1

Chapter (7)
FOREIGN POLICY AND RELATIONS
ငင ခ ရ မဝ ဒ င ငင ခ ဆကဆ ရ

CONTENTS

Pages
7.1 International Relations 2

ငငတက ဆကဆ ရ
7.2 Independent, Active and non-aligned Foreign Policy 3

လတလပ၍ တက က သ ဘကမလကသည ငင ခ ရ မဝ ဒ
7.3 Diplomatic Relations 5

သတမနဆကဆ ရ

Key Terms 7

Questions 7

Example Answer 7
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Chapter 7
Foreign Policy and Relations
ငင ခ ရ မဝ ဒ င ငင ခ ဆကဆ ရ

7.1. International Relations

In the history of Myanmar International and Diplomatic Relations have existed since
ancient times. In 801-802 AD, a Pyu monarch of Myanmar sent envoys to China via Nan Cho
and established foreign relations. A Pyu Mission visited Ch'angan, the capital city of T'ang
Dynasty in China in 902 AD. Pyu Prince Thunanda and Ministers Narpya Koncca and
Mahathena led this Mission. During the reign of Anawrahta and Kyansitha in Bagan period,
missions were sent from Myanmar to China and India. During the reign of Kyansitha, a
mission was also sent to Buddhagaya in India to rebuild the Buddha monuments. Pilgrims
and Traders also visited Srilinka.

မနမ ငငသမင တင ငငတက ဆကဆ ရ င သတမနဆကဆ ရ သည ရ ယခငကတည ကပင

ရခသည။ အဒ၈၀၁-၈၀၂ တင မနမ ငင၏အပစ သ ပ ဘရငတစပ သည သတမနမ က Nan Cho မတစဆင

တ တ ငငသ စလတခ ပ ငငတက ဆကဆ ရ က တည ဆ ကခသည။ အဒ ၉၀၂ တင ပ သအဖ တစဖ သည

ထနမင ဆက၏ မ တ Ch'angan သ သ ရ ကလညပတခသည။ ထပ သအဖ က မင သ သန ၊

ဝန က နဖ ကမက င ဝန က မဟ သနတက ဦ ဆ ငခသည။ ပဂ ခတက လ၊ အ န ရထ မင င
က နစစသ မင တလကထကတင မနမ သအဖ မ က တ တ င အ ယ ငငမ သ စလတခသည။
က နစစသ မင လကထကတင ဗဒသ သနက အ ဆ ကအဦ မ ပ ပငရနအတက အ ယ ငငရ ဗဒဂ ယ သ
မနမ သအဖ တစဖ က စလတခသည။ ဗဒသ သန ပ မ င ကနသညမ သညလည သရလက ငငသ
သ ရ ကလညပတခ ကသည။

The sentence "Min to kar taman to ko ma choke yar" "(King should not be imprisoned
the envoy)" was found in Mingalar Zedi inscription. It was sure and evidence to say that
Myanmar had also sent Missions to other countries. Missions were sent to Goa and Srilinka
during the reign of Bayinnaung. Missions were sent to King Maghul in India during the reign
of King Nanda Bayin. During the reign of King Anaukphetlon, missions were also sent to
Goa, India and Mallacca.
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မဂလ စတ က ကစ တင မင တက တမနတက မခ ပရ ဟသည စ က ငက တ ရရသည။

ထ က ကစ ပ အရ မနမ တအ န ဖင အ ခ တင ပညမ သ သအဖ စလတခ က င ခငလ သ
အ ထ ကအထ အ ဖစ တ ရသည။ ဘရင န ငလကထကတင သ သန ပ မ က ဂအ င သရလက သ
သအဖ စလတခသည။ န ဘရငလကထကတင အ ယ ငငရ မဂဘရငထသ သ သန ပ အဖ မ စလတခသည။
အ န ကဘကလနမင လကထကတငလည ဂအ ၊ အ ယ င မလက သ သ သန ပ အဖ မ စလတခသည။

During the reign of King Anawratha, Bayinnaung, and Alaungmintaya, they integrated
small States and established great Myanmar Empire. During that periods, political, economic,
diplomatic and cultural ties with Sri Lanka, Assam, Manipur, Bengal, India, China, Lin Zin
(Laos), Chiang Mai, Ayuthaya (Thaland), Anan and Champa (Vietnam), Yun (Cambodia)
and Malay had been in force. During the Konbaung Dynasty, founded by
King Alaungmintaya, diplomatic ties and international relations were promoted considerably.
Myanmar Ministers such as Kinwun Mingyi and Thandawgyi U Cheint visited neighbouring
countries and Myanmar actively participated in world affairs when circumstances permitted.

အ န ရထ ၊ ဘရင န င င အ လ င မင တရ တ လကထကတင ငငငယ လ မ က စစည ပ

မနမ ငင တ က က တည ထ ငခသည။ ထအခ နက ငင ရ ၊ စ ပ ရ ၊ သတမန ရ ၊ ယ က မတတင အ ခ
ငငမ ဖစ သ သရလက ၊ အ သ၊ မဏပရ၊ ဘဂလ ဒရ၊ အ ယ၊ တ တ၊ လင ဇင (လ အ)၊ ခ င မင၊ အယဒယ၊
(ထင )၊ အ နန၊ ခ နပ (ဗယကနမ)၊ ယန (က မ ဒ ယ )၊ မ လ ရ တ ငအဆကအဆ ရခသည။ ကန ဘ င
မင ဆကက တည ထ ငခ သ အ လ င မင တရ လကထကတင သတမနဆကဆ ရ ရခ ပ ၊ ငငတက
ဆကဆ ရ တ တက အ င ဆ ငရကခသည။ မနမ ဝန က မ ဖစ က သ ကင ဝနမင က င သ တ က
ဦ ခမတသည အမန ခ င ငငမ သ သ ရ ကလညပတခ ပ ၊ မနမ တသည ကမ အ ရ ကစမ တင
အ ခအ န ပ လ င ပ သလ တက ကစ ပ ဝင ဆ ငရကခသည။

7.2. Independent, Active and non-aligned Foreign Policy

Every independent and sovereign nation in the world pursues a foreign policy that is
based on its national interests. The foreign policy that is practiced in Myanmar is also based
on the foundation of furthering the national interests of the country and its people.

ကမ ပ တင လတလပ၍ အခ ပအ ခ အ ဏ ရ သ ငငတင ၌ မမ ငင၏ အမ သ

အက စ ပ ပ တင အ ခခထ သည ငင ခ ရ မဝ ဒက က ငသ သည။ မနမ ငငတင လက တ
က ငသ န သ ငင ခ ရ မဝ ဒသည မနမ ငင င မနမ ပညသတ၏အမ သ အက စ ပ က
မငတင ပ ရ ဆသည အ ခခအတ မစ ပ တင အ ခခထ သည။
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Myanmar, on gaining her independence declared that it would pursue a policy of

positive neutrality. One of the most basic principles is the maintenance of friendly ties with
all the countries of the world, particularly with immediate neighbours and with countries in
the reign. In its international relations, Myanmar strictly adheres to the Five Principles of
Peaceful Co-existence, adopted in 1954. These principles form one of the main pillars of
Myanmar's foreign policy.

မနမ ငငသည လတလပ ရ ရရ ပ န က အ ပ သ ဘ ဆ ငသည က န ရ မဝ ဒက က ငသ ပ မညဟ

ကည ခသည။ မနမ ငငသည ၎င ၏ အ ခခမဝ ဒမ က ထန သမ ၍ ကမ ပ ရ ငငမ ငသ မက
အထ သ ဖင အမန ခ င ငငမ င ရင ခ စ ကညမရ အ င ဆ ငရကခသည။ ငငတက ဆကဆ ရ တင
မနမ ငငသည ငမ ခ မ စ အတယ တ နထင ရ မ က (၅)ရပက ၁၉၅၄ ခ စတင ခ မတ ဆ ငရကခသည။
ထမဝ ဒ(၅)ရပသည မနမ ငင ငင ခ ရ မဝ ဒ၏ အဓကမ ငမ ဖစသည။

AFPFL government's foreign policy was continued to be practiced by Revolutionary

Government and it declared friendly and good neighbour policy of Myanmar. Beginning in
1971 Myanmar transformed its Independent and Non-aligned Foreign Policy to an
Independent and Active Foreign Policy. The Constitution of 1974, drawn up on socialist
principles, designated the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) as the leading party. The
1974 Constitution came to an end because of the general dissatisfactions occurred in 1988.

တ လန ရ အစ ရသည ဖဆပလအစ ရ၏ ခ စ ကညရင ၍ အမန ခ င က င ပသ သ ငင ခ ရ

မဝ ဒက ဆကလကက ငသ မညဟ ကည ခသည။ မနမ ငငမ က ငသ ခ သ "လတလပ၍ ဘကမလက သ
ငင ခ ရ မဝ ဒ" အ "လတလပ၍တက က သ ငင ခ ရ မဝါဒ" အ ဖစ ၁၉၇၁ ခ စ အ စ ပင က လမ
စတင၍ ပ င လက ငသ ခသည။ ဆရယလစသ ဘ တရ မ ပ တင အ ခခ၍ ရ ဆထ သ ၁၉၇၄ ခ စ
ဖ စည ပအ ခခဥပ ဒသည မနမ ဆရယလစ လမ စ ပ တက ဦ ဆ ငပ တအ ဖစ သတမတခသည။

The State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), by its Declaration 3/88 of 18
September 1988 promulgated that it would continue to adhere to the independent and active
foreign policy. In practicing its Independent and Active Foreign Policy, Myanmar would not
align itself with any bloc on international issues. Myanmar also actively participates in the
activities for world peace and maintains friendly relations with all countries.

ငင တ ငမဝပပ ပ မတည ဆ က ရ က ငစက "လတလပ၍ တက က သ ငင ခ ရ မဝ ဒ" က

ဆကလကက ငသ မည ဖစ က င ၊ ၁၉၈၈ စကတငဘ လ (၁၈) ရက နစ ဖင အမနထတ ပန ကည ခသည။
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မနမ ငငအ န ဖင ကမ ငမ ခ မ ရ ၊ ကမ ငငမ အ လ င ခ စ ကညရင သ ဆကဆ ရ က

ထန သမ ထ ရ ရ အစရ သ လပငန ရပမ တင တက ကစ ပ ပ င ပ ဝငလ ကရသည။

Article 41 of the 2008 State Constitution stipulates that the Republic of Union of
Myanmar practice independent, active and non-aligned foreign policy aimed at world peace
and friendly relations with nations and upholds the principles of peaceful coexistence among
nations. Article 42 of the 2008 State Constitution stipulates that (a) the Union shall not
commence aggression against any nation and (b) No foreign troops shall be permitted to be
deployed in the territory of the Union of Myanmar.

၂၀ဝ၈ ခ စ ဖ စည အပခ ပပ အ ခခဥပ ဒ၊ Article 41 တင ပည ထ ငစသမတ မနမ ငငသည

ကမ ငမ ခ မ ရ င ကမ ငငမ က ၌ ခ စ ကညရင စ အတယ တ နထင ရ က ဦ တည၍ လတလပ၍
ဘကမလက သ ငင ခ ရ မဝ ဒက က ငသ မညဟ ပဌ န ခသည။

7.3. Diplomatic Relations

The Union of Myanmar, being desirous of promoting friendly relations and cooperation
with other countries, and in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United
Nations Charter, International Law, the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic and Consular
relations, has established diplomatic relations with the countries in the world.

ပည ထ ငစသမတ မနမ ငငသည ကမ ကလသမဂ ပဋဉ စ တမ ပ စည မ မ ၊ Vienna

Convention မ ခ မတထ သ သတမနဆကဆ ရ မ ငအည ငမ ခ မ ရ င ခ စ ကညရင ၊ ပ ပင
ဆ ငရကမတက တ မင ဆ ငရကရနအတက သတမနဆကဆ ရ က ထ ထ ငထ ရပ သည။

Myanmar plays an active role in the world to promote its national interest. Towards this
end, Myanmar maintains diplomatic and consular relations with 84 countries in all five
continents of the world. By 2017, Myanmar maintains 35 embassies abroad as well as 19
consulates. There are 41 foreign embassies resident in Yangon. There are also 9 consulate-
General. The United Nations is represented by UNDP, UNICEF, and FAO, WHO, UNDCP
and UNHCR office in Yangon.

မနမ ငငသည အမ သ အက စ ပ က တ မင ဆ ငရကရနအတက ကမ အ ရ ကစမ တင

တက က သ အခန က မ ပ ဝင ဆ ငရကသည။ မနမ ငငသည ကမ တက က (၅) တကမ ငင ပ င (၈၄)
ငင င သတမနဆကဆ ရ ထန သမ ထ ရသည။ ရနကန မ ၌ ငင ခ သ ပင (၄၁) ရသည။
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ကလသမဂ၏ကယစ လယ ခမ ဖစသည UNDP, UNICEF, FAO,WHO, UNDCP င UNHCR

စ သ ခမ ကလည ရနကန မ ၌ ထ ရသည။

One of the new trends in international relations is the increasing co-operation among
the nations of the different regions in the world. Myanmar believes that no nation can stand
aloof in the world in today. For progress and advancement of the country, nations must be
part of the international and regional mainstream. Myanmar therefore participates actively in
regional and world affairs.

မတည သ ဒသမ မ ငငအခ င ခ င က ပ ပ င ဆ ငရကမအ တ မင လပ ဆ င ခင သည

ငငတက ဆကဆ ရ ၏ လမ က င သစမ ထမ အခ ကတစခ က ဖစသည။ ထ က ငပင မနမ ငငသည
ဒသတင င ကမ ငငမ က အ ရ ကစမ တင တက ကစ ပ ပ င ပ ဝငသည။

Myanmar become a full member of ASEAN in 1997 holding the view that it can
contribute to the regional peace, stability and prosperity while deriving benefit for its own
development through regional co-operation. Moreover, in its endeavors to strengthen regional
co-operation, Myanmar also joined BIMST-EC, a new regional grouping uniting
Bangaladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand, in August 1997. The membership in
the organization also means that Myanmar will be linked not only with Southeast Asia but
also with South Asian Countries in the west in respect of regional co-operation. In other
words Myanmar can serve as a bridge between South and Southeast Asia.

မနမ ငငသည ၁၉၉၇ ခ စတင အ ဆယ၏ အ မတမ အဖ ဝင ဖစလ ခ ပ ၊ ဒသတင ငမ ခ မ ရ ၊

တည ငမ ရ င တ တကဖ ဖ ရ က က ပမ ဆ ငရကလ ကရသည။ ထအ ပင မနမ ငငသည ဒသတင

ပ ပ င ဆ ငရကမက ပမအ က င စရန ၁၉၉၇ ခ စ သဂတလတင BIMST-EC အဖ ဝငအ ဖစ

ပ ဝင ဆ ငရကခသည။

In accordance with its independent and active foreign policy, the Union of Myanmar has
constantly participated in international and regional affairs. Peace is needed in Myanmar for
its development and it is also essential for the world. Myanmar is working actively and
enthusiastically to the best of its ability and capability for prevalence of peace in the world.
Myanmar has given priority to friendly relations with neighbouring countries and dealing
with them as a good neighbour. The independent and active foreign policy, which has served
so well the national interests of Myanmar, continues to be pillar of foreign relations of the
nation.
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ပည ထ ငစ မနမ ငငသည ၎င ၏ လတလပ၍ တက က သ ငင ခ ရ မဝ ဒ ငအည၊

ဒသဆငရ င ငငတက ရ ရ ကစရပမ တင အ မမ ပတ ပ ပ င ပ ဝင ဆ ငရကသည။ ငမ ခ မ ရ သည
မနမ ငင၏ ဖ ဖ တ တကမအတက အ ရ ပ သကသ ကမ ငမ ခ မ ရ မ လည မရမ ဖစ အ ရ က သည။
ထ က ငပင မနမ ငငသည ကမ ငငမ အထ သ ဖင အမန ခ င ငငမ င ခ စ ကညရင မရရန မဆတမနစ
က ပမ ဆ ငရကလ ကရသည။

Key Terms

adhere - လကန သည။

bilateral - စဦ စဘကပ ဝင သ
bridge - ပင က
consulate - က ငစစဝန
designate - လ ထ သည
embassy - သ
enthusiastically - စတပ လကပ တကတက က က
non-aligned - ဘကမလက
stability - တည ငမမ

Questions

1. Examine the background history of Myanmar International Relations.

2. Describe Independent, Active and non- aligned Foreign Policy of Myanmar.
3. Give briefly about Diplomatic Relations of Myanmar.

Example Answer

1. Examine the background history of Myanmar International Relations.

 8

In the history of Myanmar, international and diplomatic relations have existed

since ancient times. In 801-802 A.D, a Pyu monarch of Myanmar sent envoys to
China via Nan Cho and established foreign relations. A pyu Mission visited Ch'angan,
the capital city of T'ang Dynasty in China, in 902 A.D, Pyu Prince Thunanda and
Ministers Narpya Koncca and Mahathena led this Missions. During the reign of
Anawrahta and Kyansittha in Bagan period, missions were sent from Myanmar to
China and India. During the reign of Kyansittha, a mission was also sent to
Buddhagaya in India to rebuild the Buddha monuments. Pilgrims and traders also
visited Srilinka. The sentence "Min to kar taman to ko ma choke yar" was found in
Mingalar Zedi inscription, it was sure and evidence to say that Myanmar had sent
Mission to other countries. Missions were sent to Goa and Srilanka during the reign
of Bayinnaung. Missions were sent to King Maghul in India during the reign of King
Nanda. During the reign of King Anaukphetlon, missions were sent to Goa, India and
Mallacca. King Anawrahta, Bayinnaung and Alaung Paya, during their reign,
integrated small States and established great Myanmar Empire. During that periods,
political, economic, diplomatic and cultural ties with Sri Lanka, Assam, Manipur,
Bengal, India, China, Lin Zin (Laos), Chiang Mai, Ayuthaya (Thailand), Anan and
Champa (Vietnam), Yun (Cambodia) and Malay had been in force. During Konbaung
Dynasty founded by King Alaung Paya, diplomatic ties and international relations
were promoted considerably. Myanmar Ministers such as Kinwun Mingyi and
Thandawgyi U Cheint visited neighboring countries and Myanmar participated in
world affairs when circumstances permitted.