Thejana Kottawatta

STUDENT NAME__________________________________________

Mrs. Jennings
TEACHER’S NAME_______________________________________

WILLETTON SHS

YEAR 9
HEALTH EDUCATION

CONCEPTION, PREGNANCY
and BIRTH

STUDENT BOOK 2020

 WSHS Year 9 Health
2020 Program Outline

Context Area
Program Content Sub -
& Assessments
Title Strands
Elaborations
Assessment
1. Impact of external influences on the ability of adolescents Task 1:
Being healthy,
to make healthy and safe choices relating to: sexuality, Conception Test
Conception safe and active
Term alcohol and other drug use, risk taking. (ACPPS092)
Pregnancy
1 Assessment
Birth
2. Actions and strategies to enhance health and wellbeing in Task 2:
Being healthy, Interview A
a range of environments.
safe and active Mum
(ACPPS091)
(Due week 9)
1. Actions and strategies to enhance health and wellbeing in
Assessment
Being healthy, a range of environments, such as: identifying and managing
Party Safe: Task 3:
safe and active risky situations. (ACPPS091
Decision Party Planner
Term
making (Due week 9)
2
and Illegal Attitude and
2. Skills to deal with challenging or unsafe situations: refusal
Drugs Being healthy, Behaviour:
skills, initiating contingency plans, expressing thoughts,
safe and active Ongoing
opinions, beliefs, acting assertively. (ACPPS090)
Semester One
1. Actions and strategies to enhance health and wellbeing in
a range of environments, such as: the use of complementary
Being healthy, health practices to support and promote good health,
Assessment
safe and active responding to emergency situations, identifying and
Lifestyle Task 4:
Term managing risky situations, safe blood practices. (ACPPS091)
Diseases Lifestyle disease
3
presentation
Communicating
(Due week 9)
and interacting 2. Skills to determine appropriateness and reliability of
for health and online health information (ACPPS095)
well being

Contributing to
1. The implications of attitudes and behaviours on individuals
healthy and
and the community, such as: Prejudice, marginalization,
active
homophobia and discrimination. (ACPPS098)
communities
2. Characteristics of respectful relationships: respecting the Attitude and
Communicating
Societal rights and responsibilities of individuals in the relationship, Behaviour:
Term and interacting
Attitudes respect for personal differences and opinions, empathy. Ongoing
4 for health and
(ACPPS093) Semester Two
well being

3. Factors that shape identities and adolescent health

Being healthy,
behaviour such as- cultural beliefs, family, societal norms.
safe and active
(ACPPS089)
 Year 9 Health Education Scheme of Assessment 2020
Semeter One
Assessment Type & Completion/Submission
Assessment WA Curriculum Task Description My Scores
Weighting Date

10% Assessment 1: Conception Test

1 Being healthy, Safe & Active Term One, Week 4 /20 Marks
Mid Topic Test

Assessment 2: Interview a Mum

2 Being healthy, Safe & Active 25% Term One, Week 8-10 /50 Marks
Written Report

3 Being Healthy, safe & active 10% Attitude and Behaviour Term Two, Week 8 /10 Marks

45%

Semeter Two
Assessment Type & Completion/Submission
Assessment WA Curriculum Task Description My Scores
Weighting Date
Assessment 2: Party Planner
4 Being Healthy, safe & active. 20% Term Two, Week 8-10 /50 Marks
Individual Assessment
5 Contributing to healthy & Assessment 3: Lifestyle Diseases
25% Term Three, Weeks 8-10 /25 Marks
active communities Group Health Presentation

6 Being Healthy, safe & active 10% Attitude and Behaviour Term Four, Week 8 /10 Marks

55%
Submissions
• The penalty for late work is a deduction of 10% per school day, which will be calculated
against the full mark assigned to the assessment e.g. An assessment is out of 30 marks and
the student scores 15/30. If they submit one day late this incurs a loss of 3 marks and they
get recorded a score of 12/30. Work submitted 5 or more days late will incur a 50%
deduction.
• Deductions will not force a piece of work to be awarded below 50% of the marks allocated to
the assessment in the assessment outline and student’s may only be able to achieve up to
50% of the remaining allocation. Students are advised to submit assessments on the due
date, even if incomplete, to avoid penalty.
Authentication
• The student should retain documentation of the development of the assignment (draft work).
• The teacher may consider it appropriate to ask the student to demonstrate her or his understanding
of the task at or about the time of presentation.
• Work or information collected from other sources must be acknowledged by the student.
• The work will only be assessed if the teacher can attest that the work presented is the students own.
• The teacher should monitor the development of the task by observing the research process and offer
to sight draft material of the report.
• Please see the Health Policy for more information
 2020 Year 9 Health Content Program

Willetton Senior High School “Conception, Pregnancy and Birth” Program Duration: 10
Weeks

Western Australia Curriculum descriptors:

1. Impact of external influences on the ability of adolescents to make healthy and safe choices relating to: sexuality, alcohol and other drug use, risk taking. (ACPPS092)
2. Actions and strategies to enhance health and wellbeing in a range of environments. (ACPPS091)

Reflection:
Session: Lesson Aim and Content: Resources: DVD’s/ TV Series:
Completed?
T1 Wk1 Students will understand the Classroom Roles and Responsibilities Worksheet: Letter to me
Students with learn the Health and PE Policies Health and PE Policy
One
1st Feb Students will develop long term and short term personal goals
Permission Forms handed out (due by next lesson)
Students Collect permission forms Powerpoint: Reproductive system DVD 317: Where did I come
Students will be able to label the Male and Female Reproductive systems Diagram: Male and Female reproductive systems from (27mins)
Return
Two Students will recap Sexual Feelings and Arousal (Physical and Physiological Bingo: Reproductive systems vocabulary DVD 513 : An everyday miracle
Monday Students will learn the stages of sexual intercourse Worksheet: The easiest/Hardest things about growing up
Students will understand the Journey of an ovum and sperm Role Play: Conception and Fertilisation
Students will distinguish the difference between Conception and fertilisation Worksheet: Reproduction Timeline
Worksheet: The great sperm race (questions on each episode)
The great Sperm Race
Youtube: The great sperm Race
Three https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAnMymnJiLM&list=PLCDECC6C1400
(Episodes 1-6)
(Adult Themes and References)
6053D
Card Shuffle: Conception
Role Play: Conception and Fertilisation Narrative
Students will understand the difference between a single baby, identical /non-identical
Four twins
Students will do Conception test
Students will recognise the different stages of pregnancy Powepoint: Pregnancy The great Sperm Race
Five Student will understand ways of coping before, during and after Information: Coping with Pregnancy (Episodes 1-6)
Students will recognise the periods of Foetal development Powerpoint: Foetal development DVD 818 : Foetal development:
Six Activity: Promoting health f0etal development nine month journey
Hand out and discuss Assessment – “Interview a Mum” Worksheet: Reviewing the stages of foetal development
Students investigate the Stages of Labour (natural) Youtube: The Three stages of Labour
Seven Students will learn the Alternative options to a natural birth (Caesarean Section) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=samWyTjFmS8
Youtube: Labour pain simulator for Men
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gw5ayibQ-E0
Students will understand the possible complications during and after pregnancy Card Shuffle: Professionals in the field
Eight
Students will understand the risks of smoking whilst pregnant Sheet on Smoking when pregnant
Students will learn the responsibilities of pregnancy and parenting Activity: Babysitter wanted
Nine Assessment – “interview a Mum” DUE Documentary: Hidden Harm: Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
(Please be warned: Course Language)
Youtube: Nine Reflexes of Babies
Ten Students will learn the characteristics of a new born child https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkT7SPr30Fw
Write a Letter to;

Your Future Self

You are to write a letter to your future self. I will return these letters to you
at the end of the year. The purpose of this assignment is:

1. To provide a record of your life and who you are now

2. To anchor in time your current views, attitudes, philosophy, and
outlook
3. To explore your feelings and opinions about a variety of issues
4. To create a document that, years from now, will have
significant value to you.
Your letter must be at least FIVE paragraphs, five sentences each. The
following topics are suggestions.
ME, NOW: my hopes, fears, dreams, intentions, goals, problems,
concerns, likes, dislikes, joys, frustrations; what I like about myself;
what I don't like about myself; what I'm proud of; what I think about;
what bothers me; who I am, etc.
MY WORLD: a description of my home, bedroom, school,
neighborhood, town; my favorite places to go; chores, allowance,
pet(s), possessions, clothes, religion, current events; FAVORITES
— books, music groups, movies, TV, etc.
WHAT I DO: my hobbies, pastimes, sports, school activities, what
I do with friends, favorite snacks and foods, chores, how I spend my
weekends and vacations, special activities I do, organizations I
belong to, etc.
PEOPLE IN MY LIFE: my family, siblings, aunts & uncles,
grandparents, friends, best friend(s), teachers, boyfriend, girlfriend, who
I like, people I'd like to know better, people I admire and respect,
important people in my life, people who annoy me, etc.
MY FUTURE: predictions, what I want to do, my long range
intentions, what I'm looking forward to; what I'm dreading; my
goals, my hopes and fears for the world; summer vacation, high
school, college, marriage, employment, etc.
Use today's date for your letter. For the inside address, make up an
imaginary future address for yourself. In your writer's identification,
use your current address.
 Where Did I Come From?
Watch the video and then answer the questions below.
1. Why do all the stories about where you come from eventuate?

2. Name two correct informed sources at school where you could receive accurate information.

3. Describe (using correct terms) how the couple make love.

4. Why can’t people make love all the time?

5. What is the correct term for the explosion? What does it result in?

6. Where so the sperm go and for what purpose?

7. How many sperm are needed to combine with how many eggs to have a fertilised egg?

8. What is fertilisation and what is its result?

9. How long does it take from fertilisation to birth?

10. What happens in the uterus? (womb service)

11. What is the first sign that the baby is ready for delivery?

12. Where does the baby come out and what pushes the baby out?

13. What is the process called?

14. What is the tube called that the baby was fed through?

15.Where is this situated to you?

16. Why do women have larger hips than men

 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(FRONT VIEW) (EXTERNAL VIEW)

uterus

Clitoris

Labia Vagina

Urethra Rectum

Fallopian tubes
Ovaries

Fallopian tubes

Vagina
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(SIDE VIEW)

Fallopian tubes

Uterus

Bladder

Vagina
Urethra
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Bladder Rectum

Pubic bone

Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland

Urethra

Vas Deferens
Epididymis

Testicles

Scrotum
 The Reproductive
System
Match the list of words with the appropriate definition.

1. oestrogen A. the period of approximately nine months that

results in the birth of a baby

2. testosterone B. a pear-shaped organ that contains the growing

3. puberty C. the female sex gland in which ova are formed

4. ovum D. a chemical substanc that affects the growth,

development and function of the body

5. conception E. the male hormone

6. embryo F. the female sex cell

7. hormone G. a period of rapid physical change in boys and girls

8. ejaculation H. a female hormone

9. ovary I. the release of semen through the penis

10. ovulation J. tubes that pass an ovum from the ovaries to the

11. cervix K. a baby developing in the uterus

12. uterus L. the bottom of the uterus

13. pregnancy M. the time when an egg is fully mature and is

released from the ovary

14. fallopian tubes N. the joining of a female egg with a male sperm
 ANATOMY BINGO

Anus Ovulation

Bladder Ovum

Cervix Penis

Circumcision Scrotum

Clitoris Semen

Ejaculation Seminal vesicles

Erection Sperm

Fallopian tubes Testicles/testes

Foreskin Urethra

Uterus
Hymen
Vagina
Menstruation
Vas deferens
Ovaries
Vulva
 ANATOMY BINGO
1. Write in one word from the overhead in each box of the chart below until every box contains a word.
2. Choose words randomly.
3. Use each word only once.
4. For each definition the teacher reads, try to think of the word the definition describes.
5. If the definition is for a word you have written down, cross out the word on your chart.
6. Play each round according to the chart below

FREE
SPACE

Round One Round Two Round Three

A complete line in any All outside boxes are filled in. All boxes are filled in.
direction.
 Name:

EASIEST/HARDEST THINGS ABOUT GROWING UP

Easiest/Best: With your group, list all of the best and/ or easiest things
about growing up and going through puberty changes.

Hardest/ Most Difficult: List all of the hardest and most difficult things about
growing up and going through puberty changes.
 SEXUAL AROUSAL AND FEELINGS
It is very difficult to describe in just a few words sexual feelings and the
reasons for the increase in the strength of those feeling. Sexual feelings
are different for everyone.

Sometimes we find ourselves dreaming or fantasising about others. We can

start to feel funny inside, kind of nice. This means that we are sexually
aroused. At about the same time as we are physically changing we become
interested in the other sex and the hormone called testosterone stimulates
male and female's sex drive (libido).

Sex drive is not clearly defined and may be first noticed when you have
a `crush' on someone or you begin masturbation.

As we become aroused certain physical and physiological changes

happen.

MALES
*_____________ of the penis
∗ Increase in _________and ___________ of the penis
∗ Elevation of testes and increase in _____________
* ______________may become erect
∗ Increase in h ______r _____ and b _ p
∗ Increase in muscle tension
∗ Sometimes a "sex rash" may appear.

FEMALES
______ becomes lubricated
∗ Vagina lengthens and expands
∗ Clitoris __________ slightly
∗ Nipples become erect
∗ Breasts _______ in size
∗ Sometimes a "sex rash" may appear
∗ Increase in muscle tension

Sexual arousal occurs when a male or female has an increased desire for
sexual stimulation. Sexual feelings are a normal and natural part of growing
up.

erection diameter increase length

enlarges size vagina blood pressure
heart rate nipples
As we go through _________ our body is changing to equip us with the
physical maturity to reproduce. The process by which this occurs is called
s ______ i ________ . Sexual intercourse, reproduction and the special
responsibilities associated with sexual behaviour are issues we should
all understand to be sexually healthy.

Males and females may choose to engage in sexual behaviours. These may
include k______ , caressing, t ________ and stroking. As a result of this the
couple may become sexually _______ . For men this means the penis
becoming hard and ______ . For women this means the vagina becomes
moistened.

Not all sexual arousal needs to lead to sexual intercourse. Many people
decide not to have sexual intercourse. Some of the reasons include:
∗ wanting to avoid pregnancy
∗ thinking that they are too young
∗ wanting to avoid contracting a STD
∗ lack of love or commitment in a relationship
∗ wanting to wait for a special person or a special event.

These are very good reasons to postpone sexual intercourse, especially if

you are young. Decisions about sexual intercourse / activity involve maturity
and responsibility.

When a man and woman are in love they have very strong feelings for
each other. A sexual relationship, where there is love, is a wonderful thing.

SEXUAL INTERCOURSE occurs when a man ____________________

______________________________ . A pleasurable sensation for both the

female and the male may occur when the couple moves in such a way that
penis moves inside the vagina. The act is very stimulating and after a short
time the male or female may _______ . Orgasm is the term used to describe
the intense sexual feeling or climax of the activity, where muscular
contraction of the sexual organs occur. In males this is known as an
__________ , where semen is released. A woman may also orgasm but she
doesn't have to have one to become pregnant.

puberty ejaculation sexual orgasm

intercourse touching erect aroused
kissing
i hi i i h ' i
 ^•••

During sexual intercourse, and especially at ejaculation, sperm are

deposited
inside the vagina. The sperm swim in a whitish fluid called ______ . There is
usually less than a tablespoon of semen containing ____ to ____ million
sperm. A single sperm has a tadpole like appearance. Sperm are the male sex
cell.

Unlike the male the female doesn't continuously produce lots of sex cells.
Instead the female produces one mature egg (ovum) each______ . If you
remember back to year 8 we studied this process. It was called the menstrual
cycle. Ask your teacher about it if you can't quite remember! Pregnancy can
occur if a female has intercourse when a mature sex cell is present in one of
her fallopian tubes.

JOURNEY TO THE OVUM Somehow the sperm know the right direction in
which to swim. Those that are 'fit' begin to swim up the vaginal canal toward
the cervix. The vagina is a very hostile environment that is not very friendly
place for sperm. The acidic
nature of the vagina kills many the sperm on__________ . Those sperm who
are strong enough and have survived the swim to the ______ continue on
their merry way toward the uterus in pursuit of an ______ . The sperm do
not actually know where the egg is and try to penetrate (head butt) the
uterine wall and other bodies they encounter.

After passing through the ________ some sperm will head toward the
fallopian tube that has no egg. All of these factors reduces the number of
sperm that reaches the egg (only about 2000).

However, some sperm will pass through the fallopian tube that does contain
a ripe and fertile egg. Once the sperm reach this ovum they attach
themselves to the egg and they all try to ____________. As soon as one
sperm has entered the egg penetration by other sperm is impossible.

Once fertilised the embryo, travels down the ________________ and is

implanted in the ______ . This journey may take three or four days.

semen uterus 200 to 400 fallopian tube

month penetrate it ejaculation uterus
 The Great Sperm Race
Name: ____________ Thejana

Video 1:

1. ________________________
1000 sperm are produced with every
________________________
heart beat

2. A sperms size is _____________

1/500 of a millimeter long.

3. Sperm are split by ________________________;

gender half produced by
________________________ the other half by ________________________.
boy girl

4. Sperm must travel through the ________________________,

vagina then to the
________________________, from the cervix, sperm travel to the
cervical canal

________________________
uterus and then to the ________________________
fallopian

________________________
tubes where the sperm and egg meet.

Video 2:

5. Only ________________________
18-20 % of a man’s sperm will have a nice size and
shape.

6. Sperm face attack from every angle, the female ________________________

immune

________________________ contains a deadly acid that kills the foreign sperm cells.
system

7. With in _____________
30 minutes of entering the vagina, _____________
99 % of sperm
will be dead or dying.

Video 3:

8. As ovulation occurs, ________________________,

oestrogen the primary female sex hormone,
causes the body to create a more inviting space for conception to occur.

9. Only _____________
1 % of sperm that make it into the ________________________,
cervix

have any chance of making it out on time.

10. A couple has a _____________

20% chance of conceiving every month.
Video 4:

11. Unlike men, women are born with all of the _____________ they will ever have,
which is approximately ________________________

12. Typically ovulation occurs from one ________________________ one month and
the other ________________________ the next month

13. The ________________________ response in the uterus is to kill _____________ .

14. ________________________ – are large cells that detect sperm and dismantle it.

Video 5:

15. Only a _____________ sperm out of the millions make it to the

________________________ ________________________ .

16. The ________________________ of the fallopian tubes is very

________________________ for sperm.

17. It is possible sperm can linger in the fallopian tubes for _____________ or even
_____________.

18. ________________________ communicate between egg and sperm, so the sperm

can sense where the egg is.

19. Because the egg has a _____________ lifetime, timing of the sperm is everything.

Video 6:

20. When the sperm finds the egg, all it has to do now is find a _____________
_____________.

21. Upon entrance of the egg, the males ________________________

________________________ merges with the females DNA.

22. When female and male chromosomes link together ________________________

has occurred.

Like I said in class, conception is a race - a race to get to the egg first. What a
journey!
Human Reproduction Timeline
Fertilisation Pregnancy: in this box, include what happens during pregnancy, how the
foetus gets what it needs, and how a mother should care for the
If a sperm cell meets an egg cell… foetus.

__________________________________________
The fertilised egg cell then…

Sex Giving Birth: list all the stages, including everything that
Different things happen to a man and a woman’s body happens:
before sex. They are: 1. ______________________________________
_________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________
Then: 3. ______________________________________
4. ______________________________________
_________________________________________ 5. ______________________________________
Ejaculation is when: 6. ______________________________________
7. ______________________________________
8. ______________________________________
9. ______________________________________

Reproductive organs Growing up – the changes:

Male: Female:
Female: Male:
Male-Female Intercourse Explained

Bladder
The clitoris
refracts

h the
grips
penis
Testes Rectum
 Male-Female Intercourse:
Instructions:

Refer to the diagram and Complete the following table. Explain the events
that are taking place in the labeled areas.

,
Part of the What is taking place?
Steps reproductive
system

A: Testes and
Epididymis

B: The Ovary

C: The Penis and

Vagina

D: The Vagina and

Cervix

E: The Fallopian
Tube
 CONCEPTION

Conception occurs when a ___________________ fertilizes an

After a couple have sexual intercourse, _______________________ of sperm are released into the upper

part of the woman's __________________ . Most of the sperm die, however it only takes ____________

sperm to fertilize an ovum. This usually occurs in the ___________________________ after the

________________ has released an egg.

Once fertilized, the egg cell (or _______ ) begins its journey down through the fallopian

tube to the

fallopian
ovum one sperm vagina uterus millions ovary zygote
tube

Cell division from conception to day 12

Sperm and ovum

Fertilization occurs fuse to form one 1 cell
cell
36 hours after
Cells multiply 2 cells
fertilization
48 hours after
Cells multiply 8 cells
fertilization
4 days after
fertilization (cell Multiplication
32 cells
cluster has entered continues
uterus)
6 days after
fertilization
Multiplication Many
(implantation in
continues cells
uterine wall has
begun)
12 days after Multiplication
fertilization continues and Embryo
(implantation has implantation (mass of
occurred) occurs cells)

Implantation of the egg occurs in the _______________________ , or lining of the uterine wall. This lining,

which is usually shed during menstruation, now starts to thicken as it provides a rich bed of

for the to use. The woman's menstrual period will thus not

occur, giving her the first clue that she is ____________________

embryo pregnant endometrium nutrients

 The Truth about Storks - Conception
What is conception?

Conception happens when a man's sperm fertilizes a woman's ovum (egg)

and a baby is conceived.

How does conception happen?

• The ovaries release an ovum into one of the fallopian tubes about once a
month.

• Sperm reach the egg when a man ejaculates inside (or near the vagina).
• Then the sperm travel through the cervix into the uterus and up into the
fallopian tubes where one sperm fertilises the ovum.

Once an ovum is fertilised it travels into the uterus where it implants itself
in the blood-enriched lining and grows into a baby.

When can conception happen?

Conception happens when a woman has ovulated and released an ovum.

The ovum can only be fertilised for 24 - 48 hours after it comes out of the
ovary however sperm can survive in a woman's body for 3 - 5 days.

When does a woman ovulate?

A woman ovulates once during her cycle, usually 12 - 16 days before her
next period. It's not possible to tell if she will ovulate at the same time every
cycle because periods aren't always regular. It is even possible for ovulation
to occur during a woman's period. Keeping a chart of daily temperature
changes and/or observing changes in the type of mucus secreted by the
cervix helps some women work out their fertile times.
 The Truth about Storks - Contraception

What is Contraception?

Contraception refers to things that are done to stop conception from

happening. There are many different methods of contraception. Different
methods suit different people. Some methods are more reliable than others
but no method is 100% reliable. Contraception can be permanent or
temporary.

What is permanent contraception?

Permanent contraception is called sterilisation and is only for people who are
sure they won't want children in the future. Sterilisation requires an operation
during which the vas deferens in men or the fallopian tubes in women are
cut, sealed or blocked.

What is temporary contraception?

Temporary contraception means fertility tends to return to normal when these

methods stop being used.

What are some temporary methods of contraception?

Barrier methods

These methods control fertility by putting a barrier between the sperm and
the ovum. They include:

• Male condom - a thin rubber "glove" worn over an erect penis. It must be fully
unrolled to the base of the penis and removed while the penis is still erect so
that no sperm can leak into the vagina.

• Female condom - a soft plastic bag with a ring at each end placed inside the
vagina. The ring at one end covers the cervix and the ring at the other end
covers the vulva. They have only recently become available.
• Diaphragms & Caps - rubber devices placed inside the vagina over the
cervix before intercourse. They come in different sizes and need to be
prescribed by a doctor.

Hormonal methods

These methods require a woman to take hormones. The hormones

prevent ovulation and/ or cause changes in the uterus (so a fertilised
ovum can't implant there) and/or alter the cervical mucus so sperm can't
pass through. They need to be prescribed by a doctor and include:

• The contraceptive pill - a pill is taken each day to prevent pregnancy

The "morning-after" pill - this is used in an emergency when a woman

fears she might become pregnant because she hasn't used contraception
or thinks her usual method might not have worked. A high dose of
hormones must be taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse.

• Contraceptive injection - large amounts of hormone are injected into a

woman's muscle and are slowly released for 2 - 3 months.

• Contraceptive implant - these are similar to injections but last for

several years. IUD

This method alters the lining of the uterus so that a fertilised ovum can't
implant there. A small copper and plastic device is placed inside the uterus
by a doctor. It needs to be changed about every 5 years. It is not suitable
for women who have never had children.

Natural Methods

For a woman this method involves learning to tell when she is most likely
to be fertile and avoiding intercourse at these times. This method requires a
lot of practise, discipline, commitment and can be inaccurate. Additionally,
this method does not prevent against STIs.
36
A man can use a method called "withdrawal" which means he must
withdraw the penis from the vagina before he ejaculates. This
method is not very reliable as it can be hard to withdraw the penis
in time and sperm-rich semen can seep from the penis before
ejaculation. It is also very dangerous as far as STIs are concerned.

What is abortion?
Abortion is not a method of contraception because it does not stop
conception from happening. It is a way of ending a pregnancy. It is
performed by a doctor, usually before the twelfth week of
pregnancy.

What are the most common methods of contraception?

The most common methods are the contraceptive pill and the
condom. The condom also protects against sexually transmitted
diseases.
The Truth about Storks
Answer True or False.

Conception

1. Male hormones fertilise a women’s egg.__________________________

2. The ovum is fertilised in the vagina. _____________________________

3. A baby implants itself in the lining of the uterus. ____________________

4. An ovum lives for 24-48 hours. _________________________________

5. Women ovulate several times a month. __________________________

6. You can get pregnant if you have sex during your period. ____________
7. Women secrete a different kind of mucus when they are fertile. _______

8. Contraception

1. Contraception makes it easier to have a baby. _____________________

2. No method of contraception is 100% reliable. _____________________

3. Barrier methods stop the sperm from reaching the ovum. ____________

4. An IUD is a good choice for teenagers. __________________________

5. It's difficult to predict when a woman will ovulate. ___________________

6. "Withdrawal" is not a good choice for teenagers. ___________________

7. The most common method of contraception is the "morning-after" pill. __

Sex and Relationships

As your body matures sexually you will begin to feel stronger feelings of romantic and
sexual attraction. Not everyone experiences these feelings at the same time or in the
same way. For some young people it can be the main thing they think about while others
might be more interested in their schoolwork, sport or hobbies. Either way is normal.
You will need to work out how you will deal with these feelings when they arrive.

Are same-sex attractions normal?

Some adults find that their strongest feelings of sexual attraction are mainly towards
others of the same sex. This is called being homosexual. Male homosexuals are also
called gay and female homosexuals are called lesbians.

Homosexuals express their sexuality in similar ways to other couples and also seek to
enjoy loving and caring relationships. Many young people have homosexual thoughts,
feelings and experiences as they are maturing. This is quite common and is a normal
part of sexual development. It doesn't necessarily mean you'll be homosexual when
you grow up.

Am I old enough to have sex?

It's important that you're physically and emotionally mature enough to handle
having sex.

It is illegal for young people to have sex before the legal age of consent. The legal age
can differ depending on where you live. However being over the legal age doesn't
automatically mean you're old enough to have sex. Different people develop physically
at different rates and it's not good for your body to have sex until it is fully matured.

People also develop emotionally at different rates. You need to be mature enough to
handle the emotional consequences of having a sexual relationship. Physical closeness
can release very powerful feelings that can be tricky to deal with. Sometimes people
can feel really devastated if things don't work out and find it very hard to cope.
Should I have sex? What do you believe? What are your values?

Sometimes there is no right or wrong answer. It depends on what you and your
partner want, and feel is right. Some people believe only married people should
have sex, some people believe it's O.K as long as you care about each other and
are committed to each other. Some people feel that it's O.K to enjoy sex regardless
of whether you're in a relationship. Some people choose not to have sex at all. All
these choices are normal. You will need to work out when you believe having sex
is the right thing to do for you.

Sex doesn't have to mean "going all the way"

It's important to know that enjoying and exploring your sexual feelings doesn't have
to mean sexual intercourse. Physical closeness can also mean holding hands,
cuddling, kissing and touching each other. Some people decide to save sexual
intercourse as something special they can experience for the first time together,
once they are in a permanent relationship.

What do you want to do?

Learning how you feel about sex, and what's right for you can take time and you
may make a few mistakes along the way as you work things out. Don't feel too
badly if you've done something you regret, just remember you can always choose
to behave differently in the future.

Respect yourself and respect your partner

When people have sex together they need to care about each other enough to
respect each other's wants and feelings. Don't let yourself be pressured into
having sex if you don't really want to and don't put pressure on anyone else. It can
be upsetting if both partners don't feel comfortable with the reason they are having
sex and it is unfair to use people in this way.

Don't rush

If you're not sure how you feel it's better to wait until you feel more certain - there's
no hurry. Anyone who really cares about you should be willing to wait too.
How can I have sex safely?
Plan ahead

It's important to try and make sure that if you do have sex, you have it
safely. That you protect yourself and your partner, physically and
emotionally, from any unfortunate consequences. This means working out
what you might need to say or do before you find yourself in a situation
where you could have sex. If you think you might have sex you need to be
prepared. If you're not able to have sex safely you should put it off to
another time.

Avoid unplanned pregnancy

Having a baby when you're not ready is a very big deal. Getting an abortion
is not an easy solution and it's much better to avoid getting pregnant in the
first place. Both men and women need to think about the possibility of
conceiving a baby and what they will do about it before they have sex. If
you're worried about pregnancy get advice from a trustworthy person as
soon as possible.

Protect yourself and your partner

Getting a sexually transmitted disease is also serious and can affect your
health for the rest of your life. Make sure you take precautions and question
your partner.

Minimise regrets

Having sex should be an enjoyable experience. If you choose to have sex

make sure it's with someone you trust and that you both feel comfortable
with your decision and are ready to behave safely and responsibly. Have
sex only when it feels right for you, not because you feel pressured. Having
sex because you think everyone else is, or just to prove you're grown up
are not good reasons. Remember it's always OK to say "No" and to stop at
any time if you feel uncomfortable.
What should people consider before having sex?

What actions can people take to make sure they have sex safely?
GRADE 6: FETAL DEVELOPMENT LESSON 2: SLIDE

GENETICS

Gr6v.022014 © 2014 teachingsexualhealth.ca 1

GRADE 6: FETAL DEVELOPMENT LESSON 2: SLIDE

Gr6v.022014 © 2014 teachingsexualhealth.ca 1

GRADE 6: FETAL DEVELOPMENT LESSON 2: SLIDE

Gr6v.022014 © 2014 teachingsexualhealth.ca 1

 "EMILY - FROM- EGG TO EMBRYO"
CHARACTERS: Narrator, Edna Egg, Emily Egg, Olive Ovary, Sally Sperm, Sammy Sperm, Cathy
Cervix.

SCENE 1: The Ovary

Narrator: The atmosphere is tense in the ovary, it’s been 27 days since Betty the Battler was forced
from her follicle. Everyone is wondering who will be next. There's been a failure in the
left ovary, and it's out of the running for this month's "exit of the egg " competition. The
two leading contenders are Emily Egg and Edna Egg. There have been fights in the follicle
to see who will win the honour of shooting the tube to see what lies beyond

Edna Egg: Boy, I just can’t wait to get out of this place. It's just getting too crowded. All these up
and coming eggs think they know everything, especially Emily.

Emily Egg: What makes you so sure you'll be chosen, Edna. I'm younger and smarter than you are,
so I'd obviously do the better job.

Edna Egg: Anyway, we'll see who develops first.

Narrator: Everyone is waiting anxiously for the big announcement

Olive Ovary: After due consideration of this matter, and although Edna is older, Emily has matured
magnificently and this month's honour goes to her.

SCENE 2: The Testes

Narrator: The numbers are gathering in the testes, with a force of 400 million strong, the lads are
getting anxious. Among them we find two leaders- Sally and Sammy Sperm_ They are
discussing their respective tactics

Sally Sperm: Well X-troop, our attack will begin shortly. We have a long swim ahead of us that will
take its toll on our numbers but our strategy will be that slow and steady wins the race.
We have the resistance to outlast the Y's.

Narrator: Meanwhile Sammy Sperm is telling his troops another strategy.

Sammy Sperm: OK Y-troops, our time is limited but our force is strong. We will attack fi-om all sides.
Our objective is to beat our slow counterparts, in X-troop. One of us must succeed - may
the best man win!!
Narrator: Well, the time is nigh, the troops are lined up for the start - BLAST OFF - and
they're off and swimming Little does Emily know what lies in store for
her .............

SCENE 3:
Cathy Cervix: Holy Mackerel, here they come again, we're under siege, there must be millions
of them!!! But with any luck they won't all make it this far.

Narrator: Meanwhile ........

Sammy Sperm: Boy, this climate's harsh, we've already lost half our men. Come on gang, don't
give up yet the cervix is in sight.

Sally Sperm: We're a bit behind, but once we're past the cervix it isn't far to the turnoff

Narrator: The sperm have entered the uterus, and scouting parties have determined that there
is no egg in sight. They must go on to the fallopian tube. But which way should
they go right or left?

Sammy Sperm: We're running out of time and our numbers are dwindling fast. We've drifted to
the left, so the left it will be. Come on men, swim!!!

Sally Sperm: Y-troops have made their move so we had better cover the right. It won't be long
now Sammy always was impulsive - with any luck he will have chosen the wrong
turn. We'll win out yet.

SCENE 4:
Narrator: Meanwhile, Emily is cruising down the tube into the darkness. What fate is before
her ........

Emily Egg: Boy, this is the life, travelling in style. Oh No!! Whats that up ahead? I hope
they're not after me.

Sally Sperm: Rally troops, our target is before us. Spread out, and make sure that egg doesn't
pass us safely. One of us must break through her protective surface.

Emily Egg: Well, it was nice while it lasted, but it looks like my end is near. I heard this could
happen. They've all missed me so far ..... "00F" ............ I've been stabbed.

Narrator: At the moment, fertilisation took place The union of egg and sperm, to form the
beginning of a new life took place. Within the next few days the cell divides
many times to form Emily Embryo. She settles down in the wall of the uterus,
and is happy and secure in her new environment. Other exciting developments
are in store for Emily, but that is the beginning of another story.

******************
 Emily Role Play Quiz

1. On average how often does a female release an ovum?

2. The ovum is released from which part of the ovary?

3. What process is the release of the ovum called?

4. What is the name of the tube which transports the ovum

to the uterus?

5. Where are the sperm produced in the male?

6. What type of chromosome do male sperm have?

7. Which type of sperm move fastest?

8. After the sperm enter the vagina where do they move to?

9. The lining of what part of the female reproductive system

thickens?

10. When the sperm breaks through the lining of the ovum what
is said to occur?

11. What is the name of a fertilised ovum?

12. If the ovum is not fertilised what occurs approximately 14 days

later?

TOTAL SCORE /12

 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF PREGNANCY
Watch the PowerPoint and answer the following questions:
1. How is pregnancy measured?

2. The 1st trimester is from to weeks

3. The 2nd trimester is from to weeks
4. The 3rd trimester is from to weeks
5. What changes might happen in the woman’s body in the first trimester?










6. What starts to develop first?

7. What is a four-week old baby in the womb called?

8. Describe a baby at 8 weeks.
9. What are some of the changes to a woman’s body in the second trimester?






10. Describe the baby at 16 weeks.

11. What is the fine downy hair and the waxy coating called?

12. What changes to the women’s body happen in the third trimester?

13. What is effacing?

14. When is a baby considered full term?

15. At birth, how big can a baby typically be?

LOOKING AFTER YOUR BODY AND BABY DURING PREGNANCY

When a woman is pregnant most of the things she does can influence the _______
health. Remember that the baby is nourished by the mother through the placenta.

If the mother is healthy and well then the baby will receive good nourishment. If the
mother is unhealthy or consumes things that are bad for her health the baby will not be
well nourished.

To keep herself healthy and her child healthy the mother should:

1. Eat a well balanced _____ . This will provide vitamins, minerals and energy
for
the unborn baby and herself. Don't eat for ____ but eat healthy (limit weight
gain
to _______ kilograms).

2. Pregnant mothers should be wary of __________ . The bacteria can be passed

through processed foods e.g. soft cheese, sushi, cold meats and raw seafood.

3. Avoid all ______ . Be careful about taking drugs or medicines that might
harm the
baby. Most doctors recommend that the mother should not take any drugs or
medicines without seeing a doctor. The doctor may encourage ________
supplements to be taken in first three months. (spinal bifida, neural tube
defects)

4. Not ________________. Smoking can lead to less oxygen getting to the

unborn child. Pregnant women who smoke are known to place their unborn
child at risk of:

 Low birth _________________

 Early birth ________________
 Birth ______________________

5. Not drink _________________during pregnancy. Alcohol is harmful to the

unborn child and may cause:
 ___________________ or still birth
 Premature ____________________
 FOETAL __________________ SYNDROME - babies can present
with structural problems of head, eyes, nose, mouth, poor/slow
growth, abnormal heart structure, mental retardation.

6. Survive any _________________during pregnancy with:

 regular exercise
 taking time out
 meditation
 relaxation
 breathing techniques
 massage

7. Other ____________________During Pregnancy some pregnant women may

suffer discomforts and medical conditions which could include:

 Morning __________________
 H____________________
 Constipation
 Varicose veins
 V_________________ discharge
 B__________________
 Chloasma -(skin on the face become darker than your typical skin color)
 A________________
_Positive Ways to Cope with Pregnancy

Positive ways for pregnant mothers to cope include:

 Make time to REST

 Talk about it!
 Prepare for the birth
 Prepare for family life:
• Partner
• Other children
• Pets
 Money matters
• Decisions
• Priorities

STAY ACTIVE: EXERCISE ________________

 Low impact aerobics

 W____________________
 Pilates
 Yoga
 S_____________________
 P_______________ floor exercises






8. GET SOME____________________________ . Be mindful of fatigue in first and third

trimesters.
GRADE 6: FETAL DEVELOPMENT LESSON 2: SLIDE

Gr6v.022014 © 2014 teachingsexualhealth.ca 1

 Periods of Fetal Development

Central Nervous System

Weeks 3 to Full Term

Ears
Weeks 4¼ to 20

Eyes
Weeks4½to Full Term
Teeth
Weeks6¾ to Full Term

Palate
Weeks 6¾ to 16

Lower Limbs
Weeks4½to 9

Upper Limbs
Weeks4½to 9

External Genitalia
Weeks 7 to Full Term

First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

(0 to 12 weeks) (13 to 28 weeks) (29 to 40 weeks)
GRADE 6: FETAL DEVELOPMENT LESSON 2: SLIDE

FIRST TRIMESTER

The first trimester (the first three months of pregnancy) is a critical time in the baby’s life. It is the period of rapid growth and development. By
the end of the first trimester, all of the baby’s organs will be formed and functioning.

1 day The sperm and the ovum unite.

7-10 days The fertilized ovum attaches to the lining of the uterus. The placenta begins to form.

The baby, called an embryo, is now a layered disc on the uterus wall. A woman will miss her
2 weeks
menstrual period.

The beginning of the embryo’s eyes, ears, nose, spine, digestive tract and nervous system are
4 weeks
present. The tube for the future heart starts beating.

The baby, called a fetus, now has all the organs that a full term baby will have. The heart is
8 weeks
functioning. Bones begin to form.

Tooth buds are present. Fingernails and toe nails are forming. Immature kidneys secrete urine into
12 weeks the bladder. External genitalia are forming. The fetus can now move in the amniotic fluid, but these
movements cannot be felt. The baby’s heart beat may be heard with an electronic listening device.

Adapted from: BC Ministry of Health. (2011). The best chance: Stages of pregnancy. Retrieved from: http://www.bestchance.gov.bc.ca/pregnancy/1st-trimester/stages-of-
pregnancy/1st-trimester-mother.html
Illustrations from: Public Health Agency of Canada. (2011). The sensible guide to a healthy pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.healthycanadians.gc.ca/health-sante/pregnancy-
grossesse/health-guide-sante-eng.php?hycnd_src=healthyPregnancy_13&medium=banner_link&campaign=hpfeaturebox

Gr6v.022014 © 2014 teachingsexualhealth.ca 1

GRADE 6: FETAL DEVELOPMENT LESSON 2: SLIDE

SECOND TRIMESTER

During the second trimester (the next three months of pregnancy) the brain develops a lot. Most of the brain’s development begins now and
continues for two or more years after the baby’s birth. During the second trimester until about 24 weeks, the fetus cannot live outside of the body
because its lungs, heart and blood systems have not developed enough.

16 weeks The face looks more human, the baby has hair, the ears stand out, and the baby can hear
the mother’s voice. Between 16 and 20 weeks, the baby’s movements may be felt. If this
16cm (6 ½ inches)
is a woman’s first pregnancy it is possible that the baby’s movements may not be felt until
110g (4oz.) 18 to 20 weeks.

17 weeks The baby begins to store some antibodies and this slowly increases until birth.

Eyebrows and eyelashes appear. A fine downy hair (lanugo) appears all over the baby’s
20 weeks body and may be there at birth. The baby’s skin is thin, shiny, and covered with a creamy
protective coating called vernix. Oil glands appear. The baby’s legs lengthen, and move
25 cm (10inches)
well. Teeth develop-enamel and dentine are being formed. By the end of the fifth month
300g (10oz) the baby is about half the length of a newborn. During the second trimester, meconium
(the baby’s first stool) begins to appear in the intestines.

Sweat glands form. Your baby has a lean body with red and wrinkled skin. Early breathing
24 weeks movements begin. A substance called surfactant is formed in the lungs. This substance
helps the lungs to expand normally after the baby is born.

26 weeks

30cm (12inches) The baby’s outline may be felt through the abdomen. The eyes may be open now.

600g (1 1/3 lb)

Adapted from: BC Ministry of Health. (2011). The best chance: Stages of pregnancy. Retrieved from: http://www.bestchance.gov.bc.ca/pregnancy/1st-trimester/stages-of-
pregnancy/2nd-trimester-baby.html
Illustrations from: Public Health Agency of Canada. (2011). The sensible guide to a healthy pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.healthycanadians.gc.ca/health-sante/pregnancy-
grossesse/health-guide-sante-eng.php?hycnd_src=healthyPregnancy_13&medium=banner_link&campaign=hpfeaturebox

Gr6v.022014 © 2014 teachingsexualhealth.ca 1

GRADE 6: FETAL DEVELOPMENT LESSON 2: SLIDE

THIRD TRIMESTER

During the third trimester (the last 3 months of pregnancy) the baby could survive if born before it is full term, but would need special care. The
closer to full term, the more ready the baby is to cope with the birth process and life outside the uterus.

28 weeks
The baby’s body is till lean but the skin is less wrinkled and red. The baby can now store
35-37 cm (14 inches)
iron, calcium, and other nutrients. The baby can hear and respond to sounds.
1100 g (2lb. 5oz)

32 Weeks
The baby’s skin is pink and smoothes out as the fat forms under it. The baby develops a
40-42 cm (16 inches) sense of taste and becomes aware of sounds outside the mother’s body. The male baby’s
testicles begin to drop into the scrotum. The pupils in the baby’s eyes can react to light.
1800-2100g (4lb-4lb. 7oz)

36 weeks
The baby’s body is rounded and usually plump. The downy hair on the baby’s body begins
45-47 cm (18 inches) to disappear. The baby’s skin is smooth, pink, and covered with a grayish-white cheese-like
substance called vernix. The baby continues to increase the store of antibodies and is able
2000-2900g (4lb. 11oz-6lb. to resist some diseases.
5oz)

40 weeks
Head hair is usually present. The testicles of male babies are now in the scrotum and the
45-55 cm (18-22inches)
labia majora of female babies are developed. The baby is now full term.
3200g + (7lb. +)

Adapted from: BC Ministry of Health. (2011). The best chance: Stages of pregnancy. Retrieved from: http://www.bestchance.gov.bc.ca/pregnancy/2nd-trimester/stages-of-
pregnancy/3rd-trimester-baby.html
Illustrations from: Public Health Agency of Canada. (2011). The sensible guide to a healthy pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.healthycanadians.gc.ca/health-sante/pregnancy-
grossesse/health-guide-sante-eng.php?hycnd_src=healthyPregnancy_13&medium=banner_link&campaign=hpfeaturebox

Gr6v.022014 © 2014 teachingsexualhealth.ca 1

GRADE 6 FETAL DEVELOPMENT LESSON 3 HANDOUT

Name: _______________________

REVIEWING THE STAGES OF FETAL

DEVELOPMENT

DIRECTIONS: Number the stages of fetal development in the correct order by placing the
number in the box at the top left corner of each box.

The fetus has The embryo is now The fertilized egg

completed most of its called a fetus. travels down the
organ development. fallopian tube into the
uterus.

The pregnant mother The ovum and the The baby is growing
can feel the baby sperm cell join. much bigger.
kicking.

The fertilized egg is The baby begins its The fertilized egg
referred to as an journey to the outside attaches itself to the
embryo world. lining of the uterus.

Adapted from: Canadian Federation for Sexual Health. (2008). Prenatal Development. Retrieved from
http://www.cfsh.ca/Your_Sexual_Health/Pregnancy/prenatal-development.aspx

Gr6V.022014 © 2014 teachingsexualhealth.ca 1

GRADE 6 FETAL DEVELOPMENT LESSON 3 SLIDE

PROMOTING HEALTHY FETAL DEVELOPMENT

THE TASK: Produce material promoting healthy fetal development.

Follow these steps:

1. Choose one of the following to create:
 Poster
 Pamphlet
 Online Video

2. Choose one of the following audiences:

 A pregnant mother
 A father or partner to an unborn baby
 A family member of someone pregnant
 A grade six student

3. Choose one or more of the following topics:

 Things to avoid when pregnant
 What a pregnant mother can do to have a healthy pregnancy
 What a father or partner of an unborn baby can do to help
 What a family member of someone pregnant can do to help
 What a student can do to help

4. Brainstorm your ideas and plan the layout/design of your poster, pamphlet or video.
5. Develop a finished product.

Gr6V.022014 © 2014 teachingsexualhealth.ca 1

 Early Stages of Birth
1. Start of Labour
uterus wall

birth
canal

Cervix
opening
2. Opening of Cervix

Notes for Teachers

1. Early in the first stage of birth called Labour the muscular walls of the uterus begin to
contract at regular intervals. These powerful contractions widen the opening of the
cervix to allow the baby out through the birth canal (vagina).
2. As the contractions continue the baby's head forces the cervix open and the amniotic
sac breaks releasing the fluid from around the baby. This is called Breaking of the
Waters. The contractions may be very painful for the woman and continue for a long
period of time.
 "OHPT 17B .-_......,,...„.‘

stomach wall

Notes for Teachers

3. Once the cervix is fully open the contractions are usually only a few minutes apart. The
next stage Delivery now begins. The mother has an increasingly powerful urge to push
and she uses her stomach muscles to force the babies head through the vagina.
4. The baby's head is the largest part of its body (in diameter). When the cervix is fully
dilated it may only take a few pushes to force the head out. Once the head has emerged
from the birth canal the mid-wife or doctor can now assist directly.
VAGINAL BIRTH
 CAESAREAN SECTION
Sometimes a natural birth is not always possible without the mother of the baby's health or life being
placed at risk. So an emergency operation is needed. (Complications with labour or pregnancy)

A C ____________________section is an operation in which the obstetrician makes an incision

through the abdominal wall and uterus so that the baby can be retrieved or delivered. Note:
__________________ of Caesarean births are planned in Australia

BREECH PRESENTATION
A breech presentation is when the baby enters the birth canal with the buttocks (bottom) or feet
first .

Complete the words to match the statements below

• The first stage of birth begins with contractions. This stage is known as L ______________
• A sac that contains f luid that is released during the f irst stage of labour
A___________
• The opening between the uterus and vagina must dilate to 10 cm for delivery of the baby
C________________
• Second stage of labour when you push the baby out B ___________
• An organ that connects the umbilical cord to the uterus and is delivered in the third stage of
labour - P__________________ which then becomes called the A____________________
 Foetal Development and Birth

1. Identify the changes which occur in the foetus from early stages of development until
shortly prior to birth.

1. Describe the role of the placenta during this development.

2. a. What is the term given to the repeated contractions of the muscle layers of the
uterus?

b. Describe what happens to these contractions as the birth process continues.

4. Outline what occurs in each stage of labour:-

• Stage 1

• Stage 2

• Stage 3

5. What changes take place to the newborn baby as it leaves the birth canal and enters the outside
world?

6. Describe what happens to the umbilical cord following birth.

 Pregnancy
When an embryo has implanted in the wall of the uterus a woman has conceived and become
pregnant.

1. How does a women know she is pregnant?

(i) In what way is the menstrual period used to indicate pregnancy?

(ii) In the initial stages of pregnancy what feelings do women

experience in their breasts?

(iii) Many women experience other symptoms in early pregnancy. Indicate

what these symptoms are.

2. Once a woman suspects she is pregnant, she should consult a doctor to confirm that the symptoms
experienced are the result of pregnancy. Describe three different methods a doctor can use to
detect pregnancy.

3
 3. This teenage couple is worried. After having
unprotected sex at a party the girl has missed her
last period and has been vomiting and feeling
nauseous. She is too scared to go to the doctor,
but suspects she is pregnant. W hat do you suggest
that this couple should do under the
circumstances?

(ii) The test is positive - the girl is pregnant. Her boyfriend insists she have an
abortion but the girl is not convinced. Every time they discuss the matter it ends up in an
argument. W ho could the couple turn to for support and counselling? Discuss.

(iii) Imagine that his couple came to you for advice. How do you think they should
handle this situation?
 SMOKING WHEN PREGNANT
See: https://www.quit.org.au/articles/the-risks-of-smoking-while-pregnant/
How does your smoking affect your unborn baby?

The umbilical cord is your baby’s lifeline. Blood flow through this cord provides your baby
with oxygen and the food it needs to grow. Every puff you take on a cigarette has an
immediate effect on your baby. Carbon monoxide replaces some of the oxygen in your
blood, reducing the amount of oxygen received by your baby through the umbilical cord.
Smoking also affects how the placenta forms, and reduces the nutrients crossing the
placenta to your baby. Cigarette smoke also contains many other harmful poisons, which
pass through your lungs and into your bloodstream (which your baby shares).

Known risks of smoking while pregnant

 Miscarriage
 Complications during the birth
 Having a low-weight baby who is more
vulnerable to infection and health problems in
adulthood
 Pre-term delivery (birth at less than 37 weeks)
 The baby being born with a cleft lip or cross-eyes
 The baby being born with weaker lungs, which
may persist into adulthood
 The baby having a weaker immune system
 The baby being overweight or obese in
childhood

Mothers' smoking harms babies

MOTHERS who smoke have babies with International studies have shown nicotine directly
respiratory systems that are a quarter less influences the size of babies' windpipes.
effective than non-smokers children, researchers Carbon monoxide was also found to bind with the
have found. blood's oxygen-carrying cells, reducing oxygen
The mothers also risk-exposing their children to illnesses supplies to babies in the womb.
such as emphysema later in life and their babies are 'four
Professor Stocks said there was a threefold increase in cot
times' as likely to wheeze in their first year.
deaths among mothers who smoked during pregnancy.
The study's findings were released at a recent
It is believed about a third of women smoke during pregnancy.
conference of respiratory health experts in Cairns.
Australian Council On Smoking and Health president Ron
‘There is now a lot of research to suggest the level of
Edwards said women who smoked during pregnancy
airway function and lung function is determined for
perpetuated the health problems caused by smoking.
life during pregnancy and the first year of
Princess Margaret Hospital's respiratory medicine
life said Janet Stocks of London’s Institute of Child Health.
head Stephen Stick said governments were not
"There is on average, a 25 per cent reduction in
dedicating enough money towards educating women
airway function (for smokers' babies). That means
about the dangers of smoking during pregnancy.
airways are narrower and that means babies have to
work harder to take each breath."
 Heroin babies on rise
BY AMANDA
BOWER
THERE has been a
dramatic increase in the
number of WA babies
born to heroin addicts
and the number of babies
who come into the world
dependent on drugs.
Up to 90 per cent of King
Edward Memorial Hospital’s
chemical dependency unit
patients are addicted to
opiates, including heroin,
methadone and painkillers.
A year ago; opiate addicts
represented only half the
patients in the unit.
The clinic provides
specialist care for alcohol
and drug users and their
babies: Last year, it oversaw
the delivery of about 70
babies.
Staff say the increase in
patients using heroin or
methadone could reflect a
general community trend:
Heroin has increased in
popularity. over the past
year. It is cheaper than in
the past, purer and widely
available.
"In this clinic we are seeing
a lot of younger women who
are using heroin," midwife
Sharyn Stonely said
yesterday.
"Two years ago we were
seeing young women using
amphetamines."
Social worker Tiffany
Haldoupis said it was a
simple fact that young
people used drugs and young
people got pregnant.
"Heroin is a lot more
accessible now," she said.
Most of the unit's patients
had not planned their
pregnancies.
'This might be the chance
in a lifetime they need to try
to change their habit,' Mrs
Stonely said.
"They're never going to
have a better reason to
stop using heroin."
But the highs and lows of
heroin use and the severe
physical addiction involved
put the babies in some
danger.
Going "cold turkey"
increased the risk: of
miscarriage in the early
months and premature
labour in the later stages of
pregnancy.
Mrs Stonely said after an
addiction assessment, most
women were advised to
sign up for the State
Government's methadone
program.
Methadone was not more
harmful to the baby than
heroin.
"Myths like this are
usually perpetuated by
people with a vested interest
-- like the dealers," Mrs
Stonely said.
Researchers from KEMH
are proposing a study of what
percentage of a mother's
drug intake passes through
the placenta.
Mrs Stonely and Ms
Haldoupis said it was, at
this stage, impossible to
tell if a baby would suffer
withdrawal symptoms,
known as neonatal
abstinence syndrome, after
birth.
In some cases, women on
small doses of methadone
had babies with
tremendously distressing
symptoms.
Other babies whose
mothers took big doses
showed no sign of
withdrawal:
About 2.5 per cent of a
mother's methadone intake
is passed to a child through
breast milk.
No figures are available
for heroin, because there is
no standard dose, but it is
believed to be much higher:
Ms Haldoupis said the
pregnant women cared very
much about the health of their
babies and many had
enormous guilt feelings.
The State Government said
yesterday it hoped to clear
the methadone waiting list
by Christmas. There are 185
people on the list and more
heroin addicts are signing
up each week.
Key Stage 4 Biology
Smoking during pregnancy

Learning Objectives: To learn about the effect smoking during pregnancy has on
the birth mass of babies. You will need to use the data to plot a line graph and
then answer questions using the data.

Key points:
 It is estimated that one in
three pregnant women con-
tinue to smoke
The risks
 Babies are more likely to be
underweight or premature
 More likely to die in infancy
 Miscarriage is 27% more
likely
Protecting a baby from tobacco smoke is one of the best
things a mother and father can do to give their child a
healthy start in life.
Every cigarette smoked contains over 4,000 chemicals, so
smoking when pregnant harms the unborn baby. Cigarettes
can restrict the essential oxygen supply to the baby, so their
heart has to beat harder every time the pregnant mum
smoke.
A lot of research has been carried out into the effect smoking
whilst pregnant has on the birth weight of the baby. Below is
some data for you to look at.

Number of cigarettes Average baby birth 1. Use the data in the table to draw a line graph to
show the effect of smoking on baby birth weight
0 3.4
5 3.3
10 3.2
15 3.1
20 2.9
25 2.8
30 2.7
* the data was collected over a 5 year period with over
10,000 births sampled. 2. Use your graph to describe a trend in the data.

3. Explain the trend described in questions 2 why do you think smoking has this effect on baby birth
weight?
4. The number of cigarettes smoked was self reported, how do you think this might have impacted
the numbers given?
5. How could the data collected be improved?

Challenge activity: Use your graph to estimate the following

A) What would be the estimated birth weight of a baby born to a mother than smokes 3
cigarettes a day?
B) What would be the estimated birth weight of a baby born to a mother that smokes 50 ciga-
rettes a say? Why might this not be accurate?
 Pregnancy and Birth Glossary:
Abortion: The termination of a pregnancy through
the expulsion of the fetus from the uterus
Amniotic fluid: The fluid that surrounds a developing
fetus
Amniotic Sac: The bag in which the fetus and
amniotic fluid are contained during pregnancy.
Antepartum: Before Birth
Anesthesia: Medically induced loss of sensation. General
anesthesia involved the entire body; local anesthesia
involves only a particular area.
Breastfeeding: Mother feeding her baby with milk from
her breast
Cervical Exam: Health care provider uses fingers to
check the cervix for position of cervix, ripeness, dilation
and how low in the pelvis the baby has descended
Cesarean/ C section: A surgical procedure used to
deliver the baby through incisions in the abdomen and
uterus; used if labour or vaginal birth is difficult of
dangerous for the mother or baby; also used if the mother
has had a CS before.
Certified nurse Midwife: A registered nurse who has
completed years of advanced training in midwifery. They
take care of women with uncomplicated, normal
pregnancies and births.
Cervix: Lowest part, or neck of the uterus that ends in the
back of the vagina or birth canal.
Circumcision: Surgical removal of the foreskin from the
penis
Clitoris: Female sex organ that becomes larger and
firmer during sexual arousal
Crowning: The point in labor when the head of the
baby can be seen at the vagina
Ejaculation: Discharge or release of semen from the
penis
Embryo: The name given to the fertilized ovum until
eight weeks after conception.
Fetus: The name given to the baby in the womb from
eight weeks until birth.
Gestational age: The duration of the pregnancy,
measured from the first day of the last menstrual period.
Gynecologist: A physician who specializes in the female
reproductive system.
Jaundice: Yellow discolouration of the skin caused by
the inability of the body to break down excess red blood
cells. Labia: The skin folds on the sides of the opening of
the vagina.
Lactation: Production of milk by the breasts.
Lumbar Epidural: Pain medicine used to cause a
decrease of sensation (numbness) in a specific region
of the body — the lumbar region or lower back. Used for
labour pain (when desired) and for Cesarean section
births.
Neonatologist: A pediatrician (baby doctor) who has
extra training in the care of infants who are sick or
premature (born before 37 weeks)
Miscarriage: Spontaneous ending of pregnancy prior
to 24 weeks gestation.
Ovulation: Release of the egg from the ovary
Pediatrician: A doctor who is training to work with
babies and children
Perinatal: The period around childbirth from the 20th week
of gestation to 1 month after birth.
Perinatologist: An obstetrician-gynecologist who has
received extra training in managing high-risk pregnancies
and deliveries.
Placenta: The structure through which the fetus receives
nourishment and oxygen during gestation.
Postpartum: After the birth
Stillbirth: Delivery of dead fetus after 28weeks gestation.
Tocometry: External monitoring of contractions and
baby's well being
Ultrasound: Use of sound waves through the abdomen to
get a picture of the baby's size, position, age and well
being in the uterus.
Seminal Vesicles: Where semen is stored
Scrotum: External sac containing festivals. It covers
and protects the male sex organs.
Trimester: One third of a pregnancy
Tubule pregnancy: The most common form of ectopic
pregnancy, in which a fertilized egg begins to develop
in the fallopian tube.
Umbilical cord: The structure through which the fetus
draws blood, and thus oxygen and nutrients, from the
placenta.
Vacuum extraction: Used during the pushing phase of
labour, a plastic cup like device is applied to the baby's
head. A tube connects the cap to a vacuum pump that
creates suction. During contractions, the provider gently
pulls on a handle attached to the cap to assist the baby to
come out of the vagina.

Any additional words: