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scaffold -Hz- Fall from height,Slip and falls,Collapse,Electrocutions,Struck by falling objects,,,,Fall of person.material
,debris, Slopping,Weather Conditions, using unsafe ladder, scaffold, no edge protection wall/excavation, Falling from
equipment ,Falling into holes, pits or shafts or openings,,fractures, spinal cord injury, brain damage etc. leading to
permanent disabilities,fractures, spinal cord injury, brain damage

sacffold safet requirment-CM--Scaffolds generally must be at least 10 feet from electric power lines (higher voltages
require greater distances).Ensure scaffold remains level and plu mb at all times. Use barricades, danger tags or warning
signs to prevent unauthorized access. Do not work during a storm, wet
conditions or high winds (Max 35 KM/Hr).Is spindle jack exterior is limited to 45cm ,Is the front of the scaffold within 14
inches of the work? Is the scaffold under 125 feet in height? Is the “X” bracing installed on the ends of the scaffold at
every third set of post
horizontally and every fourth vertical runner ,Have all the planks been properly secured to the scaffold structure to
prevent
the blowing off in the event of high wind

Material:
 
The scaffold shall be constructed only on metal, no timber, ballies, bamboos are allowed.
Metal scaffolds construction shall conform to IS: 2750-1964.
 
Legal requirements:
 
As per the legal requirement under section 188-205 of BOCW Central Rule.
Every scaffold and every component thereof is of adequate construction, made of sound material and free from defects
and is safe for the purposes for which it is intended for use;
All metal scaffolds used in building or other construction work conform to the relevant national standards (IS 2750 –
1964).

Scaffold- safety requirment - Ensure all working platform shall have minimum 1 meter width,Scaffolding less than 4 m
is to be erected by a supervisor, more than 4 m by competent scaffolder, factor of safety -4, Scaffold shall be designed
considering the dead load, live load and external load.,,All scaffolds are to be capable of supporting, without failure, a t
least 4 times the maximum intended load .Always use safety net to catch anything, Transverse, vertical distance
between successive pipes shall not exceed 1.8m .longitudinal distance between successive pipes shall not exceed
1.98m ,Horizontal distance between successive diagonal bracings shall not exceed 10 m ., Every 3rd vertical pipe shall
be tied to the permanent structure with a vertical spacing not greater 4 m .every ladder is secured against sliding,
extended 1m above the landing and provide with vertical lifeline for using rope grab fall arrester. Overhead protection
shall be provided for men on scaffolds and, in the same sense, a screen is to be placed below the scaffold where
persons may in danger of falling objects .If L&T access scaffold is erected, it shall be secured to permanent structure at
6m vertically and horizontally. Bracing of the scaffold shall not be omitted in any
case. All scaffold components, systems, etc., shall be checked on a daily basis by the
competent person, prior to work starting ,Scaffold must be equipped with a guardrail system including
top rails, mid rails, and toe boards when over 10 feet high,Where scaffold platform is sloped greater than 1 in 8, cleats
are
required to provide footing
Scaffold- safety requirment -height SOP-There shall be at least 2 access / egress provision for every building/work area.
At height .Ramps (upto 15o slope), with step resting .Fixed ladders with landing at every 9m interval .Width between
side rails;290 mm - up to 3 m Length .Distance between rungs. Not less than 250 mm. Not more than 350 mm.The
slope of the ramp shall not exceed 2 in 3 . Where the slope is more than 1 in 4, provide foot holds by stepping laths of
min size 50 X 30mm at intervals not exceeding 450mm .Guard railing
Top rail @900 mm to 1200 mm Mid rail @ 0.45m &0.15m-0.3 m Toe board .The minimum width of Working Platform
Only Workmen - 600 mm ,Men, tools & materials - 900 mm ,Men, tools, material and wheel barrows - 1200 mm .Posts
and rails shall be capable of withstanding a force of at least 75kg applied at any point.
Guard railing shall not be used for anchoring safety harness .No OVERHANG (scafold side extendtion without support )
more than 150mm.Gaurd railing with painted red & white paint (yellow &black ) .reinforced mesh with chicken mesh
.Improved barrigation sytem- MS frame, mesh , built in toe board ..Typical Catch Nets ( 3 m side safety net on edge of
building )protecting workers and pedestrians below from falling objects .Safety net shall be tied not more than 6m
below the point of work .Vertical distance from working level to horizontal plane of net
-Up to 1.5m ,,Minimum required horizontal distance of outer edge of net from the edge of the working surface -2.4
m.safety harness-Must be anchored on designated rigid support which can withstand the breaking load of 2250Kg.Shall
meet IM 16 specification, shall be of approved make and procured from approved vendors only. Rope grap type fall
arrestor shall be attached to climb ladders with suitable sized polyamide or wire ropes as per the
recommendation,Retractable type fall arrestors are suitable for specific approvals like getting into lower work
platforms, trenches and manholes .Static Life lines - widely used to move or carry out works in longitudinal way.
Designed to take at least 2250Kg of breaking load for each person added.
Discourage usage of Polypropylene (PP) rope as it deteriorates quickly in hot weather; it is recommended to use 12mm
wire ropes always.

Scaffold-1.Scaffolding types : It is the temporary platform used to elevate and support workers and materials .types on
basis of A. material 1.Tube and Coupler (fitting) components, prefabricated modular system scaffold components
(Modular Scaffolding is a system scaffolding comprising prefabricated individual components. ), 2.H-frame / facade
modular system scaffolds, 3. ledger pipe 4. timber scaffolds and bamboo scaffolds (particularly in China). B. Support
supported, suspended and rolling, C. Construction - Single scaffolding Double scaffolding ,Cantilever scaffolding ,

Scaffold- parts -sole board , base plate , starndard(vertical pipe ), ledger (horizontal big pipe ) ,Transome (horizontal
small pipe ) top ,Castor: A swivelling wheel ,Coupler: A fitting used to fix scaffold tubes togeth, ,Right-angle coupler: A
coupler used to join tubes at right angles.Swivel coupler: A coupler for joining tubes at an angle other than a right angle
,Putlog (or bearer or transom): A horizontal member placed in the transverse direction between ledgers, standards, or
other supports and used to support a working platform , Bay width (square box width), Bay length (square box
length),lift height (one squre height ) , Toe board , top handrail , top mid rail,brick gaurd ,Metal planks:
Provided for scaffold platform unit up to 12” (300 mm) wide and made from a ductile material such
as steel or aluminum alloy.,Spindle jack ,Spring lock pin ,diagonal bracing ,

scaffold- Cup lock coupled scaffold -Cup lock coupled scaffold is constructed by steel tubes which are fixed
together by steel couplers or fittings. It is very easy to construct or dismantle. It
has greater strength, greater durability and higher fire resistance. It is not
economical but will give more safety for workers-top cup,bottom cup, bracket, ledger blade end , brace ledge end
 scaffold-The competent person’s responsibilities are:
 Selecting trained scaffold installers to perform the work.
 Inspection of scaffolding before each work shift and after any occurrence which could
affect a scaffold’s structural integrity.
 Supervising the erection, alteration and dismantlement of scaffolds.
 Assessing the need for fall protection during erection and dismantlement -Site preparation, scaffold erection, fall
protection, and gaining access to the working platform is only part of
the requirements for scaffold work
Cup lock coupled scaffold -
acc. To OSHA
TOE BAR- 100 MM TO 300 mm
LADDER RANG(b/t step) DISTANCE -16.75 - 400 mm
WIDTH OF LADDER RANG- 16.75 inch- 400 mm, width of ladder - min 1 foot
scaffold type - H frame, system-rest all, coupler , suspended
scaffold type -light - bay length x width x hight - 3 mtr x 1.2 x 2 mtr = 120 kg/m2, lentgh/width tolerence + - 0.5 m
scaffold type -medium- bay length x width x hight - 2 mtr x 1.2 x 2 mtr = 240 kg/m2
scaffold type -heavy - bay length x width x hight - 1.5 mtr x 1.2 x 2 mtr = 360 kg/m2
Scaffolding material test period - 1 year -vertical compression test
clamp- right angle/ fix clamp -98 x 98 mm -load-630 kg-slip test-pin and cap, ,swivel clamp ,
sole board-300 x 300 mm , height-32-36 mm-mud seal -not require at hard surface ,
Base plate spigot > 150 mm-min distance inside pipe ,
panal= bay length x width
bay (panal )lift < 2 mtr , one panal should not more than 2 mtr
ok scaffold- square , level, rigid, pumb, sound ,
outside clamp- 50-300 mm
base lift < 300 mm from surface , fist pipe(lowest bracing ) less than 300 mm from surface
cross bressing clamping in first and last panal + after every four panal , in fifth panal on cross bracing
runner - lognitudinal diagonal bracing-long pipe-length
bearer -transverse -shor pipe in horizontal frame-width
use perforated planks instead of net plank for resting platform
if base width - 1mtr , total length =4 mtr
total lengh < 4 x bay width
mobile scafold length < 3 x base width , caster wheel,mobile scaffolding due to wind factor height out side building is 3:1

Duty Live Loads. The live load applied to a working platform shall be categorised by the following duty conditions: (a)
Light-duty, a load of 2.2 kN per bay that includes a single concentrated load of 1 kN (100 Kg ); (b) Medium-duty, a load
of 4.4 kN per bay that includes a single concentrated load of 1.5 kN; (c) Heavy-duty, a load of 6.6 kN per bay that
includes a single concentrated load of 2.0 kN; (d) Special-duty, the largest intended load but not less than heavy-duty.
For design purposes, the single concentrated load shall be assumed in the most adverse position within the bay.

Establishing the Load Capacity of Scaffolding

When it comes to load types of scaffolds, there are three main types;
Light duty scaffolds – permitting up to 120kg /squrem
Medium duty scaffolds – permitting up to 240kg / squrem
Heavy or Specialized duty scaffolds – permitting up to 240kg / squrem
Working Out Height Capacity of Scaffolding
The load capacity of scaffolding is determined by a height to base ratio of 4:1,
Meaning the scaffold can be up to four times the minimal base width.
For example, a scaffolding structure with a base width of 3 meters can have a height of up to 12 meters;
3 x 4 = 12 meters (Based on the ratio of 4:1)
Another factor that must also be taken into consideration is wind factor, for example;
The height of a scaffolding structure erected outside a building height, the ratio is slightly less at; 3.5:1
Mobile scaffolds bear a ratio of 3:1 purely for the purpose of protection against heavy winds
There are five main types of scaffolding used worldwide today. These are Tube and Coupler (fitting) components,
prefabricated modular system scaffold components, H-frame / facade modular system scaffolds, timber scaffolds and
bamboo scaffolds (particularly in China).
Materials[edit]
The basic components of scaffolding are tubes, couplers and boards.

Couplers are the fittings which hold the tubes together. The most common are called scaffold couplers, and there are
three basic types: right-angle couplers, putlog couplers and swivel couplers. To join tubes end-to-end joint pins (also
called spigots) or sleeve couplers are used

Tubes are usually made either of steel or aluminium; although there is composite scaffolding which uses filament-
wound tubes of glass fibre in a nylon or polyester matrix, because of the high cost of composite tube, it is usually only
used when there is a risk from overhead electric cables that cannot be isolated. If steel, they are either 'black' or
galvanised. The tubes come in a variety of lengths and a standard diameter of 48.3 mm. (1.5 NPS pipe). The chief
difference between the two types of metal tubes is the lower weight of aluminium tubes (1.7 kg/m as opposed to 4.4
kg/m). However they are more flexible and have a lower resistance to stress. Tubes are generally bought in 6.3 m
lengths and can then be cut down to certain typical sizes. Most large companies will brand their tubes with their name
and address in order to deter theft.

he scaffolding width is determined by the width of the boards, the minimum width allowed[where?] is 600 mm but a
more typical four-board scaffold would be 870 mm wide from standard to standard. More heavy-duty scaffolding can
require 5, 6 or even up to 8 boards width
Dear friend
all scaffolding height is determined by using height to base ratio that is 4:1 .this means height can up to 4 times the
minimal base width .
For example a scaffolding having minimal base width of 2 metere its height can have up to 8 metre
regarding load
there are three types of scaffolding
1 light duty which can have up to 120kg/squrem
2 medium duty which can have up to 240kg/squrem
3 heavy or special duty above 240kg/squrem
mobile scaffolding due to wind factor height out side building is 3:1

A. Concentrated Load: It is a kind of load which is considered to act at a point. By this we mean that the length of beam
over which the force acts is so small in comparison to its total length that one can model the force as though applied at
a point in two dimensional view of beam.

Metal planks are rated for a concentrated load (in pounds) or a uniform load (in pounds per foot) by the manufacturer.
Planks shall support a minimum concentrated load of 250 pounds (113kg) applied at the midpoint of the span. Metal
plank are used as temporary work platforms on supported scaffolds
Iron ore berth blue jali - 1 tone load -Metal plank with hooks - 200 kg/m2, tubal black jali-100 kg
One-person fabricated platform – A platform with a rated working load of 250 lbs (113 kg) placed in the center of the
span. The maximum length of a one-person fabricated platform is 24 ft. (7.3 m), with a minimum width of 12” (305 mm)
and a maximum width of 20” (508 mm).

Two-person fabricated platform – A platform with a rated working load of 500 lbs (227 kg): 250 lbs (113 kg) placed 9”
(229 mm) to the left of the centerline of the span and 250 lbs (113 kg) placed 9” (229 mm) to the right of the centerline
of the span. The maximum length of a two-person fabricated platform is 40 ft. (12.2 m), with a minimum width of 12”
(305 mm) and a maximum width of 30” (762 mm). (Note: the minimum width increases to 20” (508 mm) when the
platform length exceeds 32 ft. (9.8 m))

Three-person fabricated platform – A platform with a rated working load of 750 lbs: 250 lbs (113 kg) placed 18” (457
mm) to the left of the centerline of the span, 250 lbs (113 kg) placed at the centerline of the span and 250 lbs (113 kg)
placed 18” (457 mm) to the right of the centerline of the span. The maximum length of a three-person fabricated
platform is 40 ft. (12.2 m), with a minimum width of 20” (508 mm) and a maximum width of 36” (914 mm).

Iron ore berth blue jali - 1 tone load -Metal plank with hooks - 200 kg/m2
man weight -100 kg
in one meter 2 men weight 2 00 kh will stand

H frame pipe dia - if dia - 35 mm, then light duty scaffolding ,,if dia - 40 mm, then light duty scaffoldin,if dia - 50 mm,
then light duty scaffolding , so at paradip site we use 40 mm & 50 mm dia
scaffold-Cup lock coupled scaffold -safer but not economical, competent person’s responsibilitie, considering the dead
load, live load and external load while design, stair tower ,top cup, bottom cup, handrail required ovr height , Where
scaffold platform is sloped greater than 1 in 8, slip-resistant treads and landings, H-beams max height , Daed weight
,Concentrated Load: ,blue jali/back jali wieght bearing capacity,Mobile Elevating Work Platforms (MEWPs) eg.-
4,electrical line distence,maximum span for wood planks ,Types of System Formwork -3

scaffold- Cup lock coupled scaffold -Cup lock coupled scaffold is constructed by steel tubes which are fixed
together by steel couplers or fittings. It is very easy to construct or dismantle. It
has greater strength, greater durability and higher fire resistance. It is not
economical but will give more safety for workers-top cup,bottom cup, bracket, ledger blade end , brace ledge end
scaffold-The competent person’s responsibilities are:
 Selecting trained scaffold installers to perform the work.
 Inspection of scaffolding before each work shift and after any occurrence which could
affect a scaffold’s structural integrity.
 Supervising the erection, alteration and dismantlement of scaffolds.
 Assessing the need for fall protection during erection and dismantlement

sacffold - Scaffold shall be designed considering the dead load, live load and external load.Access to the platforms from
ground level shall be through stair tower .In case stair tower is not feasible,
aluminum ladders shall be used with landings at heights not more than 9m. every ladder is secured
against sliding, extended 1m above the landing and provide with vertical lifeline for using rope grab fall
arrester. Never use the frame or braces for climbing

Cup lock coupled scaffold -bracket, top cup, bottom cup, starndard , ledger, ladger blade end ,brace ledger end, base
jack , No modification shall be made to any scaffold system that is not approved by the
scaffold manufacturer .Scaffold must be equipped with a guardrail system including top rails, mid rails, and toe boards
when over 10 feet high, unless other fall protection method is used,Where scaffold platform is sloped greater than 1 in
8, cleats are required to provide footing .Scaffold stairways shall have slip-resistant treads and landings .Scaffold must
be sound, rigid and sufficient to carry its own
weight plus four times the maximum intended load without
settling or displacement .Scaffold must not be erected, moved, dismantled or altered
except under the supervision of a competent person ,Scaffolds generally must be at least 10 feet from electric power
lines .Areas below scaffold work should be barricaded unless a
protective canopy is installed ,Ensure scaffold
remains level and plumb at all times.

H-beams are available in two sizes namely H-16 (16 cms depth) and H-20 (20 cms depth). The length varies
between 1m to 4.00m for H-16 and upto 4.80m for H-20. H BEAM -H-16, max. bending moment-3 KNM, ,,Each heavy
duty tower has an unmatched capacity of 25 MT .It also serves as Table
Formwork in multi-storied constructions and can be handled as single units up to a height of 10m. lHigh load carrying
capacity of 6.25 MT per leg .The Heavy Duty Towers are
available in two sizes namely
1525x1525 mm or 1525x2250 mm (in
plan). Used for finishing works up to 40m height
with permanent ties at every 4m height
interval

scaffold type -light - bay length x width x hight - 3 (0.45-3 m) mtr x 1.2 (0.45- 2.4 m= 10 board) x 2 mtr = 120 kg/m2, by
vengtesh anna , ledger pipe dia 35 mm ,,, max. load per platform per bay (sigle metal plank )-225 kg, max. conc. load per
platform per bay -100 kg,used by elctrician

scaffold type -medium- bay length x width x hight - 2 (0.9-2.4 m ) mtr x 1.2 (0.9 to 1.8 m = 8 board ) x 2 mtr = 240
kg/m2 ,by vengtesh anna , ledger pipe dia 40 mm ,, max. load per platform per bay -450 kg, max. conc. load per
platform per bay -150 kg, used by welders

scaffold type -heavy - bay length x width x hight - 1.5 (1 to 1. 8 ) mtr x 1.2 (1 to 1.275 - 5 board ) x 2 mtr = 360 kg/m2
,by vengtesh anna , ledger pipe dia 50 mm, in l&T , only heavy duty scaffold is used ,,300 mm one metalic plank size ,
ledger pipe dia 40 to 50 mm ,, max. load per platform per bay -675 kg, max. conc. load per platform per bay -200 kg,
used by brick layers ,masons
Duty Live Loads. The live load applied to a working platform shall be categorised by the following duty conditions: (a)
Light-duty, a load of 2.2 kN/225 kg per bay that includes a single concentrated load of 1 kN/100 kg ; (b) Medium-duty,
a load of 4.4 kN/450 KG per bay that includes a single concentrated load of 1.5 kN/150kg ; (c) Heavy-duty, a load of
6.6 kN/675 kg per bay that includes a single concentrated load of 2.0 kN/200 kg; (d) Special-duty, the largest intended
load but not less than heavy-duty. For design purposes, the single concentrated load shall be assumed in the most
adverse position within the bay.
Iron ore berth blue jali/ blue metal plank - 1 tone load -Metal plank with hooks - 200 kg/m2
Iron ore berth black tubu klar jali/black =100 kg /m2
Daed weight -weight scaffold + weight of its accesaries
Concentrated Load: It is a kind of load which is considered to act at a point.

PDF -high /medium/low duty pipe diamete wrt thickness & OD,ID-- identifies the diameter of the hole with a non-
dimensional number (for example – 2-inch nominal steel pipe" consists of many varieties of steel pipe with the only
criterion being a 2.375-inch (60.3 mm) outside diameter)

Mobile Elevated Work Platform-MEWP -Trapped between basket and slew / fixed structure,Collision may occur
between overhead cable / obstruction, vehicles, pedestrians and other MEWPs,Overturning may occur while
maneuvering, failure of equipment parts and due to soil subsidence. Falling:,Equipment Selection
-SCISSOR LIFT ,TRUCK MOUNTED ,SELF PROPELLED BOOM LIFT,TRAILER MOUNTED ,VERTICAL MAST LIFT ,,The
equipment must be matched to the anticipated work, taking into consideration such things as:
Boom length.
Method of propulsion.
Terrain.
Workplace restrictions i.e. access on ground and at height and working environment --The SWL shall be displayed and
not exceeded

Fitted with visual and audible signals that activate when the machine is out of level or in operation

All access doors/gates onto the platform are to open inward, be spring loaded and self-closing

,
,
,
,

-
Have a work platform that is fully enclosed or fitted with an access gate, guardrails, mid-rails and toe board.

Control levers shall be clearly labelled and legible Fitted with dual controls (‘emergency”), where the ground level or
carrier controls override the platform controls.

Controls to safely lower the work platform when the engine failure /power failure / controls failure .No MEWP shall
operate closer than 6 m to electrical line unless approved in the manufacturer's specifications No more than two
persons shall allowed in working platform at one time. MEWPs shall not be used as a crane to lift equipment

MEWP is not to be used for transporting materials especially hazardous items like compressed gas cylinders etc
Monitor wind conditions and never exceed the manufacturers’ specifications or wind speeds exceed 35 km/hr

A MEWP truck (flatbed) may not be travelled when the boom is elevated in a working position with personnel in the
working platform. Emergency Procedures -Means of rescue from heights.
Identification of emergency response resources, competent
persons and equipment (which must be readily available)
Communications & First aid. Full body harness shall be worn and anchor on platform or to the rigid structure

Working Platforms- Wood scaffold planks should be nominal 2” x 10” (actual 1 ½ x 9 ¼”) and should be “Scaffold Plank
Grade”. The maximum span for wood planks should not exceed 8’. A span of 8’ is rated for 25 pounds per square foot
maximum .Platform shall not deflect more than 1/60 of the span when loaded,There must not be an unprotected gap
exceeding 470mm between any guard rail, toe board, barrier or other means of protection

Types of System Formwork 

Wall Formworks
Slab Formworks
Climbing Formworks C. Climbing Formworks:
It is a special type formwork for vertical concrete structures that rises with the building process. While relatively
complicated and costly, it can be an effective solution for buildings that are either very repetitive in form (such as
towers or skyscrapers) or that require a seamless wall structure.

Types:
Crane-climbing: the formwork around the structure is displaced upwards with the help of one or more cranes once the
hardening of the concrete has proceeded far enough. This may entail lifting the whole section, or be achieved
segmentally.
Self-climbing: In this type the structure elevates itself with the help of mechanic leverage equipment (usually  hydraulic).
 Load duty

Maximum Safe load in Kg

Maximum bay length / width, m meter iininMeter

Scaffolds must be constructed at least 2 planks wide unless location makes this
physically impossible.

Landing platform should be provided at every 9 meter of height.

The members of scaffolds should overhang not less than 6" on either ends but
not more than 12". They should be fastened on both ends and laid tight by
scaffolds and clamps.
Minimum overlap of vertical members (standards) and/ or horizontal members
(Ledgers) shall be 600 mm with at least two couplers.
Base plate 100 x 100 x 3 mm shall be used to support all vertical pipes of
Scaffolds.
Sole plate of 300 x 300 x 6 mm shall be used at all unpaved area to support base plate.

Has the request for scaffolding been signed by authorized person?

Has the 'certificate of fitness of scaffolding' been signed by a scaffolding supervisor and maintenance engineer?
Are landing platforms provided for access ladders more than 9 meters height?
If two pipes are connected, are they overlapped at least 600 mm and at least two clamps used?
uilding is 3:1
 SCAFFOLDING TRAINING updated .xlsx
9. CEHSS Safety in Working Over or Near to water

excel sheet updated

excel sheet updated

SOP -12

SOP-15

L&T framework pdf

excel sheet updated

excel sheet updated

excel sheet updated

excel sheet updated
excel sheet updated
excel sheet updated
excel sheet updated
excel sheet updated

5. CEHSS MEWP
5. CEHSS MEWP

10. CEHSS Safety in Scaffolding and Formworks

10. CEHSS Safety in Scaffolding and Formworks

 Light Medium Heavy/Special
75 150 225 300 450 600
2.7 2.2 1.8 1.4 1 0.8