increase
accordingly.
5- Using appropriate instruments (conventional three wattmeter method or
digital wattmeter with ammeters & voltmeters) measurements of voltage,
currents and power can be recorded.
Page 12
Power Transformers
6- If the measured current deviates from the rated, Power & Voltage measured
will be corrected using the following relations:
Where, (r) refers to rated values & (m) refers to measured values.
7- All recorded data are taken at ambient Temp. (Ta) which need to be
corrected at the required standard Temp (75C for Oil immersed Transformers).
Circuit Diagram for the Short Circuit impedance & Load Losses Test
Acceptance Criteria:
Page 13
Power Transformers
Test Purpose:
In this test, the value of No-Load power (Po) & the No-Load current (Io) are
measured at rated voltage & frequency.
Test Precautions:
Pc=Pm (1+d)
D= (Vmean-Vr.m.s) / Vmean
Acceptance Criteria:
Page 14
Power Transformers
Page 15
Power Transformers
All Dielectric Routine tests requirements are summarized in the following Table
(IEC 60076-3):
Page 16
Power Transformers
Voltage levels required for all dielectric tests for transformers having windings with
highest voltage (Um) of not more than 170kV are summarized in the following
table:
Page 17
Power Transformers
1- If the tapping range equals or less than ±5%, tests will be applied to
principal tap only.
2- If the tapping range is larger than ±5%, normally the tests will be
performed with the two extreme taps in addition to the principal tap.
1- If the transformer has been in service and was serviced or refurbished, tests
will be carried out with 80% of the original test levels.
2- If the transformer is new and, then all tests will be repeated with 100% of
the original test levels.
Page 18
Power Transformers
Test Purpose:
The purpose of the impulse voltage test is to secure that the transformer
insulation withstand the lightning overvoltage which may occur in service.
Test Precautions:
Page 19
Power Transformers
Acceptance Criteria:
* Test is considered successful if the transformer withstood the test and if there’s
no significant difference between both current and voltage transients recorded by
the OCR’s or the digital recorders during the reduced or the full impulse wave
application.
Page 20
Power Transformers
Test Purpose:
The object of the test is to make sure that the insulation between the windings
and the insulation between windings and the earthed parts withstand temporary
overvoltages and switching overvoltages which may occur in service.
Test Precautions:
1- The R.M.S value of the voltage applied during test is obtained from Table
(2) for the value of the highest voltage (Um) for the winding under test.
2- Voltage supplied during the test shall be of a frequency not less than 80%
of the transformer rated frequency.
1- Single phase voltage is applied to all line terminals of the winding under test
(line terminals are shorted together and connected to source.
2- The line terminals of the other winding are all earthed with the neutral
terminal and the tank body.
3- Test voltage is applied for 60sec.
Acceptance Criteria:
Page 21
Power Transformers
Test Purpose:
The object of the test is to secure that the insulation terminals between the phase
windings, turns, tapping leads and terminals, withstand the temporary overvoltage
and switching overvoltage to which the transformer may be subjected during its
lifetime.
Test Precautions:
1- The R.M.S value of the voltage applied during test is obtained from Table (2)
for the value of the highest voltage (Um) for the winding under test. If the
winding under test is untapped, the voltage shall be as close as possible to
twice the rated voltage.
2- Test is carried out with a frequency higher than the rated frequency to
minimize magnetizing currents.
3- Test duration is obtained as following
a) If the test frequency is up to and including twice the rated
frequency, the test duration will be 60sec.
b) If the frequency is higher than twice the rated value, test duration
can be calculated according to the formula
1- 3phase AC supply with high frequency is applied to the line terminals of one
winding with the line terminals of the other winding open circuited.
2- If the transformer has a neutral, it should be earthed during the test.
Acceptance Criteria:
Page 22
Power Transformers
Page 23
Power Transformers
Page 24
Power Transformers
Part (6)
Reference Test Reports
Crompton Greaves, 33/11kV 20/26MVA ONAN/ONAF Power Transformer.
Page 25
Power Transformers
Part (7)
Informative Documents
Page 26