Hot Water Solutions

It’s estimated that

5% of the world’s
daily energy
consumption is
expended on fuel
for heating water!

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Agenda

 Heat Pump Solutions

 What is a heat pump?
 Control & Sizing
 Application Benefits
 Heat Recovery Solutions
 What is heat recovery?
 Control & Sizing
 Application Benefits
 Application Considerations
 Example

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Traditional building configuration
Logic:
 Cooling tower rejects
building heat via condenser Cooling Tower
 Boiler provides heat to
meet building heating
requirements

Condenser

Motor Compressor Expansion Valve

Advantages: Evaporator
 Independent circuits
 Simple control logic
 Reliable

Disadvantages:
 Low system efficiency Boiler
 High operating expenses

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Increase efficiency & lower your operating costs
Logic:
 Building heat is USED, not
rejected via cooling tower Cooling Tower
 Heat pump and / or heat
recovery chillers provide
simultaneous heating & cooling

Condenser

Motor Compressor Expansion Valve

Evaporator

Advantages:
 Reduced operating costs
 CO2 reductions
 Reduced water consumption
 LEED points
Boiler
 ASHRAE 90.1 compliance

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Options for improving building efficiency
Heat Pump Heat Recovery
Intent: Intent:
Specifically designed to provide Designed to chill water and provide a
100% of heat as hot water percentage of heat as warm water
 Typically 120-180oF (49-82oC)  Typically 95-105oF (35-40.5oC)

Control: Control:
Compressor capacity is Compressor capacity is
controlled by Leaving controlled by Leaving Chilled
Condenser Water set point Water set point

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Application considerations

Heat Recovery Heat Pump

Lower Temperature Requirements Higher Temperature Requirements

OFFICE BUILDINGS (Perimeter reheat, domestic HW preheat)

SCHOOLS (VAV hot water, cooking/dishwashing)

HOTEL /CASINO (Laundry, showers, swimming pools)

HOSPITALS (Laundry, boiler preheat)

UNIVERSITIES (Dorms, boiler preheat)

PROCESS / MANU. (Boiler preheat)

Quickest Payback: Applications where there are large simultaneous heating and cooling loads!

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Heat Pump Systems

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Think in terms of COP for Hot Water Applications

Full Load Cooling kW/Ton Lower

Electrical Power Input is
kW
COOLING

= 0.576 kW/Ton Better

Refrigeration Capacity Ton

Full Load Cooling Coefficient of Performance (COP)

Higher
Refrigeration Capacity kW
= 6.1 (unitless) is
Electrical Power Input kW Better
HEATING

Full Load Heating Coefficient of Performance (COP)

Desired Heat Power Output kW Higher
= is
Electrical Power Input kW Better

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What is a Heat Pump?
ASHRAE Handbook (2008):
 “A Heat Pump extracts heat from a source and transfers it to a sink
at a higher temperature”
 “In engineering, however, the term Heat Pump is generally
reserved for equipment that heats for beneficial purposes, rather
than that which removes heat for cooling only”

System Designs:
Air-Source Ground-Source Water-Source

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What is a Heat Pump?
Typical Building
Configuration
Cooling Tower
 Boiler provides 100%
of building heating 95ºF 85ºF
 Note: All boilers have (35.0ºC) (29.4ºC)
a COP less than 1

Condenser

Motor Compressor Expansion Valve

Evaporator
54ºF 44ºF
(12.2ºC) (6.7ºC)
180ºF
(82.2ºC)

Boiler

160ºF
(71.1ºC)
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 What is a Heat Pump?
Building with Heat Pump
heating
 Heat pump is employed to utilize
building heat that would otherwise 150ºF 130ºF
(65.5ºC) (54.4ºC)
be rejected by the cooling tower
 COP typically greater than 6!
 Boiler provides supplemental
heating if required Condenser

Motor Compressor Expansion Valve

Evaporator
54ºF 44ºF
(12.2ºC) (6.7ºC)

Boiler

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What is a Heat Pump? – Refrigerant P-H Diagram
Heat Rejection
Factor (HRF)

Heat Pump 1.25

to 1.45 X
Evaporator Heat
Heat Rejected

Evaporator Input

Comp Input

Energy / Enthalpy

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Heat Pump Control & Sizing

Example Building Load Profile

7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
kW

3,000
2,000
1,000
-
0-6 6-12 12- 18- 0-6 6-12 12- 18- 0-6 6-12 12- 18- 0-6 6-12 12- 18-
18 24 18 24 18 24 18 24

Winter Day Spring Day Summer Day Fall Day

Chiller/Heat Pump

Heating Load Cooling Load

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Heat Pump Control & Sizing

Cooling Control Heating Control

Supplemental
HP Design Capacity
Load

Heating Supplemental
Cooling

Heat Pump Operation

Cold Hot
Ambient Temp

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Heat Pump Control & Sizing

Typical Arrangement: “Side-car”

Hot water loop

130°F 150°F
Boiler
(54.4°C) (65.6°C)

150°F CH1
(65.6°C)
CH2
Heat
Pump CH3
42°F
(5.6°C)
CHn
58°F 50°F 42°F
(14.4°C) (10°C) (5.6°C)
Chilled water loop

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Heat Pump Benefits – Economic Advantages

1.35 unit
150ºF 130ºF
0.35 unit (65.5ºC) (54.4ºC)

Input
Work
Condenser

Motor Compressor Expansion Valve

Evaporator

Cooling COP = 1.00 / 0.35 = 2.9

54ºF 44ºF
(12.2ºC) (6.7ºC) Heating COP = 1.35 / 0.35 = 3.8
1 unit
Combined COP = 2.35 / 0.35 = 6.7

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Heat Pump Benefits – Economic Advantages

How much would it cost to produce 1 therm of heat?

$2.52 $2.46
Fuel Oil

Electric

$0.08 / kW.hr
$3 / gal

$1.18
$0.60
$1 / therm
Natural

$0.35
Gas

$0.08 /
kW.hr

$0.08 /
kW.hr
Traditional Boiler Heat Pump Heat Pump
Heating (Heating Only) (Simultaneous
Heating & Cooling)

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 University of Arkansas
Medical Center
Arkansas, USA

Heat Pump:
 1,000 Tons (3515kW) Cooling
 17,000 MBH Heating
 38oF (3.33oC) chilled water supply
 155oF (68.3oC) hot water supply

Simple Payback < 1 year:

 $2.59 per MMBTU heating cost
for heat pump
 $10.63 per MMBTU heating
cost for gas boiler
 $12.31 per MMBTU heating
cost for electric boiler
 University of Arkansas
Medical Center
Testimonial
“Last night the cooling load dropped below
1,000 tons and the system automatically
stopped all of the cooling only water chillers and
the entire tower water system. The water chiller
bypass valve (3-way valve) changed positions
such that CH-1 (heat pump) was directly
serving the entire chilled water system (as well
as the heating water system as there were no
boilers on-line).
At 6:00 AM this morning, everything appeared
to be working properly. The heat pump was
producing slightly more than 800 tons of cooling
with slightly less than 80% of full load current on
both compressors. The entering and leaving
chilled water temperatures were 54oF and 45oF,
respectively. The entering and leaving heating
water temperatures were 146oF and 155oF,
respectively.
Under these conditions, when the heat pump is
operating at near full load and producing 100%
of the system’s heating and cooling
requirements the energy cost savings are
in the range of $100 to $150 per hour
depending on the gas and electricity rates.”
Heat Pump Benefits – Social / Environmental

How much CO2 would a 600 Ton Heat Pump (at 65% average load)
offset, compared to a natural gas boiler?

1467 Tons of CO2 annually

Natural Gas Boiler Heat Pump
(COP 0.85) (COP 6.70)

7.7 lbs of CO2 per

13.0 lbs of CO2 per
100,000 BTU
100,000 BTU

This is the equivalent of removing 244 cars from the road!

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Heat Pump Benefits – Social / Environmental

How much water would a 600 Ton Heat Pump (at 65% average load)
save by not sending it to the cooling tower?

22,500 gallons (85,171 L) per DAY!

+ Water treatment
& sewer savings

Assumptions:
 Cooling tower consumption per evaporation rate of 1% & blow-down of 0.3% (4 cycles of concentration)
3 gpm/ton (0.054 L/s) condenser water flow

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Heat Recovery Systems

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What is Heat Recovery?
ASHRAE Handbook (2008):
 “In many large buildings, internal heat gains require year-round chiller
operation. The chiller condenser water heat is often wasted through a
cooling tower”…“[Heat recovery] uses otherwise wasted heat to
provide heat at the higher temperatures required for space heating,
reheat, and domestic water heating”

System Designs:
Air-Source Water-Source
Outside
Air

Exhaust Supply
Air Air

Return
Air

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What is Heat Recovery?
Typical Building
Configuration
Cooling Tower
 Boiler provides 100%
of building heating

Condenser

Motor Compressor Expansion Valve

Evaporator

Boiler

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 What is Heat Recovery?
Building with
Heat
Recovery Cooling Tower
105ºF 95ºF
 Heat recovery is (40.5ºC) (35ºC)
employed to utilize 105ºF 95ºF
a portion of the (40.5ºC) (35ºC)
building heat that
the cooling tower Heat Recovery Condenser
would otherwise
reject Motor Compressor Expansion Valve
 Boiler provides
supplemental
heating if required Evaporator

54ºF 44ºF
(12.2ºC) (6.7ºC)

Boiler

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Heat Recovery Benefits

Why use heat recovery?

Economic Advantages
 Operational savings

Social / Environmental Advantages

 CO2 reductions
 Reduced water consumption

Compliance with Industry Standards & Programs

 LEED
 ASHRAE 90.1 (simultaneous heating & cooling)

Same as Heat Pumps…should you apply a

heat pump or heat recovery chiller?

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Application Considerations

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Application considerations

Heat Recovery Heat Pump

Lower Temperature Requirements Higher Temperature Requirements

OFFICE BUILDINGS (Perimeter reheat, domestic HW preheat)

SCHOOLS (VAV hot water, cooking/dishwashing)

HOTEL /CASINO (Laundry, showers, swimming pools)

HOSPITALS (Laundry, boiler preheat)

UNIVERSITIES (Dorms, boiler preheat)

PROCESS / MANU. (Boiler preheat)

Quickest Payback: Applications where there are large simultaneous heating and cooling loads!

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Application considerations

Keys to Success:

1) Remember that every application is different. Understanding what

the facility’s heat loads are (required temperatures and MBH) and
when they occur is paramount

2) Remember that properly applied heating solutions save energy and

the environment in almost every situation (new construction & retrofit)

3) Fastest return on investments are seen when utility rates are high
and there is a consistent need for simultaneous heating and
cooling

4) For buildings that require hot water at <180oF (82.2oC) use a heat
pump

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