CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

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CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

SECTION A (60 MARKS)

Answer ALL questions in the answer booklet.

1. An empirical equation for calculating the inside heat transfer coefficient, hi for the
turbulent flow of liquids in a pipe is given by:

0.045G 0.8 K 0.67 Cp 0.33

hi 
D 0.2  0.47
Where hi = heat transfer coefficient, Btu/(hr)(ft)2(˚F)
G = mass velocity of the liquid, lbm/(hr)(ft)2
K = thermal conductivity of the liquid, Btu/(hr)(ft)(˚F)
Cp=heat capacity of the liquid, Btu/(lbm)(˚F)
 = Viscosity of the liquid, lbm/(ft)(hr)
D = inside diameter of the pipe (ft)

a) Verify if the equation is dimensionally consistent.

(6 marks)

0.045G 0.8 K 0.67 Cp 0.33

hi 
D 0.2  0.47
0.8 0.67 0.33
 lbm.   Btu   Btu 
0.045     
 hr. ft . F  lbm. F 
2
Btu
  hr. ft  
hr. ft 2 . F  lbm 
0.47

ft 0.2 . 
 ft .hr 
 
Btu
 0.045
lbm 0.8
0.47 

. Btu 0.67 .Btu 0.33 . hr 0.47  ft 0.47
. 0.2 1.6 0.67

.
1
hr. ft . F
2
 lbm
0.33
.lbm 
0. 8
 hr .hr
0.67
  ft . ft . ft   F
0.67
.
Btu Btu
 0.045
hr. ft 2 . F hr. ft 2 . F

Left side = Right side (dimensionally consistent)

b) What will be the value of the constant, given as 0.045, if all the
variables in the equation are inserted in SI units.
(4 marks)

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CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

0.045
Btu
x
1N .m
x
1kg.m
x
1hr
x
 3.2808 ft  x 1.8 F x 1C
2

4
hr. ft . F 9.486x10 Btu 1N .s
2 2
3600s 1m 1C 1K
kg
 0.2553 3
s .K

2. A woman and his cat are walking on a glacier. The woman is wearing snowshoes,
the cat is not. The glacier can support a pressure of at most a pound per square
inch before the snow will collapse. The woman weighs 60 kg, each snowshoes has
a surface area of 120 in2, the cat weighs 450 ounces and each of his paws has a
surface area of 30 cm2. Will the cat and or the woman fall through the glacier?.
(10 marks)
60kg
woman 
2 x120in 2
kg
woman  0.25 2
in
kg lb
P  0.25 2 x 2.20
in kg
lb
Pwoman  0.55 2 ( psi )
in
1lb
450ouncesx
Pcat  16ounces
2
 1in 
30cm 2 x 4 x 
 2.54cm 
lb
Pcat  1.512 2 ( psi )
in
Since the glacier can not support a pressure of greater than 1 psi , the cat will fall
through and the woman will not.

3. A steel container has a volume of 200m3 . It is filled with nitrogen at 22˚C and
atmospheric pressure. If the container valve is opened and the container heated to
200˚C, calculate the fraction of the nitrogen which leaves the container.
(10 marks)

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CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

T 1  22C  295 K
P1  1atm
V 1  200m 3
P1V1 (1atm)(200m 3 )
n1  
RT1 L.atm
(0.08206 )(295 K )
mol.K
n1  8.26mol

T2  200C  473K
P2  1atm
V2  200m 3
P2V2 (1atm)( 200m 3 )
n2  
RT2 L.atm
(0.08206 )(473K )
mol.K
n 2  5.15mol
8.26mol  5.15mol
N 2 leaving   0.60
5.15mol

4. Two gram moles of carbon dioxide are heated from 400˚C to 1100˚C. Calculate
H by integrating the heat capacity equation for carbon dioxide. Compare your
result with the value calculated from the specific enthalpies of selected gases table.
(10 marks)
1100
H  2  36.11 x10  4.233x10 5 T  2.887 x10 8 T 2  7.464 x10 12T 3
3

400
1100
T2 T3 T4
 36.11 x10 T  4.233x10
5
H  2 3
 2.887 x10 8  7.464 x10 12
400
2 3 4
4.233x10 5 (1100  400) 2 2.887 x10 8 (1100  400) 3

H  2 36.11 x10 3 (1100  400   2

3
7.464 x10 12 (1100  400) 4

4
H  7.598x10 4 J

By use of the tables of enthalpies :

T˚C Ĥ(J/gmol)
1100 55,310
400 17,340

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CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

Total Ĥ = 37,970 x 2
= 75,940 J

5. At 25oC, an aqueous solution containing 35.0 wt% H2SO4 has a specific gravity of
1.2563. A quantity of the 35% solution is needed that contains 195.5kg of H2SO4.

a) Calculate the required volume (L) of the solution using the given specific
gravity.
(10 marks)
mass 195.5kg
V  
 kg
1256.3 3
m
1000 L
V  0.1556m 3 x
1m 3
V  0.156liters

Basis = 1kg H2SO4

1kgsolution
x195.5kgH 2 SO4  558.57 kgsolution
0.35kgH 2 SO4
558.57 kgsolution
V 
kg
1256.3 3
m
1000 L
V  0.445m 3 x 3
 445 L
1m
b) Estimate the percentage error that would have resulted if pure-component
Specific gravities of H2SO4 = 1.8255 and water had been used for the
calculation instead of the given specific gravity of the mixture.
In 1kg solution, 0.35kg water and 0.65kg H2SO4
(10 marks)
0.65kgH 2 O
x195.5kgH 2 SO4
0.35kgH 2 SO4
Vwater 
kg
1000 3
m
1000 L
Vwater  0.363m 3 x  363L
1m 3

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CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

195.5kgsolution
V H 2 SO4 
kg
1825.5 3
m
1000 L
V  0.107m 3 x 3
 107 L
1m
Videal  Vwater V H 2 SO4
Videal  363L  107 L  470 L
470 L  445L
%error  x100  5.6%
445L

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CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

SECTION B (40 MARKS)

Answer TWO (2) questions only. Write your answers in the answer booklet provided.

1. Perchloric acid (HClO4) can be prepared as shown in the figure below from
Ba(ClO4)2 and HClO4. Sulfuric acid is supplied in 20% excess to react with
Ba(ClO4)2. The stoichiometric equation is :

Ba(ClO4)2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HClO4

If 17,400 lb HClO4 leave the separator and the recycle is 6125 lb Ba(ClO 4)2 over
the time period, Calculate :

a. The overall conversion of Ba(ClO4)2

(2 marks)
b. The lb of HClO4 leaving the separator per lb of feed
(10 marks)
c. The lb of H2SO4 entering the reactor
(5 marks)
d. The per pass conversion (f) of Ba(ClO4)2.
(3 marks)
(MW : Ba(ClO4)2=336, BaSO4=233, H2SO4=98, HClO4=100.5)
Note : 20% H2SO4 is based on the total Ba(ClO4)2 entering the reactor.

Figure 1

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CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

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CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

2. The standard heat of reaction for the oxidation of ammonia is given below:
^ 
4NH3 (g) + 5 O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6 H2O(v) : = -904.7 kJ/mol.
 Hr

One hundred mol NH3 /s and 200 mol O2 /s are fed into reactor in which the
ammonia is completely consumed. The product gas emerges at 300˚C. Calculate
the rate at which heat must be transferred to or from the reactor, assuming
operation at approximately 1 atm.

Please make your references at 25˚C and 1 atm

(20 marks)
Substances . ^ . ^
n in (mol/s) H in n out mol/s H out
(KJ/mol) (KJ/mol)
NH3 100 0 - -
O2 200 0 75 ^
H1
NO - - 100 ^
H2

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CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

H2O - - 150 ^
H3

Calculate Unknown Enthalpies :

 O2 (g, 300 ˚C) :From table B.8, = 8.470 kJ/mol;

300

 29.50
^ 3
 NO (g, 300 ˚C) H 2 =  0.8188 5  ( 0.2925 8 )  0.3652 12 =8.453
25

kJ/mol
^
 H2O (g, 300 ˚C) :From table B.8, H 3 = 9.570 kJ/mol;

. .
Calculate  and  H

.
. n NH 3 100mol / s  25 mol / s
= =
4
vNH 3

. ^ . ^
n H   n in H in
. . . 
H =  Hr +
out out
25mol/s)(-904.7 kj/mol)+ [(75)(8.470)+(100)(8.453)+(150)(9.570)-(100)(0)-(200)(0)]

=- 19700 kJ/s

Energy balance for open system:

. . . . .
Q  Ws   H   E k   E p

Work = 0
Potential = 0
Kinetic = 0

. .
So Q   H = -19700 kJ/s = -19700 kW

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CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

3. A stream of air at 100˚C and 5260 mmHg contains 10.0% water by volume.

a. Calculate the dew point and degrees of superheat of the air.

(4 marks)

PH 2O  y H 2 O P  (0.100)(5260mmHg )  526mmHg
P  H 2 O (100C )  760mmHg  PH 2O

So, the vapor is superheated.

PH 2 O = P  H 2O (Tdp) = 526mmHg
From Table B.3, Tdp = 90˚C and
the air has 100˚C-90˚C = 10˚C of superheat

b. Calculate the percentage of the vapor that condenses and the final
composition of the gas phase if the air is cooled to 80˚C at constant
pressure.
(8 marks)
Basis = 100 mol feed gas
n2 (mol)
100 mol
0.100 mol H2O(v)/mol CONDENSER y (mol H2O(v)/mol)
0.900 mol BDA/mol (1-y) (mol BDA/mol)
T=100˚C, T=80˚C,
P=5260mmHg P=5260mmHg
n1(mol H2O(l)) Saturated with H2O

Raoult’s Law at outlet

yP  P  H 2O (T )
P  H 2O (80C ) 355mmHg
y 
P 5260mmHg
molH 2 O
y  0.0675
mol

Balance on dry air:

molBDA
100molx 0.900  n 2 (1  y )
mol
y  0.0675
n 2  96.5mol

Total mole balance :

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CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

100mol  n1  n 2
n1  100mol  96.5mol
n1  3.5molH 2 Ocondensed

Percentage condensation:
3.5molH 2 Ocondensed
x100%  35%
 0.100 x100 molH 2 Ofed
c. Calculate the percentage condensation and the final gas-phase
composition if instead of being cooled, the air is compressed
isothermally to 8500 mmHg.
(8 marks)

Initially yH2OP<P*H2O(100˚C). Saturation occurs when P is high enough for the inequality
to become an equality or

P  H 20 (100C ) 760mmHg
Psaturation=   7600mmHg
y H 2O 0.100
Any increase in P above 7600mmHg must cause condensation, so that the products from
the compression to 8500mmHg must include a liquid stream. n2 (mol)
y (mol H2O(v)/mol)
Basis:100 mol feed gas (1-y) (mol BDA/mol)
Compressor
100 mol T=100˚C,
0.100 mol H2O(v)/mol P=8500mmHg saturated
0.900 mol BDA/mol n1(mol H2O (l) )

n1(mol H2O(l))

Raoult’s Law:
yP  P  H 2O (T )
P  H 2O (100C ) 760mmHg molH 2 O
y  , y  0.0894
P 8500mmHg mol
Balance on dry air:
molBDA
100molx 0.900  n 2 (1  y )
mol
y  0.0894, n 2  98.8mol
Total mole balance
100mol  n1  n2
n1  100mol  98.8mol , n1  1.2molH 2 Ocondensed
1.2molH 2 Ocomdensed
Percentage condensation : x100%  12%
(0.100 x100)molH 2 Ofed

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CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

4. The flow chart of a steady-state process to recover crystalline potassium chromate

(K2CrO4) from the aqueous solution is shown below:

Water
Vapour
m3 kg/h
100% W
Filter Cake
FEED m5 kg/h
m1 = 4500kg/h m4 kg/h K crystals (100%)
CRYSTALLISER
33.3% K EVAPORATOR & FILTER
x%W m2 49.4% K m6 kg/h
kg y%W 36.4% K
z%W
Filtrate
m7 kg/h
36.4% K K2CrO4 = K
v%W Water = W

Figure 2

Forty-five hundred kilograms per hour of 33.3% K2CrO4 solution is joined by a

recycle stream of 36.4% K2CrO4 solution, and the combined stream is fed into an
evaporator. The concentrated stream leaving the evaporator contains 49.4% K2CrO4.
This stream is then fed into a crystallizer where it is cooled, causing crystals of
K2CrO4 to come out of the solution. The resulting solution and K2CrO4 crystals are
separated by a filter, dividing the product into 2 streams: the filter cake, which consists
of K2CrO4 crystals and 36.4% K2CrO4 solution; and the filtrate, which is the 36.4%
K2CrO4 solution. The K2CrO4 crystals account for 95% of the total mass of the filter
cake. The filtrate is recycled to mix with the feed. Calculate;

(a) the rate of evaporation (the rate of water evaporated at the evaporator)
(10 marks)
Overall Balance
m1 = m3 + m5 + m6

m5 = 0.95 (m5 + m6)

m6 = 0.0526m5

m1 = 4500 kg

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CONFIDENTIAL CLB 10904

4500 = m3 + m5 + (0.0526m5)
4500 = m3 + 1.0526m5

K2CrO4 balance
 33.3   100   36.4 
  4500    m5    m6
 100   100   100 
 33.3   100   36.4 
  4500    m5    0.0526 m5
 100   100   100 
 m5  1470.6kg
m6  0.0526m5
m6  0.0526(1470.6)
 77.4kg
4500  m3  1.0526 m5
4500  m3  1.0526(1470.6)
m3  2952.0kg
Rate of evaporation is 2952.0 kg

(b) the recycle ratio (mass flowrate of recycle/mass flowrate of fresh feed)
(10 marks)
Recycle ratio = flowrate of recycle steam/ flowrate of fresh feed
Recycle ratio = m7/m1

Overall balance

m4 = m5 + m6 + m7
m4 = (1470.6) + (77.4) + m7
m4 = 1548.0 + m7

K2CrO4 balance

 49.4   100   36.4   36.4 

 100  m 4   100 m5   100 m6   100 m7
 36.4   36.4 
0.494m 4  1470.6   (77.4)    m7
 100   100 
0.494m 4  1498.8  0.364m7
m7  5646.8kg

m4 = 1548.0 + 5646.8
= 7194.8 kg
m7 5646.8kg
Recycle Ratio = m1  4500kg  1.255

~THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER~

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