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Formula Sheet
Formula Sheet
Mathematics HL and
further mathematics HL
formula booklet
For use during the course and in the examinations
First examinations 2014
Prior learning 2
Core 3
Topic 1: Algebra 3
Topic 2: Functions and equations 4
Topic 3: Circular functions and trigonometry 4
Topic 4: Vectors 5
Topic 5: Statistics and probability 6
Topic 6: Calculus 8
Options 10
Topic 7: Statistics and probability 10
Further mathematics HL topic 3
Topic 8: Sets, relations and groups 11
Further mathematics HL topic 4
Topic 9: Calculus 11
Further mathematics HL topic 5
Topic 10: Discrete mathematics 12
Further mathematics HL topic 6
Formulae for distributions 13
Topics 5.6, 5.7, 7.1, further mathematics HL topic 3.1
Discrete distributions 13
Continuous distributions 13
Further mathematics 14
Topic 1: Linear algebra 14
Prior learning
1
Area of a triangle =
A (b × h) , where b is the base, h is the height
2
1
Area of a trapezium =
A (a + b) h , where a and b are the parallel sides, h is the height
2
1
Volume of a pyramid=V (area of base × vertical height)
3
Area of the curved surface of A= 2πrh , where r is the radius, h is the height
a cylinder
4 3
Volume of a sphere V= πr , where r is the radius
3
1 2
Volume of a cone V= πr h , where r is the radius, h is the height
3
Solutions of a quadratic
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
equation The solutions of ax 2 + bx + c =0 are x =
2a
Topic 1: Algebra
1.1 The nth term of an un = u1 + (n − 1) d
arithmetic sequence
a x = e x ln a
log a a x= x= a loga x
log c a
log b a =
log c b
1.3 n n!
Combinations =
r r !(n − r )!
Permutations
n P = n!
r (n − r )!
n n
Binomial theorem (a + b) n = a n + a n −1b + + a n − r b r + + b n
1 r
1.7
[ r (cosθ + isin θ )] =r n (cos nθ + isin nθ ) =r n einθ =r n cis nθ
n
De Moivre’s theorem
1
Area of a sector A = θ r 2 , where θ is the angle measured in radians, r is the
2
radius
tan A ± tan B
tan ( A ± B ) =
1 tan A tan B
a b c
Sine rule = =
sin A sin B sin C
1
Area of a triangle A = ab sin C
2
Topic 4: Vectors
4.1 v1
Magnitude of a vector v = v + v2 + v3 , where v = v2
1
2 2 2
v
3
Coordinates of the x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2
midpoint of a line segment , ,
with endpoints ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , 2 2 2
( x2 , y2 , z2 )
4.2 Scalar product v⋅w =v w cos θ , where θ is the angle between v and w
v1 w1
v ⋅ w= v1w1 + v2 w2 + v3 w3 , where v = v2 , w = w2
v w
3 3
Cartesian equations of a x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
line = =
l m n
1
Area of a triangle =
A v × w where v and w form two sides of a triangle
2
Cartesian equation of a ax + by + cz =
d
plane
∑fx i i
Mean µ µ= i =1
k k
∑ f (x − µ) ∑fx
2 2
i i i i
Variance σ 2 =2
=σ
i 1 =i 1
= − µ2
n n
∑ f (x − µ)
2
i i
Standard deviation σ σ= i =1
5.2 n ( A)
Probability of an event A P ( A) =
n (U )
Independent events P ( A ∩ B) =
P ( A) P ( B)
P ( B) P ( A | B)
Bayes’ theorem P ( B | A) =
P ( B ) P ( A | B ) + P ( B′) P ( A | B′)
P( Bi ) P( A | Bi )
P ( Bi | A) =
P( B1 ) P( A | B1 ) + P( B2 ) P( A | B2 ) + P( B3 ) P( A | B3 )
Expected value of a ∞
continuous random ) µ=
E(X = ∫ −∞
x f ( x) dx
variable X
Var ( X ) = E ( X − µ ) 2 = E ( X 2 ) − [ E (X ) ]
2
Variance
Variance of a discrete
random variable X
∑ ( x − µ )2 P ( X =
Var ( X ) = ∑ x2 P ( X =
x) = x) − µ 2
Variance of a continuous ∞ ∞
∫ ( x − µ ) f ( x) dx =
Var ( X ) = ∫ x f ( x) dx − µ
2 2 2
random variable X −∞ −∞
5.6 n
Binomial distribution x) p x (1 − p ) n − x , x =
X ~ B (n , p ) ⇒ P ( X == 0,1, , n
x
Mean E ( X ) = np
Variance Var (=
X ) np (1 − p )
m x e− m
Poisson distribution X ~ Po (m) ⇒ P ( X ==
x) , x=
0,1, 2,
x!
Mean E(X ) = m
Variance Var ( X ) = m
6.2 Derivative of x n x n ⇒ f ′( x) =
f ( x) = nx n −1
Derivative of cos x f ( x) =⇒
cos x f ′( x) =
− sin x
Derivative of e x e x ⇒ f ′( x) =
f ( x) = ex
1
Derivative of ln x f ( x) =ln x ⇒ f ′( x) =
x
Derivative of sec x f ( x) =sec x ⇒ f ′( x) =sec x tan x
Derivative of cot x f ( x) =⇒
cot x f ′( x) =
−csc 2 x
Derivative of a x a x ⇒ f ′( x) =
f ( x) = a x (ln a )
1
Derivative of log a x f ( x) = log a x ⇒ f ′( x) =
x ln a
1
Derivative of arcsin x f ( x)= arcsin x ⇒ f ′( x)=
1 − x2
1
Derivative of arccos x arccos x ⇒ f ′( x) =
f ( x) = −
1 − x2
1
Derivative of arctan x f ( x)= arctan x ⇒ f ′( x)=
1 + x2
dy dy du
Chain rule y = g (u ) , where u = f ( x) ⇒ = ×
dx du dx
dy dv du
Product rule y =uv ⇒ =u + v
dx dx dx
du dv
v −u
u dy
Quotient rule y= ⇒ = dx 2 dx
v dx v
1
∫ x=
dx ln x + C
∫ sin x dx =
− cos x + C
∫ cos x=
dx sin x + C
∫e d=
x ex + C
x
1 x
∫= a +C
x
a dx
ln a
1 1 x
∫ a 2 + x 2 dx a arctan a + C
=
1 x
∫ a −x
2
d=
x arcsin + C ,
2
a
x <a
6.5 b b
Area under a curve A = ∫ y dx or A = ∫ x dy
a a
Volume of revolution b b
(rotation) V = ∫ πy 2 dx or V = ∫ πx 2 dy
a a
6.7 dv du
Integration by parts ∫ u dx d=x uv − ∫ v
dx
dx or ∫ u d=
v uv − ∫ v du
7.1
(3.1)
Probability generating
function for a discrete
=
G (t ) E=
(t x ) ∑ P=
x
(X x )t x
random variable X
E ( X ) = G ′(1)
∑fx i i
Mean x x= i =1
k k
i i
2
∑ f (x − x) ∑fxi i
2
Variance sn2 =2
n =
i 1 =i 1
s = − x2
n n
∑ f (x i i − x )2
Standard deviation sn sn = i =1
k k
Unbiased estimate of n i i
2
∑ f (x − x) ∑fx i i
2
n 2
population variance sn2−1 =
s = 2=
s
n −1
2 i 1 =i 1
= − x
n −1 n −1 n −1 n −1
n
7.7 n
n 2 2
n
2
∑ i − ∑ yi − n y
2
x nx
i −1 i =1
n
Equation of regression line ∑x yi− nx y
i
of x on y = x−x i =1
( y − y)
2
n
∑ yi − n y
2
i =1
n
Equation of regression line ∑ xi yi − nx y
of y on x = y − y i =1n (x − x )
2
∑ xi − nx
2
i =1
Topic 9: Calculus
Further mathematics HL topic 5
e∫
Integrating factor for P ( x )dx
y ′ + P ( x) y =
Q ( x)
( x − a ) 2 ′′
Taylor series f ( x)= f (a ) + ( x − a ) f ′(a ) + f (a ) + ...
2!
f ( n +1) (c)
Lagrange form =
Rn ( x) ( x − a ) n +1 , where c lies between a and x
(n + 1)!
10.7 Euler’s formula for v−e+ f = 2 , where v is the number of vertices, e is the
(6.7) connected planar graphs number of edges, f is the number of faces
Discrete distributions
Distribution Notation Probability mass Mean Variance
function
Geometric X ~ Geo ( p ) pq x −1 1 q
p p2
for x = 1, 2,...
for=x r , r + 1,...
Continuous distributions
Distribution Notation Probability Mean Variance
density function
Normal X ~ N (µ , σ 2 ) 1 x−µ
2 µ σ2
1 −
σ
e 2
σ 2π
a b −1 1 d −b
Inverse of a 2 × 2 matrix =
A ⇒ A= , ad ≠ bc
c d det A −c a
a b c
Determinant of a 3 × 3 e f d f d e
A= d e f ⇒ det A= a −b +c
matrix h k g k g h
g k
h