iRIC Software

Changing River Science

Nays2D
Solver Manual

Last updated: 2013.03.10

Released: 2013.04.1

Copyright 2011 iRIC Project All Rights Reserved

 Contents
I. OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................... 1
I.1 WHAT IS NAYS2D? ...................................................................................................................... 1
I.2 FEATURES OF THE FLOW FIELD CALCULATION MODEL ................................................................. 1
I.3 FEATURES OF THE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND RIVERBED DEFORMATION CALCULATION MODEL
.......................................................................................................................................................... 2
I.4 OTHER FEATURES ......................................................................................................................... 3
II. BASIC EQUATIONS .................................................................................................................... 4
II.1 BASIC FLOW EQUATIONS ............................................................................................................. 4
II.1.1 Basic equations in orthogonal coordinates .......................................................................... 4
II.1.2 Transformation into general curvilinear coordinates........................................................... 4
II.1.3 Basic equations in a general curvilinear coordinate system ................................................ 6
II.2 TURBULENT FIELD CALCULATION METHOD ................................................................................ 9
II.2.1 Constant eddy viscosity ....................................................................................................... 9
II.2.2 Zero-equation model ........................................................................................................... 9
II.2.3 K-ε model ............................................................................................................................ 9
II.3 BOTTOM FRICTION CALCULATION METHOD .............................................................................. 10
II.3.1 Constant value ................................................................................................................... 10
II.4 METHOD OF CALCULATING RESISTANCE BY VEGETATION ........................................................ 11
II.5 BASIC EQUATIONS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ........................................................................... 12
II.5.1 Dimensionless river bed shearing force ............................................................................ 12
II.5.2 Bed load transport ............................................................................................................. 12
II.5.3 Calculation of velocity near the riverbed .......................................................................... 13
II.5.4 Streamline curvature ......................................................................................................... 15
II.5.5 Flotation of suspended load............................................................................................... 15
II.5.6 Continuity equation of suspended load concentration ....................................................... 16
II.5.7 Continuity equation of sediment transport ........................................................................ 16
II.6 ABOUT THE NON-UNIFORM GRAIN SIZE MODEL ........................................................................ 17
II.7 ABOUT THE BANK EROSION MODEL .......................................................................................... 21
II.8 ABOUT THE SLOPE COLLAPSE MODEL ....................................................................................... 22
II.9 ABOUT THE CONFLUENCE MODEL ............................................................................................. 23
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................... 25
III. CALCULATION CONDITIONS ............................................................................................. 27
III.1 SETTING THE SOLVER TYPE ..................................................................................................... 27
III.2 SETTING THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS .................................................................................... 29
III.3 SETTING THE TIME-RELATED CONDITIONS............................................................................... 32
III.4 SETTING THE INITIAL WATER SURFACE CONDITIONS ............................................................... 33
III.5 SETTING BED MATERIAL.......................................................................................................... 34
III.6 SETTING VEGETATION CONDITIONS ......................................................................................... 35
III.7 SETTING THE CONFLUENCE INFORMATION .............................................................................. 36
III.8 SETTING NON-UNIFORM MATERIAL INFORMATION .................................................................. 39
III.9 SETTING THE BANK EROSION INFORMATION ............................................................................ 42
III.10 OTHER SETTINGS ................................................................................................................... 44
III.11 SETTING HOTSTART .............................................................................................................. 45
IV. SETTING THE CELL CONDITIONS .................................................................................... 46
V. REMARKS ................................................................................................................................... 50

i
I. Overview

I.1 What is Nays2D?

Nays2D is an analytical solver for calculation of unsteady two-dimensional plane flow and
riverbed deformation using boundary-fitted coordinates*1 within general curvilinear coordinates.
The solver's prototype was initially developed by Professor Yasuyuki Shimizu of Hokkaido
University in the 1990s. After many improvements, it was first adopted in 2004 as a calculation
solver for incorporation in the RIC-Nays*2 riverbed deformation calculation pre-post software of
the Foundation of Hokkaido River Disaster Prevention Research Center (Version 1.0).

Later refined by the inclusion of dynamic memory allocation*3 by Ichiro Kimura of Hokkaido
University and outfitted with a bank erosion model by Yasuyuki Shimizu and a HotStart
function by Toshiki Iwasaki of Hokkaido University, Nays2D (Version 2.0) was distributed as
one of the solvers included with iRIC in 2010 at the release of iRIC Version 1.0.

Further functional additions included the incorporation of a mixed-diameter multilayer model

proposed by Toshiki Iwasaki, and a river confluence model proposed by Takuya Inoue and
Michihiro Hamaki of Kaihatsu Koei Co., Ltd. Nays2D was registered as a calculation solver for
iRIC Version 2.0 in March 2011 under the planning and supervision of Kazutake Asahi from the
Foundation of Hokkaido River Disaster Prevention Research Center (Version 3.0).

This model has an established reputation for calculation of unsteady flows accompanied with
turbulence and laminar flow, and it is capable of dynamically showing the realistic motions of
unsteady eddies. In addition, its riverbed deformation calculations can reproduce the generation,
development and migration of sandbars with high precision. There have been many examples of
Nays2D being used on actual rivers for purposes such as assessing the effects of trees and
vegetation, making flood calculations, studying the effects of inflowing rivers and simulating
bank erosion disasters.

I.2 Features of the flow field calculation model

(1) As a coordinate system, the general curvilinear coordinate system is adopted, allowing direct
consideration of complex boundaries and riverbed shapes.

(2) Calculations involving the confluence of a main channel and a tributary can be performed.

*1
Since it is difficult to represent complicated curved boundaries in orthogonal (Cartesian) coordinates, a coordinate
system in which the coordinate axes can be set along the boundaries of the river is used. The solver calculates
equations that are derived by transforming (mapping) governing equations described in the Cartesian coordinate
system into general coordinates. Because of this feature, the solver is a solver of "a boundary-fitted coordinate
system."
*2
[URL] http://i-ric.org/nays/en/index.html
*3
This is a function whereby the software program allocates memory for its own use on the fly while the program is
running. It can thus minimize wasteful use of memory.

1
(3) For the finite-difference method applied to the advection terms in equations of motion, the user
can chose the upwind difference method (primary precision) or the CIP method*4.

(4) For the turbulent field calculation method, the user can select from among [Constant eddy
viscosity], [Zero-equation model] and [K-ε model].

(5) Various settings are possible for boundary conditions of the upstream and downstream ends,
including periodic boundary conditions, downstream end water surface elevation setting and
upstream end velocity setting. This makes it easy to set boundary conditions from limited
observation data.

(6) For setting the initial water surface profile, the user can select from among [Constant slope],
[Line], [Uniform flow calculation] and [Non-uniform flow calculation].

(7) The bottom friction evaluation method is set by using Manning's roughness parameter. This
parameter can be set to each computational cell.

(8) Any obstacle within the calculation target area can be taken into account on a calculation-cell
basis. For each calculation cell, a flag can be set to define an obstacle. By this means, river
structures such as bridge piers can be easily incorporated in calculation.

(9) The effect of vegetation for the flow calculation can be introduced as a drag force. The user can
set the density of vegetation in each computational cell.

I.3 Features of the sediment transport and riverbed

deformation calculation model
(1) The model allows the user to select between performing flow regime calculation only and
performing riverbed deformation calculation along with flow regime calculation.

(2) For sediment transport, the user can select between bed load only and bed load + suspended
load.

(3) For grain size distribution, the user can select between uniform and non-uniform. When non-
uniform grain size is chosen, changes in the grain size distribution in the depth direction during
calculation can be stored on a multilayer basis.

(4) The model can incorporate a slope collapse model. The unrealistic steep slope sometimes can
occur in the bed evolution computations, if the bed evolution is simulated by using only Exner
equation which expresses the mass conservation of riverbed. In this model, if the angle of
riverbed exceeds the critical angle, which is a user parameter, the bed is instantaneously
corrected as satisfying the critical angle. By introducing this model, you can treat the
morphologic evolution processes such as bank erosion, which cannot be well captured by using
only continuity equation of riverbed.

(5) Bank erosion takes into account of the tangent of angle of repose. More specifically, when the
riverbed slope exceeds the angle of repose as riverbed deformation proceeds, adjustment is

*4
This is a high-order finite-difference method. By using a cubic polynomial as an interpolation function, numeric
diffusion is reduced, thus enabling high-precision local interpolation.

2
 made by exchanging sediment with surrounding cells such that the angle of repose is not
exceeded. In addition, if the channel widens from bank erosion, calculation grids are
automatically moved accordingly.

I.4 Other features

① HotStart is provided (continues calculation from where the previous calculation left off, based
on the previous calculation results).

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II. Basic equations
II.1 Basic flow equations
II.1.1 Basic equations in orthogonal coordinates
The basic equations in an orthogonal coordinate system (x, y) before transformation (mapping)
into a general curvilinear coordinate system are as follows:
[Equation of continuity]

h hu hv
  0 (1)
t x y

[Equations of motion]

uh  hu 2

 

huv
 hg
H  x

F
 Dx  x (2)
t x y x  

vh huv  hv2

 
 
 hg
H  y
  Dy 
Fy
(3)
t x y y  
in which
x y
 C f u u2  v2  C f v u2  v2 (4)
 

  uh    uh 
Dx  t   t  (5)
x  x  y  y 

  vh    vh 
Dy  t   t  (6)
x  x  y  y 

Fx 1 Fy 1
 C D a s hu u 2  v 2  C D a s hv u 2  v 2 (7)
 2  2

where h is water depth, t is time, u is velocity in the x direction, v is velocity in the y direction,
g is gravitational acceleration, H is water depth, τx is riverbed shearing force in the x direction,
τy is riverbed shearing force in the y direction, Fx is resistance by vegetation in the x direction,
F y is resistance by vegetation in the y direction, C f is riverbed shear coefficient, νt is eddy
viscosity coefficient, C D is drag coefficient of vegetation, and a s is area of interception by
vegetation per unit volume.

II.1.2 Transformation into general curvilinear coordinates

Next, basic equations of two-dimensional plane flow at orthogonal coordinates are transformed
into general coordinates (  ,  ). By transforming the equations into general coordinates, it
becomes possible to set a calculation mesh of any shape (in keeping with the boundary

4
conditions). The following describes how the equations can be transformed from orthogonal
coordinates into general curvilinear coordinates:
    
  (8)
x x  x 

    
  (9)
y y  y 

or,

     
   
 
 x    x  x   

 (10)
     y  y   
   
  
 y   

where,

   
x  , y  , x  , y  (11)
x y x y

likewise,

 x  y 
  (12)
  x  y

 x  y 
  (13)
  x  y

or,

     
   
     x y  x 
 (14)
    x y   

    
   y 

where,

x x y y
x  , x  , y  , y  (15)
   

Hence

       
     
    1  y   x  x   x y  x 
    (16)
         y
  x     x y   
      
x y y x

   y   y 

Here, assuming J   x y   y x we obtain

   y   x   x

y 
 (17)
J    y  x   x y 

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Therefore

   
x   y , y    x , x    y , y   x (18)
J J J J

or,

 y  Jx ,  x   Jy ,  y   Jx ,  x  Jy (19)


J   x y   y x  J  x y  x y  (20)

Thus we obtain
1
J (21)
x y  x y

Letting the (  ,  ) components of velocity be ( u  , u  ), then

u   xu   y v (22)

u   x u   y v (23)

or,

 u     x  y  u 
    (24)
 u    x  y  v 
   

u    y   y  u  
      (25)
v  J x  x  u  

II.1.3 Basic equations in a general curvilinear coordinate system

Basic equations as obtained by transforming basic equations in an orthogonal coordinates system (x,
y) into a general curvilinear coordinate system are shown below:

[Equation of continuity]

  h    hu    hu 
     0 (26)
t  J    J    J 

[Equations of motion]

u  u  u 
 u  u   u  u     u  u     u  u  
t  

6
 

 g   x   y 
H


  x x   y y
H 
 



 u   u     u   u 

 1 u
 D
2 2
  C f  C D as h  y y x x (27)
 2  hJ

u  u  u 
 u  u    u  u     u  u    u u 
t  



 g   x x   y y 
H


  x   y
H 
 



 u   u     u   u 

 1 u
 D
2 2
  C f  C D as h  y y x x (28)
 2  hJ

where,

 x  y   x  y  
 y
   x y ,       x y ,     x  x   y (29)
           

 x  y   x  y  
 y
   x y ,      x y ,     x  x   y (30)
           

D 

     u  u        u  u  
  x x  t   x x     y   
   y    (31)
               
y t y

D 

     u  u        u  u  
  x x  t   x x     y   
   y    (32)
               
y t y

   
x  , y  , x  , y  (33)
x y x y

u    x u   y v , u   x u   y v (34)


J (35)
x y  x y

As for diffusion terms D  and D in the motion equation in general coordinates, since
developing those terms will make the number of terms huge, they are simplified by assuming
the following conditions:
1. The second-order derivative for the metric coefficient is assumed to be locally zero.

7
 2. Those terms are locally treated as pseudo-orthogonal coordinates.

As a result, the diffusion terms can be approximated as follows:

  u     u  
D ~
  t  r   t r  (36)
       

  u     u  
D ~
  t  r   t r  (37)
       

where  r and  r are parameters each representing the ratio of the local grid size in general
coordinates to the full-scale length of the grid. They are defined as follows:
 
~  r , r (38)
 ~

Note that to derive the approximate equations of D  and D above, the following relations are
used, based on the assumption of a relationship of local orthogonality.

~ ~
  
 x   y   r  x    y    r sin    cos    r (39)

~ 
 x x   y y   r r  x~x   y~y   r r  cos sin   cos sin    
~
(40)

   
 x   y   r ~x   ~y    r sin    cos    r (41)

~
 ~
  
J   x y   y x   r r  x~y   y~x   r r sin    cos sin    r r (42)

where  represents the angle formed by the x axis and the  axis (or the y axis and the  axis).

8
 II.2 Turbulent field calculation method
Turbulence means disordered flow that contains eddies of various sizes and structures. Nays2D
allows the user to select the turbulent field calculation method from among [Constant eddy
viscosity], [Zero-equation model] and [k-ε model].

II.2.1 Constant eddy viscosity

Eddy viscosity coefficient νt is the apparent kinetic viscosity coefficient of a flow in turbulent
state. When [Constant eddy viscosity] is selected, calculation is performed with νt in equations
(5) and (6) being taken as 0.000001 (m2/s).

II.2.2 Zero-equation model

Eddy viscosity coefficient νt is generally represented as the product of the turbulence
representative velocity v t and the representative length l .
νt  vt l (43)

For a flow field where depth and roughness change only slowly in the transverse direction,
assuming that the eddy viscosity coefficient in the horizontal direction and the eddy viscosity
coefficient in the vertical direction are on the same order, and considering that the bottom
friction velocity and the depth dominantly dictate momentum transport, the eddy viscosity
coefficient νt is expressed by the following equation.
νt  au* h (44)

where a is a proportional constant.

Since the a value related to momentum transport in the vertical direction, according to
experiments by Fisher1) and Webel and Schatzmann2), is around 0.07, the eddy viscosity
coefficient νt is expressed using the Karman coefficient  (0.4) as per the following formula:

νt  Au*h  B (45)
6
Since this modeling does not require any transportation equation for turbulence statistics, it is
called the "zero-equation model." A and B are a user defined parameters for the eddy viscosity
coefficient. Default value of A and B is 1 and 0, respectively.

II.2.3 K-ε model

The eddy viscosity coefficient νt in the standard k-ε model is expressed by the following equation:

k2
 t  C (46)

where C is a model constant. k and  are obtained by the following equations:

9
 k k k    k 
u v   t 
t x y x   k x 
(47)
   k 
  t   Ph  Pkv  
y   k y 

       
u v   t 
t x y x    x 
(48)
      2
  t   C1 Ph  Pv  C 2
y    y  k k

Table II-1 Model constants

C C 1 C2 k 
0.09 1.44 1.92 1.0 1.3

where Ｃ1 , Ｃ2 , k , and  are model constants whose respective values are shown in Table II-I.

Note that Pkv and Pv are calculated with the following equations:
u*3
Pkv  Ck (49)
h

4
u*
Pv  C (50)
h2

II.3 Bottom friction calculation method

In Nays2D, bottom friction is set using Manning's roughness parameter. For Manning's
roughness parameter, the user can define this parameter in each computational cell.

II.3.1 Constant value

In Equation (4), riverbed shearing forces τx and τy are expressed by using coefficient of

riverbed shearing force Cf . The coefficient of riverbed shearing force C f is estimated by

Manning's roughness parameter n m as follows:

gnm 2
Cf  1
(51)
h 3

10
This Manning’s roughness parameter can be estimated from the relative roughness height, ks, by
using the Manning – Strickler equation as follows.

k s1 6
nm  (52)
7.66 g

where k s is the relative roughness height which is defines as 1-3 d, d is a sediment diameter and g
is the gravitational acceleration.

II.4 Method of calculating resistance by vegetation

In Nays2D, resistance exerted by vegetation is set with the drag coefficient of vegetation C D and
the area of interception by vegetation per unit volume a s . The area of interception by vegetation per
unit volume a s can be set in each computational cell.

The area of interception by vegetation per unit volume a s is calculated with the following equation
proposed by Shimizu et al:

n s Ds
as  2
(53)
Ss

where ns is the number of vegetation, Ds is the average diameter of trunks and S s is the sampling
grid width.

11
 II.5 Basic equations of sediment transport
When performing riverbed deformation calculations with Nays2D, the user can select between two
sediment types: [Bed load only] and [Bed load and suspended load]. And the user can select between
two types of bed material: [Uniform grain size] and [Non-uniform grain size]. The followings are the
description of morphodynamic model with uniform grain size. The user can read the description of
morphodynamic model with non-uniform size in Section II.6.

II.5.1 Dimensionless river bed shearing force

Composite velocity V is defined by the following equation:

V  u2  v2 (54)

The dimensionless shearing force  * exerted on the riverbed is as follows:

hIe
*  (55)
sg d

where h is depth, I e is energy gradient, s g is submerged specific gravity and d is grain size of bed
material. By applying Manning's formula to I e ,  * is expressed as follows:

CfV 2 n m2 V 2
*   (56)
s g gd s g dh1 / 3

where n m is Manning's roughness parameter.

II.5.2 Bed load transport

The user can estimate the total bedload transport qb in the depth-averaged velocity direction (in the
V direction) by using the M.P.M formula and the Ahida and Michiue formula6) as follows.

The M.P.M formula

qb  8 *   *c 1.5 s g gd 3 (57)

The Ashida and Michiue formula

    *c 
qb  17 *3/2 1  *c  1   sg gd
3
(58)
 *  * 

where  b is average gradient of the channel bed and  * c is dimensionless critical tractive force,
which is obtained from Iwagaki's equation5).

12
According to Watanabe et al.8), bed load transport in the  and  directions is given by the
following equations:


 u~   z z 
q~b  qb  b    ~b  cos ~b  (59)
 Vb    


 u~  z z 
q~b  qb  b    ~b  cos ~b  (60)
 Vb    

where u~b and u~b are velocities in the  and  directions, respectively, near the riverbed, Vb is
composite velocity near the riverbed, and  is the angle formed by the  and  axes.

 is a correction coefficient of sediment transport for slope gradient, which is given by the
following equation according to Hasegawa9):

 *c
 (61)
 s  k *

where  s and  k are static friction coefficient and dynamic friction coefficient, respectively.

II.5.3 Calculation of velocity near the riverbed

The following simple relational equation is given for the relationship between depth-averaged
velocity and near-bed velocity along the depth-averaged flow:

u~bs  V (62)

where u~bs is near-bed velocity along the streamline of the depth-averaged flow (hereafter simply

called streamline). According to Engelund10), if we apply a parabolic distribution to the velocity

distribution in the depth direction, then  is given by the following equation:

1 3
 3 ,  (63)
3  0  1

where  is velocity coefficient (=V/u*) and  is the Karman constant (=0.4).

Generally, in cases where the streamline curves, secondary flow (helical flow) occurs. We use the
following equation for calculating the near-bed velocity under the effect of such secondary flow:

h
u~bn  u~bs N * (64)
rs

13
where u~bn is near-bed velocity orthogonal to the streamline direction (90 degrees

counterclockwise from the streamline direction), rs is curvature radius of the streamline and N *
is a constant (=7; Engelund10)).
From Equation (63) and Equation (65), Vb in Equation (60) and Equation (61) are given as
follows:
 
Vb  u~bs  u~bn  u~bs (65)

Note that the above equation's approximation is due to the fact that u~bn is generally one order of
magnitude smaller than u~ s . b

u~b and u~b are obtained with the following transformation:

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 ~ s  ~ n  x  y   ~ s  x  y   ~ n
u~b  ub  ub     
 b  n x n y u b
u
s n  s x s y   

 ~ ~
  ~ ~
 cos s  x  sin  s  y u~bs   sin  s  x  cos s  y u~bn 

1
r
cos 
s x    
 sin  s  y u~bs   sin  s  x  cos s  y u~bn (66)

~ ~ s ~ ~ n  x ~ y ~  ~ s  x ~ y ~  ~ n

u~b  ub  u b    u b    u b
s n  s x s y   n x n y 

  
 cos s~x  sin  s~y u~bs   sin  s~x  cos s~y u~bn 



r

cos s x  sin  s y u~bs   sin  s x  cos s y u~bn  (67)

where s and n are the streamline direction and the direction orthogonal to it, respectively; letting
 s represent the angle of the streamline to the x -axis, relational equations including the following
are used:

x v y u
    sin  s ,   cos s (68)
n V n V

x u y v
   cos s ,   sin  s (69)
s V s V

In addition, although  is expressed as in Equation (64),  turns out to be included both in the
numerator and denominator of the first terms of the right side of equations (60) and (61), so  is an
arbitrary value.

14
 II.5.4 Streamline curvature
The streamline curvature (1/curvature-radius) used in Equation (64) is obtained with the following
equation:

  s
 (70)
rs s

where,  s is the angle between the x axis and the s direction defined as follows;
v
 s  tan   (71)
u

hence

1


rs s

tan1 T  

T

tan1 T 
T


1 T

s 1  T 2 s
(72)

where T  v / u . Here,

  u u
   (73)
 T v

u  v V
  
u

v u
u v
T   v  s s
   (74)
s s  u  u

 x  y  u    u     v    
       x x    y y  (75)
s s x s y V x V y V     V    

Therefore, curvature 1/ rs is expressed by the following equation:

1

rs
(76)
1  2  v v   v v   u u   u u 
3 
u   x x   uv  y y   uv  x x   v 2   y y 
V                 

II.5.5 Flotation of suspended load

For flotation of suspended load, the following equations proposed by Itakura and Kishi11) are
adopted:
    gd 
q su  p k* K a* s    wf  (77)
 s * 

15
 *

a 
1
 
exp   2 d
*

    1 (78)
B* 
a
1
 
exp   2 d
B* 0


B* 1
a   , 　 0  0.5, 　a*  0.14, 　K  0.008 (79)
* 0

where q su is the suspended load supplied per unit area of riverbed and w f is the settling

velocity of suspended sediment, which is obtained with Rubey's equations12). B* is a conversion

factor for applying friction velocity to the velocity in lift force calculation, and the constant

value of B*  0.143 is used in the case of uniform grain size.

II.5.6 Continuity equation of suspended load concentration

The continuity equation of suspended load concentration in the general curvilinear coordinate
system is represented as follows:
  c h    u  c h    u  c h   q su w f cb 
        (80)
t  j    j    j   J J 

where c is depth-averaged suspended load concentration and cb is near-bed suspended load

concentration (concentration at the control point). Diffusion terms have been omitted from the
equation, for simplicity. The control-point concentration c b , which is the concentration of
suspended load near the bottom ( z  b  0.05D) , is expressed in the following equation:

cbk   
 1

exp   2 d   1
exp( a  2 ) (81)
a
 2 
It is necessary to clarify the relationship between the depth-averaged concentration of suspended
load c and the concentration at the control point c b .

The relationship between c and c b is given by the following relational equation used by Shimizu
and Itakura:

Ck 
cbk

1  e  
(82)

II.5.7 Continuity equation of sediment transport

First, a continuity equation of sediment transport in two-dimensional orthogonal coordinates is given
by:

z b 1  qb q y 
x
   b  q s  w f cb   0 (83)
t 1    x y 

16
where t is time, z b is riverbed elevation, q b x and q b y are bed load transport per unit width in the
x and y directions, respectively, q su is suspended load tracted per unit area, w f is settling
velocity of suspended sediment, c b is concentration at the control point and  is void ratio of bed
material.
When [Bed load only] is selected, suspended load supplied per unit area, settling velocity of
suspended sediment and concentration at the control point area assumed to be zero.
Next, just as for the continuity equation of flow, we transform the above equation into general
coordinates.

  zb  1    qb    qb   qsu   w f cb  

         0
t  J  1      J    J   J   J  
(84)

where qb  and qb are contravariant components of bed load transport per unit width in the 

and  directions, respectively.

II.6 About the non-uniform grain size model

When [Non-uniform grain size] is selected for the riverbed material, the basic equations to be
used for riverbed deformation are described below. Be aware that when [Non-uniform grain
size] is selected, calculation of [Bed load and suspended load], [Confluence], [Bank erosion],
[slope collapse model] cannot be performed. In addition, the bedload transport is estimated by
non-uniform version of Ashida and Michiue formula.
A non-uniform grain size riverbed is made up of a certain grading of riverbed material. To
handle this grading mathematically, we divide the cumulative grading curve into n layers as
shown in Figure II-1, and each layer is expressed by its representative grain size dk and the
probability of that grain size existing pk. Median diameter dm is defined by the following
equation:
n
d m   pk d k (85)
k 1

where dk is representative grain size of layer k, and pk is layer k's grain size as a proportion of
the entire riverbed.
In this way, riverbed deformation is calculated by estimating the sediment transport in each of
the n layers that have been divided, and then adding up the sediment transport. Therefore, the
riverbed continuity equation is expressed as follows:

  zb  1    qbk     qb k  
         0 (86)
t  J  1     J

   J
 



where zb is riverbed elevation,  is void ratio of bed and qbk and qbk are bed load transport in the 
and  directions for layer k. Total bed load transport in each layer is calculated with the Ashida-
Michiue formula that has been expanded for each grain size.

17
     *ck 
qbk  17 *3/2 1  *ck  1   sg gd k
3
(87)
  *k   *k 

通過百分率(%)
Cumulative grading curve (%)

pn

pk

p2

p1
粒径size
Grain
0 d1 d2 dk dn
Percentage
passing
Figure II-1. Handling of grain size distribution (%)

where qbk is total sediment transport in the streamline direction, sg is submerged specific gravity of
bed material, *k is dimensionless tractive force acting on grain of the size in layer k, *ck is
dimensionless critical tractive force for grain of the size in layer k., *k is obtained by following
equation:

2
u*
 *k  (88)
s g gd k

Furthermore, in calculating the dimensionless critical tractive force, the shielding effect must be
taken into consideration. Here, we adopt Asada's formula14) which is a modified version of
Egiazaroff's formula.
2
 
 
 *ck  log10 23 
 (89)
 *cm   d 
 log10  21 k  2  
  dm  

where *cm is dimensionless critical tractive force for grains of median diameter, which is calculated
using Iwagaki's formula5).

18
For calculating sediment transport in the  and  directions from total sediment transport, we use
Watanabe's formula8), just as in the case of uniform grain size.


 u~   z z 
q~bk  qbk  b    ~b  cos ~b  (90)
 Vb    


 u~  z z 
q~bk  qbk  b    ~b  cos ~b  (91)
 Vb    

where the subscript b of velocity represents near-bed velocity. When the streamline is curved, such
as at river bends, secondary flow occurs orthogonal to the streamline, causing a major impact on
sediment transport. Here, according to Engelund, we estimate the cross-sectional flow velocity of the
secondary flow as follows:

h
u~bn  u~bs N * (92)
rs

~s ~n
where ub , ub are near-bed velocities along the s and n axes, rs is streamline curvature, and N*
is coefficient for secondary flow calculation, which is 7 according to Engelund10). Velocities
along the s and n axes are transformed into the  and  directions by coordinate transformation,
for use in estimation of sediment transport. In addition, for  , we expand Hasegawa's formula9
to each grain size in an abbreviated manner.

 *ck
 (93)
s k *k

In addition, in order to reproduce the classification phenomena on a bed of non-uniform grain

size, we introduce the multilayer model proposed by Ashida, Etoh, Ryu, et al.15 In this concept,
the riverbed is divided into a bed-load layer, a transition layer and a deposited layer (Figure II-
2). The grain size distribution time series in the bed-load layer can then be calculated by the
following equation:

  p mk  pbk   z b  1  
 qbk    qbk 
            0 (94)
t  J  em t  J  1   em    J

   J 
  

where pmk is grain size distribution in the bed-load layer, em is bed-load layer thickness, for
which maximum grain size or 90% grain size is used. pbk takes on a different value depending
on whether the bed has been eroded or has undergone sedimentation, and it is handled as
follows:
z
pbk  pmk 0
t
(95)
z
pbk  ptk 0
t

19
where ptk is ratio of number of grains for each grain size to total number of grains in the
transition layer. Note that the relative grain presence proportion by grain size used for sediment
transport calculation is that found in the bed-load layer.

pm em 交換層
Bed-load layer

pt et 遷移層
Bed-load
Transitionlayer
layer

z pd(Nd) ed Bed-load
Depositedlayer
堆積層 layer
Bed-load layer
Bed-load layer
pd(Nd-1) ed 堆積層
Deposited layer
Bed-load layer
pd(Nd-2) ed 堆積層
Bed-load
Depositedlayer
layer

Bed-load layer

Bed-load layer

pd(1) ed Deposited layer

堆積層
Bed-load layer

Bed-load layer
Figure II-2. Conceptual diagram of the multilayer model

In numerical calculation, not only must we consider aggregation and degradation but we must
also consider bed deformation volume. For example, in the case where sedimentation occurs, if
a single step of bed deformation amount causes the transition layer thickness to exceed the
deposited layer thickness, then the thickness portion of the deposited layer is treated as a new
deposited layer and the rest of the thickness is treated as a transition layer. However, in the case
where erosion occurs, if bed deformation causes the transition layer to disappear, then the
deposited layer immediately below the transition layer is treated as a new accumulation layer.

20
 II.7 About the bank erosion model
Nays2D can deal with bank erosion in the simulations. The bank erosion amount, which is
caused by the sediment transport from the bank region and bed evolution near the bank, is
estimated by using following equation17).

1 q~b z
der   t 
1   r Bh tan c (96)

where, der is bank erosion amount, which is defines the erosion as positive, z is the bed evolution
near the bank, Bh is the bank height and t is the computational time step.

Computational domain


1 q~b
 t
1    r Bh

Computational domain

Bh
der

z
tan 

Figure II-3. Conceptual diagram of bank erosion calculation

21
 II.8 About the slope collapse model

The model calculates the bed evolution by using Exner equation [eq. (84)] which expresses the
continuity of bed due to the sediment transport. However, the computed bed sometimes has the
unrealistic steep slope, for instance, over the angle of repose. This slope usually could occur the
bed between the low water channel and the floodplain, and also near the obstacles. Moreover,
the collapse of riverbed is an important morphological evolution in the bank erosion processes.
Therefore, this slope collapse should be modeled in the computations. Nays2D adopts a simple
slope collapse model which uses the critical angle of bed. This model assumes that if the
computed bed slope exceeds the critical angle which is defined by the user, the bed is
instantaneously corrected as satisfying the critical angle considering the mass balance.

(1) Bed evolution is calculated by

the continuity equation of bed.

(2) If the angle of bed exceeds the

critical angle for slope collapse,

 > c

(3) Bed is instantaneously

corrected as satisfying the critical
angle considering the mass balance.

 = c

Figure II-4. A schematic diagram on the description of a slope collapse model

22
II.9 About the confluence model
(1) The number of incoming channels that can be considered is 2 (main channel and tributary
channel), and such channels must join to become one channel downstream.

(2) For tributary confluence, the user can select whether the tributary channel merges from the
left bank or from the right bank of the main channel.

(3) For confluence calculation mesh type, the user can select between the two types shown in
Figure II-4 and Figure II-5. (Type A: Branch junction, Type B: T-junction)

(4) When performing confluence calculation, [Non-uniform grain size] and [Bank erosion]
cannot be selected.

Obstacle cells

Main channel

Figure II-5. Conceptual schematic of grid for mesh Type A

23
 Obstacle cells Obstacle cells

Main channel
channel

Figure II-6. Conceptual schematic of grid for mesh Type B

24
References
1) Fisher, H.B.: Longitudinal Dispersion and Turbulent Mixing in Open-Channel Flow,
Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 5, pp.59-78, 1973.
2) Webel, G., Schatzmann, M.: Transverse Mixing in Open Channel Flow, Journal of
Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 110, No. 4, pp. 423-435, 1984.
3) Tsutomu Kishi and Mikio Kuroki: Bed Forms and Resistance to Flow in Erodible-Bed
Channels (1), Bulletin of the Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Vol. 67,
Hokkaido University, 1973.
4) Yoshihiko Shimizu, Shigeki Kobatake and Takayuki Arafune, Numerical Study on the
Flood-flow Stage in Gravel-bed River with the Excessive Riverine Trees, Annual Journal
of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 44, pp. 819-824, 2000.
5) Yuichi Iwagaki, Hydrodynamical Study on Critical Tractive Force, Journal of Japan
Society of Civil Engineering, Vol. 41, pp. 1-21, 1956.
6) Kazuo Ashida and Masanori Michiue, Basic Study on Resistance by Moving Bed Flows
and Sediment Discharge, Annual Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 206, pp. 59-69,
1972
7) Kovacs, A., Parker, G.: A New Vectorial Bedload Formulation and Its Application to the
Time Evolution of Straight River Channels, J. Fluid Mech., Vol.267, pp.153-183, 1994.
8) Akihide Watanabe, Shoji Fukuoka, Yu Yasutake and Hiroshi Kawaguchi, Method for
Arranging Vegetation Groins at Bends for Control of Bed Variation, Collection of Papers
on River Engineering, Vol. 7, pp. 285-290, 2001.
9) Kazuyoshi Hasegawa, Hydraulic Study on Alluvial Meandering Channel Planes and
Bedform Topography-affected Flows, Doctoral paper, Hokkaido University, pp. 1-184,
1984.
10) Engelund, F.: Flow and Bed Topography in Channel Bend, Jour. of Hydr. Div., ASCE,
Vol.100. HY11, pp.1631-1648, 1974.
11) Itakura, T. and Kishi, T.: Open Channel Flow with Suspended Sediments. Proc. of ASCE,
HY8, pp.1325-1343, 1980．
12) Rubey, W.W.: Settling Velocity of Gravel, Sand and Silt Particles. Amer. Jour. Sci, 25,
pp.325-338, 1933.

13) Yasuyuki Shimizu and Tadaoki Itakura, Practical Computation Method of River Bed
Deformation with Suspended Load, Monthly Report of the Civil Engineering Research
Institute, No. 396, River Research Laboratory of Civil Engineering Research Institute of
Hokkaido, 1986.
14) Hiroshi Asada and Haruo Ishikawa, Study on Selective Transportation of River Bed
Materials (3), Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, No. 71015, 1972.
15) Kazuo Ashida, Shinji Egashira, Bingyi Liu and Masaki Umemoto, Sorting and Bed
Topography in Meander Channels, Annuals of Disaster Prevention Research Institute,

25
 Kyoto University, No. 33, B-2, pp. 261-279, 1990.
16) Yabe, T., Ishikawa, T.: A Numerical Cubic-Interpolated Pseudoparticle (CIP) Method
without Time Splitting Technique for Hyperbolic Equations, Journal of the Physical
Society of Japan, Vol.59, No.7, pp.2301-2304, 1990.
17) Parker, G., Y. Shimizu, G.V. Wilkerson, E.C. Eke, J.D. Abad, J/W/ Lauer, C. Paola, W.E.
Dietrich, and V.R. Voller : A new framework for modeling the migration of meandering
rivers, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 36, pp.70-86, 2011.

26
III. Calculation conditions

This chapter describes calculation conditions of the Nays2D solver with the setting dialogs of
the calculation.

III.1 Setting the solver type

Nays2D has two types of solvers: the standard edition and the advanced edition.

The standard edition is an entry-level version that allows you to perform flow regime analysis of
general river segments and analysis of bed deformation. The advanced edition allows you to deal
with more complex boundary conditions and initial conditions by selecting from among items such
as the following: non-uniform grain size multilayer model, river confluence model and HotStart.

Figure III-1. Solver Type setting dialog

27
 Table III-1. Description of Solver Type settings
# Item
1 Solver type
2 Bed deformation
3 Finite-difference
method of advection
terms
4 +Confluence
5 +Bed material type
6 +Sediment transport
type
7 +Non-uniform
material
8 +Bank erosion
9 +Slope collapse
model
10 +Turbulent model
Description Remarks
Sets the solver type. Choose [Standard] When [Standard] is
or [Advanced]. selected, items marked
[+] cannot be set.
Sets whether or not bed deformation is
calculated.
Select the finite-difference method of the
advection terms between [Upwind
difference method] or [CIP method].
Sets whether to use the confluence When using the
model. Select from among [Disabled], confluence model,
[Type A, from left bank], [Type B, from neither [Non-uniform
left bank] and [Type B, from right bank]. grain size] nor [Bank
erosion] can be used.
Sets the bed material type for bed When set to [Non-
deformation calculation. [Uniform] or uniform], [Non-uniform]
[Non-uniform] can be selected. and [Bed load and
suspended load] and
[M.P.M formula] and
[Bank erosion] and
[Slope collapse model]
cannot be used.
Sets the sediment transport type for bed When set to [Bed load
deformation calculation. Select [Bed and suspended load],
load only] or [Bed load and suspended [Non-uniform] cannot be
load]. used.
The user can select the bedload transport When set to [M.P.M
formula from [M.P.M formula] and formula], [Non-uniform]
[Ashida and Michiue formula]. cannot be used.
Enables/disables bank erosion by angle When set to [Enabled],
of repose. [Non-uniform] cannot be
used.
Enables/disables slope collapse by When set to [Enabled],
critical angle. The user can set the [Non-uniform] cannot be
critical angle in [Bank Erosion]. used.
Sets the turbulent model type. Select
from among [Constant eddy viscosity],
[Zero-equation model] or [k-ε model].
28
 III.2 Setting the boundary conditions

Set various items regarding the boundary conditions of the upstream and downstream ends.

Figure III-2. Boundary conditions setting dialog

29
 Table III-2. Descriptions of boundary condition settings
# Item Description Remarks
Periodic boundary Enables/disables the periodic boundary
1
condition condition*5.
When set to [Given from
time series data], the user
Sets water surface at downstream end.
should set the water level
Water surface at [Constant value], [Uniform flow] or
2 changes in [Time series
downstream end [Given from time series data] can be
of discharge at upstream
selected.
and water level at
downstream]
Enter a value if you have selected
3 Constant value (m) [Constant value] for [Water surface
elevation at downstream end].
If [Calculated from
Enter a value if you have selected geographic data] is
[Uniform flow] for [Water surface selected, uniform flow
Slope for uniform
4 elevation at downstream end]. Select calculation is done using
flow
[Calculated from geographic data] or the slope of the
[Constant value]. downstream end
calculation grid.
Enter a value if you have selected
Slope value at
5 [Constant value] for [Slope gradient for
downstream end
uniform flow simulation].
Sets the velocity distribution at the
Flow velocity
upstream end. Select [Calculate from
6 distribution at the
water depth at upstream end] or
upstream end
[Uniform flow].
If [Calculated from
Set this if you select [Uniform flow] for geographic data] is
Slope for uniform [Flow velocity distribution at the selected, uniform flow
7
flow upstream end]. Select [Calculated from calculation is done using
geographical data] or [Constant value]. the upstream toe slope of
the calculation grid.
Enter a value if you have selected
Slope value at
8 [Constant value] for [Slope gradient for
upstream end
uniform flow simulation].
Enter a value when using the confluence
+Slope value of model when you select [Constant value]
9
tributary channel for [Slope gradient for uniform flow
simulation].

Time unit of Sets the unit of time for the time

10 discharge/water columns of Discharge time series, Stage
surface elevation file at downstream time series, and
+Discharge time series of tributary

*5
[Periodic boundary condition] gives the hydraulic and sediment transport conditions at the downstream end to the
upstream end. It is used when hydraulic conditions, channel conditions and sediment feeding conditions are of
periodic nature, such as in the case of experiments. Before using it for an actual river, sufficient verification of
periodicity is necessary.

30
 channel. Select [Second] or [Hour].
Time series of
Select [Second] or
discharge at upstream Click [Edit] and set the discharge
11 [Hour]. The unit of
and water level at hydrograph. and the water level variation
discharge is "m3/s."
downstream
Select [Second] or
[Hour]. The unit of
discharge is "m3/s." The
+Discharge time Sets the discharge hydrograph of
same data number and
13 series of tributary tributary channel when the confluence
start-end time is
channel model is used.
required between the
main and tributary
channel.

31
 III.3 Setting the time-related conditions
Set various conditions that relate to time.

Figure III-3. Dialog for setting time-related conditions

Table III-3. Descriptions of time-related settings

# Item
1 Output time interval (sec)
2 Calculation time step (sec)
3 Start time of output (sec)
4 Start time of bed
deformation (sec)
5 Maximum number of
iterations of water surface
elevation calculation
6 Relaxation coefficient for
water surface elevation
calculation
Description
Sets the time interval at which
calculation results are to be output.
Sets the time interval of calculation
steps.
Sets the time to start outputting
calculation results.
Sets the time to start bed
deformation calculation.
Sets the number of internal
iterations when water surface
elevation is calculated.
This is the coefficient that is used
when water surface level
calculation is performed.
Remarks
This is an important
parameter that
determines calculation
efficiency and stability.
If a negative sign is
specified, bed
deformation calculation
is not performed.
If water surface elevation
calculation is unstable,
adjust this setting.

32
 III.4 Setting the initial water surface conditions
Set various conditions that relate to initial water surface profile.

Figure III-4. Dialog for setting the initial water surface

Table III-4. Description of the initial water surface settings

# Item Description Remarks
1 Initial water surface Select the setting method for the initial
water surface. Select from among
[Constant slope (straight line)], [Line],
[Uniform flow] and [Non-uniform].
2 "Initial water surface This can be specified only when
slope of main [Constant slope (straight line)] has been
channel" selected for [Initial Water Surface
Profile].
3 Distance of the slope This can be specified only when [Line] The unit is (m).
break point from the has been selected for [Initial Water
downstream end Surface Profile].
4 Initial water surface This can be specified only when [Line]
slope of the has been selected for [Initial Water
downstream end Surface Profile].
5 Initial water surface This can be specified only when [Line]
slope of the upstream has been selected for [Initial Water
end Surface Profile].
6 +Initial water surface This can be specified when using the
slope of tributary confluence model and when [Constant
channel slope (straight line)] has been selected
for [Initial Water Surface Profile].

33
 III.5 Setting Bed material
Set various conditions that relate to Bed material.

Figure III-4. Window for setting the roughness

Table III-4. Description of the roughness settings

# Item Description Remarks
1 Diameter of uniform Enter a bed material grain size to be used
bed material (mm) for bed deformation calculation.

34
 III.6 Setting vegetation conditions
Set various conditions that relate to vegetation.

Figure III-6. Vegetation setting dialog

Table III-6. Description of the vegetation settings

# Item Description Remarks
6 Drag coefficient of Enter tree drag coefficient.
tree

35
 III.7 Setting the confluence information
Set various conditions related to confluence information. These parameters on this window depend
on the confluence type in which you set shown in Fig. III-8.

Figure III-7. Confluence information setting dialog

Table III-7. Description of the confluence information

# Item Description Remarks
1 Main channel transverse grid number See Figure III-8.
where simulation starts (j_m1)
2 Main channel transverse grid number See Figure III-8.
where simulation finishes (j_m2)
3 Tributary transverse grid number where See Figure III-8.
simulation starts (j_t1)
4 Tributary transverse grid number where See Figure III-8.
simulation finishes (j_t2)
5 Upstream-end longitudinal grid number See Figure III-8.
where the main channel and the tributary
merge and calculation starts (i_t1)
6 Downstream-end longitudinal grid See Figure III-8.
number where the main channel and the
tributary merge and calculation finishes
(i_t2)

36
Figure III-8. (1) Conceptual diagram of confluence information (mesh Type A, merging from
left bank)

(i_t1+1 , j_t2=ny) (i_t2 , j_t2=ny)

(0,ny) (nx,ny)
j_t2

(i_t1+1 , j_t1+1) (i_t2 , j_t1+1)

j_t1
j_m2 (i_t1+1 , j_t1) (i_t2 , j_t1)

j
(0 , j)
(i , j) Point on grid
Calculation point of h
Calculation point of u
j Calculation point of v
(0,0)
j_m1
i (nx,0)
i i_t1 i_t2

Figure III-8. (2) Conceptual diagram of confluence information (mesh Type B, merging from
the left bank)

37
 (0,ny) (nx,ny)
j_m2

Point on grid
Calculation point of h
Calculation point of u
Calculation point of v
j
(0 , j)
(i , j) (nx , j)

j_m2
j_m1

j_t1 (i_t1+1 , j_t1) (i_t2 , j_t1)

j (i_t1+1 , j_t2+1)
(i_t2 , j_t2+1)
(0,0)
(i_t1+1 , j_t2=0) (i_t2 , j_t2=0)
j_t2 (nx,0)
i i
i_t1 i_t2

Figure III-8. (3) Conceptual diagram of confluence information (mesh Type B, merging from
the right bank)

38
 III.8 Setting non-uniform material information
Set various conditions related to non-uniform material

Figure III-9. Non-uniform material information setting dialog

Table III-8. Description of the non-uniform material information

# Item
1 Initial grain size
distribution
2 Thickness of
deposited layer (m)
3 Thickness of movable
bed layer (m)
4 Maximum number of
deposited layers
Description Remarks
In the first column, enter each grain size
distribution (grain size d of each black
dot in Figure III-10; unit: mm), and in
the second line, enter the percentage
passing (%) (p shown in Figure III-10).
Enter the deposited layer thickness into
the multilayer model that is used to
reproduce bed deformation.
Enter the thickness to be considered with
regard to bed deformation.
Enter a layer count to specify the
maximum number of deposited layers
that may be stored.

Note 1) When a multilayer model is used for riverbed simulation, a large memory capacity is
required, because the number of parameters is huge. The number depends on "grain of each size as a
proportion of all the grains in each layer" x "the number of stored bed layers" x "the number of
grids." In some cases, we may run out of memory. Therefore, we place some limitations on the
number of layers to be considered.

39
The movable bed layer is defined as shown in the following figure. The black line in the figure
represents the cross-section-averaged elevation along the center line of the channel. First,
considering this elevation and the distance along the channel's center line as variables, we use the
least-squares method to obtain the constant-gradient channel as shown by the blue line in the figure.
Next, we shift the line in the vertical direction in a parallel manner until it meets the lowest elevation
point (the circled point in Figure III-11), and with respect to this point, the part which is deeper
uniformly by e_thic (shown by the dashed line in Figure III-11) is defined as the movable bed layer's
lower end. From this line, slicing the layer in increments of deposited layer thickness e_d in the
upper direction will determine the number of layers N at each point. When the number of layers is
very large, in other words, when the red line is far from the elevation while the deposited layer
thicknesses are small, it becomes necessary to store data for all these layers, imposing great load on
memory, and sometimes calculation may become impossible. To work around this, we define the
maximum number nm of layers that is allowed to be stored. While calculations are proceeding, if the
number of deposited layers increases due to deposition at reach N>nm, the calculation will be
forcibly terminated. Calculation also ends when erosion progresses so much that the elevation
becomes lower than the lower end of the movable bed layer. In such case, or when memory is not
enough for calculation, changing the nm, e_thic, and/or e_d may possibly work around the problem.

通過百分率(%)
Percentage passing (%)

pn=100

pn-1
・・・

p2

p1 ・・・

Grain
粒径 size
p0=0
0 d0 d1 dn-1 dn Percentag
e passing
(%)

Figure III-10. Slicing of grain size distribution

40
標高
Elevation
Grain size
Percentag
e passing
(%)
e_thic
Elevation
Grain size
Percentag 各断面の平均標高
Average elevation of each cross section
e passing
Average-gradient
最小二乗法により求め
Elevation landform obtained
(%) られる平均勾配地形
with the least-squares method
Grain size
移動層下端線
Lower
Average end line of movable
elevation bed layer
Percentage passingof(%)
each cross
下流
Downstream section 上流
Upstream
Average elevation of each cross section
Elevation
Elevation 水路中心線に沿った距離
Distance Elevation Downstream
along the channel centerline Elevation
Grain size
Grain size Lower end line of movable bed layer size Elevation
Grain size
Grain
Figure III-11. Definition of movable bed layer passing (%)
Percentage
Percentage Grain size
Percentage passing
passing (%)
Average elevation of each cross section Percentage (%)
passing (%) Average elevation of each cross section
Elevation Percentage
Elevation Elevation
Elevation Elevation passing (%)
Grain size Grain
Grain size
size
Grain size Grain size Elevation
Percentage passing (%) Percentage
Percentage passing
passing (%)
(%)
Percentage Percentage passing (%)
Grain size
Elevation Average elevation
Average elevation of
of each
each cross
cross section
passing (%) Elevation Percentage
section
Grain size Elevation passing (%)
Grain size
Percentage passing (%) Elevation
Grain size
Percentage passing (%)
Grain size
Average elevation of each cross section Percentage passing (%)
Percentage passing (%)
Elevation Elevation
Elevation
Grain size Grain size
Grain size
Percentage passing (%) Percentage passing (%)
Percentage passing (%)
Elevation
Grain size
Percentage passing (%)

41
 III.9 Setting the bank erosion information
Set various conditions regarding bank erosion information.

Figure III-12. Bank erosion information setting dialog

Table III-9. Description of the bank erosion information

# Item
1 Bank erosion starting
section number from
upstream end
2 Bank erosion end
section number from
downstream end
3 Height of bank (m)
4 Bank smoothing
5 Smoothing range in
the longitudinal
direction
6 Tangent of submerged
Description Remarks
Enter the upstream-end cross section
number of the bank erosion calculation
section.
Enter the downstream-end cross section
number of the bank erosion calculation
section.
Enter the bank height on the outside of
the grid (in the cross-sectional direction).
If bank erosion occurs on the left and
right ends of the calculation grid (j=1
and j=ny), the calculation area will be
expanded and the calculation grid
relocated. Select whether or not to
smooth the calculation grid in such a
case.
Enter the number of calculation grids to
be taken into account in the longitudinal
direction when performing calculation
grid smoothing at one point.
Enter the tangent value of the tangent of It becomes the threshold

42
angle of repose of the submerged angle of repose of the bed of bank erosion and
bed material material. It is typically around tan 30 Slope collapse model.
degrees.

43
 III.10 Other settings
Set various other conditions.

Figure III-13. Dialog for setting other information

Table III-10. Description of the other information

# Item
1 Density of water
(kg/m3)
2 Specific weight of bed
material
3 Void ratio of bed
material
4 Strength of secondary
flows for sediment
transport
Description Remarks
Enter the density of water in kg/m3.
Enter the specific weight of bed
material.
Enter the void ratio of bed material.
This is a coefficient for secondary flow See Equation. (64) in
calculation. Chapter 2.

44
 III.11 Setting HotStart
Set various conditions of HotStart. Using this function, calculation results can be carried over or
recalculated. For example, when performing calculations for a flood over a long period of time, this
function is useful for observing the entire hydrograph with large output intervals, while visualizing
the flow regime in detail with smaller output intervals in and around peak periods.

Figure III-14. HotStart setting window

Table III-11. Description of HotStart

# Item Description Remarks
1 Output temporary Choose [Yes] if you are going to use
files HotStart.
2 Number of Up to ten temporary files can be
temporary files created.
3 Output time of temp Enter calculation time at which to
files 0 to 9 (unit: output each temporary file.
second)
4 Calculation from If you want to input from a temporary
initial file or a file and make recalculation, select
temporary file [Read temp file and restart].
5 Input Temporary File Select a temporary file to input.
Name

45
IV. Setting the cell conditions
The user can set the following cell conditions in the computations; 1. [Obstacles], 2. [Fixed or
Movable cell], 3. [Density of Vegetation] and 4. [Manning’s roughness coefficient]. The setting
the cell condition can be set in [Object Browser] on the Pre-processinng window.

Figure IV－1 The setting the cell conditions in Pre-processing windows

46
 For the setting the cell conditions, the user should check [Cell attributes] and cell condition of
which you want to set the condition (Figure shows an example for the setting the obstacles).
Then, by right clicking on the computational grid and clickng [Edit value] shown in Fig. IV-2,
the user can set the cell conditions.

Figure IV－2 The setting cell conditions. Figure shows an example for the setting [Obstacles].

47
１．Edit Obstacle
The user can set the cell as [Normal cell] or [Obstacle] in [Edit Obstacle] window. In the
obstacle cells, the flux for both flow and sediment transport will be set to zero.

Figure IV－3 Edit Obstacle

２．Edit Fixed or Morabe Bed

The user can set the cell as [Movable bed] or [Fixed bed] in [Edit Fixed or Movable Bed]
window. In the fixed bed cells, the bed elevation does not eroded under the initial bed elevation.

Figure IV－4 Edit Fixed or Morabe Bed

３．Edit Density of Vegetation

The user can set the density of vegetation on following window. Zero on the density of
vegetation means no vegetation in the computational cell. The user have to set this value zero or
more.

Figure IV－5 Edit Density of Vegetation

48
４．Edit Manning’s roughness coefficient
The user can set the Manning’s roughness coefficient on following window. The user have to
set this value over zero. Besides, if the user imports the computational grid in file format [.csv]
or [.grid], the cell condition will set to default value. Therefore, the user have to set this value.

Figure IV－6 Edit Manning’s roughness coefficient

49
V. Remarks

When river measurement data include points inside of levees, water is assumed also to fill the levee-
enclosed areas, as shown in the figure below. For this reason, it is necessary to remove or disable
intra-levee measurement points at the time of grid creation.

50
To Reader

● Please indicate that using the iRIC software, if you publish a paper with the
results using the iRIC software.

● The datasets provided at the Web site are sample data. Therefore you can use it
for a test computation.

● Let us know your suggestions, comments and concerns at http://i-ric.org.

iRIC Software
Nays2D Solver Manual
Edited by Yasuyuki Shimizu (Hokkaido University, Japan) All
Takuya Inoue (Kaihatsu Koei Co.,LTD., Japan) All
Michihiro Hamaki (Kaihatsu Koei Co.,LTD., Japan) Ⅱ-8、Ⅲ-7
Toshiki Iwasaki (Hokkaido University, Japan) Ⅱ-6～7、Ⅲ-8、Ⅲ-11

Collaborator RIVER CENTER of HOKKAIDO