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Power Lab
• If the density changes very little or does not changes, the fluid is
said to be incompressible.
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Steam Nozzle
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Steam Nozzle
TYPES OF NOZZLES
1.Convergent Nozzle
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Steam Nozzle
2.Divergent Nozzle
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Steam Nozzle
3.Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
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Steam Nozzle
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Steam Nozzle
Choked flow
Choked flow is a phenomenon that limits the mass flow rate of a
compressible fluid flowing through nozzles, orifices and sudden
expansions. It is the mass flux after which a further reduction in
downstream pressure will not result in an increase in mass flow rate.
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Steam Nozzle
Effects of Super-saturation:
The following are the effects of super-saturation in a nozzle.
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Steam Nozzle
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Steam Nozzle
∆p o
at (168 c ,7 bar, vo = 0.2751 m3/kg)
Q =k
√ vo
75
1. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.2751
90
→ Q = 92.71 kg/hr
2. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.2751
125
→ Q = 101.56 kg/hr
3. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.2751
145
→ Q = 119.69 kg/hr
4. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.2751
190
→ Q = 128.91 kg/hr
5. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.2751
225
→ Q = 147.56 kg/hr
6. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.2751
230
→ Q = 160.58 kg/hr
7. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.2751
→ Q = 162.35 kg/hr
∆p
Q =k
√ vo
at (165 cõ , 6 bar, vo = 0.321 m3/kg)
75
1. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.321
90
→ Q = 85.82 kg/hr
2. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.321
125
→ Q = 94.01 kg/hr
3. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.321
145
→ Q = 110.8 kg/hr
4. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.321
190
→ Q = 119.33 kg/hr
5. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.321
225
→ Q = 136.6 kg/hr
6. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.321
230
→ Q = 148.65 kg/hr
7. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.321
185
→ Q = 150.3 kg/hr
8. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.321
→ Q = 134.79 kg/hr
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Steam Nozzle
∆p
Q =k
√ vo
at (155 cõ , 5 bar , vo = 0.378 m3/kg)
3. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.378
150.01
→ Q = 103.12 kg/hr
4. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.378
→ Q = 111.85 kg/hr
∆p
Q =k
√ vo
at (145 cõ , 4 bar , vo = 0.464 m3/kg)
90.007
1. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.464
97.5
→ Q = 78.2 kg/hr
2. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.464
120.009
→ Q = 81.39 kg/hr
3. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.464
165.01
→ Q = 90.3 kg/hr
4. Q = 5.615 *
√ 0.464
→ Q = 105.88 kg/hr
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Steam Nozzle
Po 2k
Q = Au
√ P o vo √ k−1
¿¿
o
at (T = 168c , Po = 7 bar, vo=0.2751 m3/kg , Au= 50 *10-6 m2)
700000 2(1.4)
1. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 700000∗0.2751 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
Q = 104.4 kg/hr
700000 2(1.4)
2. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 700000∗0.2751
700000
√ 1.4−1
¿¿ Q = 126 kg/hr
2(1.4)
3. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 700000∗0.2751 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
Q = 144 kg/hr
700000 2(1.4)
4. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 700000∗0.2751 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
Q = 158.4 kg/hr
700000 2(1.4)
5. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 700000∗0.2751 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
Q = 181.68 kg/hr
700000 2(1.4)
6. Q = 50 * 10-6
Q = 193.06 kg/hr
√ 700000∗0.2751 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
700000 2(1.4)
7. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 700000∗0.2751 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
Q = 197.17 kg/hr
Po 2k
Q = Au
√ P o vo √ k−1
¿¿
o
at (T = 165c , Po = 6 bar, vo=0.321 m3/kg , Au= 50 *10-6 m2)
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Steam Nozzle
600000 2(1.4)
1. Q = 50 * 10-6
Q = 86.98 kg/hr
√ 600000∗0.321 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
600000 2(1.4)
2. Q = 50 * 10-6
Q = 104.46 kg/hr
√ 600000∗0.321 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
600000 2(1.4)
3. Q = 50 * 10-6
Q = 124.04 kg/hr
√ 600000∗0.321 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
600000 2(1.4)
4. Q = 50 * 10-6
Q = 134.19 kg/hr
√ 600000∗0.321 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
600000 2(1.4)
5. Q = 50 * 10-6
Q = 149.6 kg/hr
√ 600000∗0.321 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
600000 2(1.4)
6. Q = 50 * 10-6
Q = 155.35 kg/hr
√ 600000∗0.321 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
600000 2(1.4)
7. Q = 50 * 10-6
Q = 163.63 kg/hr
√ 600000∗0.321 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
600000 2(1.4)
8. Q = 50 * 10-6
Q = 168.73 kg/hr
√ 600000∗0.321 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
600000 2(1.4)
9. Q = 50 * 10-6
Q = 169.23 kg/hr
√ 600000∗0.321 √ 1.4−1
¿¿
Po 2k
Q = Au
√ P o vo √ k−1
¿¿
o
at (T = 155c , Po = 5 bar, vo=0.378 m3/kg , Au= 50 *10-6 m2)
500000 2(1.4)
1. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 500000∗0.378 √ 1.4−1
¿¿ Q = 87.87 kg/hr
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Steam Nozzle
500000 2(1.4)
2. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 500000∗0.378 √ 1.4−1
¿¿ Q = 116.59 kg/hr
500000 2(1.4)
3. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 500000∗0.378 √ 1.4−1
¿¿ Q = 132.74 kg/hr
500000 2(1.4)
4. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 500000∗0.378 √ 1.4−1
¿¿ Q = 140.78 kg/hr
Po 2k
Q = Au
√ P o vo √ k−1
¿¿
o
at (T = 145c , Po = 4 bar, vo=0.464 m3/kg , Au= 50 *10-6 m2)
400000 2(1.4)
1. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 400000∗0.464
400000
√ 1.4−1
¿¿ Q = 78.11 kg/hr
2(1.4)
2. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 400000∗0.464
400000
√ 1.4−1
¿¿ Q = 101.59 kg/hr
2(1.4)
3. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 400000∗0.464
400000
√ 1.4−1
¿¿ Q = 112.56 kg/hr
2(1.4)
4. Q = 50 * 10-6
√ 400000∗0.464 √ 1.4−1
¿¿ Q = 114.76 kg/hr
Po 2k
Qmax = Au
√ P o vo √ k−1
700000 2(1.4)
1. Qmax = 50 * 10-6
√ 700000∗0.2751
600000
√1.4−1
2(1.4)
→ Qmax = 759.67 kg/hr
2. Qmax = 50 * 10-6
√ 600000∗0.321
500000
√1.4−1
2(1.4)
→ Qmax = 651.09 kg/hr
3. Qmax = 50 * 10-6
√ 500000∗0.378
400000
√1.4−1
2(1.4)
→ Qmax = 547.72 kg/hr
4. Qmax = 50 * 10-6
√ 400000∗0.464 √1.4−1
→ Qmax = 442.17 kg/hr
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Steam Nozzle
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2.
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Steam Nozzle
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Charts
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Steam Nozzle
250
200
150
Q
Qth
Qexp
100
50
0
0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95
Pressure Ratio
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Steam Nozzle
180
160
140
120
100
Q
Qth
80
Qexp
60
40
20
0
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pressure Ratio
o
at (T = 155c , Po = 5 bar, vo=0.378 m3/kg , Au= 50 *10-6 m2)
160
140
120
100
80
Q
Qth
60 Qexp
40
20
0
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95
Pressure Ratio
2
Steam Nozzle
140
120
100
80
Q
Qth
60
Qexp
40
20
0
0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9
Pressure Ratio
Conclusion : the above charts shows that the theoretical value of flow
rate is greater than experiment value and that because of the
accuracy of device , gages , person who take reads and the atmosphere
all these affect on the taken reads and results .
A/ Case (i): As shown in fig (b), case (i); the pressure Po is throughout,
i.e. Po=PE=PB. There will be no flow through the nozzle.
case (ii). The pressure PE at the exit plane of the nozzle shall remain
equal to PB if the maximum discharge condition is not reached. The
flow rate is directly proportional to mass flow rate, so as the flow rate
increases mass flow rate will also increase.
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Steam Nozzle