Types Lean type natural gas premixed combustion (Like gasoline engine)

Gas injection type natural gas diffuse combustion (Like diesel engine)

Note Duel fuel is highly effective in 4-s engines, but no use yet in 2-s engines.

Cylinder monitoring -----The engine control & cylinder load balancing is based on accelerometers or
cylinder pressure sensors

This can be useful as : 1. Reliable knock detection

2. Misfire detection

3. max cylinder pressure control

Note GVU gas value unit MGE is short for main gas evaporators

GCU is short for gas combustion unit

LNG storage and feeding system

The pressure to main engine has two ways

1. From LNG cargo tank High press. p/p through vaporizer , then to the engine
2. From boil off gas through compressor stage then to the engine
Cold box is a heat exchanger where low press. Gas passes through to be reliquified , the heat is
absorbed by the nitrogen which is liquefied , the nitrogen has it’s own closed loop
Energy Conversion from warsila
Parts to be exchanged
a. Cylinder head
b. 2cylinder liner and anti-polishing ring
c. Piston and piston rings
d. Connecting rod upper part
e. Cam shaft pieces
f. Control unit
g. Dual needle injection v/v
h. Turbocharger modified for DE operation

Components added on the engine

a. Gas rail pipe

b. Exhaust gas waste gate
c. Gas admission v/v
d. Pilot fuel system: 1. Pilot fuel oil filter 2. Common rail piping 3.Pilot fuel oil p/p
 A duel fuel engine is designed to burn mainly NG but with a small percentage of diesel as a
pilot fuel to start ignition
 Care is taken to avoid spontaneous ignition of NG air mixture , but with careful design , the
engine can operate close to compression conditions of DE
 High power output and efficiency close to DE
 Low emissions , close to gas fired spark ignitions engines
 At part load efficiency tends to fall and emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide rise
 Typical duel fuel engine operates with 1%-15% Diesel fuel
 It can burn 100% diesel if necessary

Lean burn engine

It’s an engine in which ratio of air to fuel is greater than the ideal ratio for combustion it’s
mainly done to increase fuel economy
With such an engine , it’s harder to light off the mixture with a spark so to allow the engine
to run the designers create a rich mixture near the spark plug that is easier to light and a
leaner mixture elsewhere in the engine
The lean burn engines are often known as satisfied large engine because the fuel mixture is
divided into two stage lean and rich
Lean mixture is a mixture with high air to fuel ratio ‘ harder to burn with spark plug ‘
Rich mixture is a mixture with high fuel to air ratio ‘ easier to burn with a spark plug’
What is pilot fuel system ?
The pilot fuel system is a common rail system with one engine mounted
High pressure pump supplying the pilot fuel to every injection v/v
@ constant pressure 900 bar
Due to high pressure , a double walled supply system is used with leak fuel detection and
alarms , the injection v/v is of twin needle design , with the pilot fuel needle electronically
controlled by the engine control system . it’s important that the injection system can reliably
handle the small amount of fuel with min cycle to cycle variation . The main needle design is
a conventional system in which mechanically controlled pumps control the injection .

The pilot Injection

It’s typically 3-holes nozzle with smallest possible hole size(0.16 mm)
The pilot injection system runs with 900 1000 bar common rail system .
The pilot system runs all the time , even when the engine switches to diesel mode , the all
time running can be necessary to avoid blockage of such small holes today the pilot systems
aren’t able to run on HFO but uses MDO or LFO.
The switching time from gas mode to diesel mode is nearly instantaneous , but from diesel
to gas varies between 30 sec and 2 minutes depending on engine type
What is concept of duel fuel ?
It’s using a small pilot injection of diesel , a premixed charge of NG and air and can be
ignited by compression in an un-modified DE
Brake Specific Energy Consumption
BSEC= BSFC*CV

What is common rail ?

It’s a direct fuel injection system for diesel engines A high pressure 100+ bars fuel rail
feeding solenoid v/v opposed to low pressure fuel p/p s feeding nozzles
Benefits of high pressure injection
 Injecting fuel as a larger number of smaller droplets which gives much higher ratio of
surface are to volume
 Improved vaporization
 More efficient combining of atmospheric oxygen with fuel
 More complete combustion
What is a spry p/p ?
A mechanical device designed to generate pressure difference to drive spray fluid from a
storage tank , through the pipes of the system
What is gas combustion unit ?
Utilizes excess boil off gas to produce heat while ensuring max availability
What is methane slip ?
It is unburnt hydrocarbons which is residual problem in duel fuel engines
What is top land gap ?
Is a dead volume in combustion chamber lies between piston , cylinder and top land ‘ piston
ring type’
What is pilot fuel ?
It’s fuel used for ignition