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Design and Fabrication of Hoverboard With Forklift: A Project Report Submitted by
Design and Fabrication of Hoverboard With Forklift: A Project Report Submitted by
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
i
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI - 600 025
SKR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI - 600123
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Mr S. VELLADURAI, M.E., Mr P. KUBENDHIRAN, M.E.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
S.K.R ENGINNERING COLLEGE S.K.R ENGINNERING COLLEGE
CHENNAI - 600123 CHENNAI - 600123
iv
CONTENTS
Page No
Chapter 1 01
Introduction
1.1 Conventional Braking Systems in Automobiles
1.2 Regenerative Braking Systems in Automobiles
Chapter 2 05
Necessity of the System
Chapter 3 06
Working Principle
3.1 Regenerative Working
3.2 How Does a Motor/Generator Work in a Hybrid Cars
3.3 Propelling the Vehicle with the Motor/Generator
3.4 Slowing the Vehicles and Generating Electricity
Chapter 4 10
Mode of Power Generation
Chapter 5 11
Parts of Regenerative Braking System
5.1 Alternator
5.2 Inverter
5.3 Convertor
5.4 Storage Battery
5.5 DC Motor
Chapter 6 16
Types of Braking
6.1 Drum Brakes
6.2 Hydraulic Brakes
6.3 Disc Brakes
6.4(a) Before contact
6.4(b) After contact
Chapter 7 20
Future of Regenerative Braking System
7.1 Scope in Metro
Chapter 8 23
Advantage, Disadvantage & Applications
8.1 Advantage
8.2 Disadvantage
8.3 Applications
Conclusion 25
Reference 26
LIST OF FIGURES
1
providing braking torque to the wheels and recharging the traction
batteries. The energy provided by regenerative braking can then be
used for propulsion or to power vehicle accessories.
This is really what the regen mode is all about. With the electronic
throttle closed and the vehicle still moving, all of its kinetic energy
can be captured to both slow the vehicle and recharge its battery. As
the onboard computer signals the battery to stop sending electricity
(via the
controller relay) and start receiving it (through a charge controller),
the motor/ generator simultaneously stops receiving electricity for
powering the vehicle and starts sending current back to the battery for
charging.
Remember from our discussion on electromagnetism and motor/
generator action: when a motor/generator is supplied with electricity it
makes mechanical power, when it's supplied with mechanical power, it
makes electricity. But how does generating electricity slow the
vehicle? Friction. It's the enemy of motion. The armature of the
motor/ generator is slowed by the force of inducing current in the
windings as it passes over the opposing poles in the magnets in the
stator (it's constantly battling the push/pull of the opposing polarities).
It is this magnetic friction that slowly snaps the vehicle's kinetic
energy and helps to brake it.
CHAPTER 4
Electromagnetism
5.2 Inverter
An inverter is an electrical device that converts electricity derived
from a DC (Direct Current) source to AC (Alternating Current) that
can be used to drive an AC appliance. The theory of operation is
relatively
simple. DC power, from a hybrid battery for example, is fed to the
primary winding in a transformer within the inverter housing.
Through an electronic switch (generally a set of semiconductor
transistors), the direction of the flow of current is continuously and
regular broken (the electrical charge travels into the primary winding,
then abruptly reverses and flows back out). The in/out flow of
electricity produces AC current in the transformer's secondary
winding circuit. Ultimately, this induced alternating current electricity
flows into and produces power in an AC load (for example an electric
vehicles electric traction motor). A rectifier is a similar device to an
inverter except that it does the opposite, converting AC power to DC
power.
5.3 Convertor
More properly called a voltage converter, this electrical device
changes the voltage (either AC or DC) of an electrical power source.
There are two types of voltage converters, one is step up (which
increases voltage) and other is step down (which decreases voltage).
The most common use of a converter is to a take relatively low
voltage source and step it up to high voltage for heavy duty work in a
high power consumption load, but they can also be used in reverse to
reduce voltage for a light load source.
5.5.1. DC Motors
8.1 Advantages
1. Improved Performance.
2. Improved Fuel Economy.
3. Reduction in Engine wears.
4. Reduction in Brake Wear Reducing cost of replacement brake
linings, cost of labour to install them, and vehicle down time.
5. Engine emissions reduced by engine decoupling, reducing total
6. engine revolutions and total time of engine operation.
7. Operating range is comparable with conventional vehicles a
problem not yet overcome by electric vehicles.
8.2 Disadvantages