Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract – Electric energy is one of the fundamental The short-circuit current levels can be very high.
resources of modern industrial society. Electric power The level depends on fault types. There are two
is available to the user instantly, at the correct voltage effects of the magnitude of the short circuit current.
and frequency, and exactly in the amount that is One of them is thermal and the other one is dynamic.
needed. This remarkable performance is achieved
No substation equipment, motor control centers,
through careful planning, design, installation and
operation of a very complex network of generators,
breaker panels, etc.., are supposed to be selected
transformers, and transmission and distribution lines. without the knowledge of the complete short circuit
We must examine all possible types of fault or information of the entire power distribution system
abnormal conditions which may occur in the power [4].
system. The analysis of power systems under faulted
condition provides information regarding circuit There are various methods to determine short
breaker selection, relay setting, and the stability of the circuit current values but only one of them is
systems operation. discussed and presented in this paper. Some brief
In this study, a balanced three phase fault current at information is given about the other short circuit
a given bus of the system is calculated by using
calculation methods.
different methods. Especially emphasis on the MVA
method and compared other conventional methods.
Keywords – Fault Calculation, MVA Method, Ohmic 2. Methods of Symmerrical Three-Phase Faults
Method, Per-Unit Method Calculations
The analysis of power systems under faulted Shunt faults may be classified under four types.
conditions provides information regarding circuit The different types of faults are listed here in order of
breaker selection, relay setting and the stability of the frequency of their occurrence.
system operation [1]. It is important to determine the
values of system voltages and currents during faulted 1-Single line-to-ground fault (SLG)
conditions, so that protective devices may be set to 2-Line-to-line fault (L-L)
minimize the harmful effects of such contingencies 3-Double line-to-ground fault (2LG)
[2]. The proper coordination of protective relays and 4-Balanced three-phase fault.
the correct specification of circuit breaker rating are
based on the result of calculations. The performance 2.1. Comparision of Short Circuit Calculation Methods
of the power system is simulated in what is called
transient stability analysis under a variety of Fault calculations provide information on
disturbances, such as short circuits, sudden large load currents and voltages of a power system during fault
changes, and switching operations [3]. Sometimes conditions. Short-circuit currents are computed for
short circuits present a possibility of damage to the each relay and circuit breaker location and for
equipment, and loss of synchronous machines. It is various system contingency conditions, such as lines
an unwanted situation. or generating units out of service, in order to
MVA t 5
MVA = = = 91
Trans. x pu 0,055
MVA m 2,5
MVA = = = 15,6
Motor x pu 0,16
3. Analysis and Solution of Power Plant All data related to the system connections, generator,
Symmetrical Three-Phase Faults on MVA main and auxiliary transformers, etc.., are available.
Line-to-line rms voltage levels of the plant are: 138
To design a real power system which consists of kV, 34,5 kV, 13,8 kV, 4,16 kV. All loads are
generators, transformers, transmission lines, ignored. The resistive components of all impedances
distribution transformers, switches, circuit breakers, are also ignored. Power plant and data values are
reading and measurement devices. Usually the given in Fig.3.
length of he transmission lines is rather long. The
fault risk ratio increases depending on transmission Cumpute the three-phase fault MVA’s and fault
lines length and number of lines. currents (in ampares, rms) for the following three-
phase locations:
The objective is to find how much short circuit
current flows from the sources to the fault, when a 138 kV bus of the plant.
symmetrical three-phase short circuit occurs at any 34,5kV bus of the plant.
location (buses or lines) in a power system. As a
result of the process, the calculations slow us how to Determine the individual generator and system
select circuit breakers, what should be their MVA fault contributions is MVA during faults 1,2 and
values and current rating (steady state and transient determine all transformer and line MVA flows as
state), and voltage ratings as well [5]. well.
We must transform the “delta to a wye figure above will be used in a delta-wye transform.
configuration. The a,b,c notations taken from the
4. Conclusion
The MVA method is easier than the other The conversion formulas as used for both the
methods. There are many reasons why the MVA ohmic and the per-unit methods are complex and not
method is recommended for industrial power system easy to memorize.
short circuit calculations
Both the ohmic and the per-unit methods usually
It does not require a common MVA base as end up with small decimals resulting from converting
required by the per-unit method. It is not necessary to impedances from one voltage level to another one or
convert impedances from one voltage level to from converting impedances to the same common
another as repuired by the ohmic method. base. Therefore, one can make mistakes easily [6].