1.

Define electric current

Electrical current is a measure of the amount of electrical charge transferred per unit time. It
represents the flow of electrons through a conductive material. The SI unit of electrical current is the
ampere, defined as 1 coulomb/second.

2. Define Resistance
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the flow of an electric
current through that conductor. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω).

ρl
𝑅=
a
Where R = Resistance
ρ = Specific conductivity of the material
l = Length of the conductor
a = Area of the conductor

3. State Ohm’s law and it limitations?

Ohm's law states that, At constant temperature, in an electrical circuit, the current passing
through a conductor, from one terminal point on the conductor to another terminal point on the
conductor, is directly proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or vltage) across
the two terminal points and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor between the
two terminal points.
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
Limitation:
i) Not applicable to non metallic conductor
ii) Not applicable to non linear devices such as Zener diode, Vacuum tubes etc.
iii) It is not true when temperature changes.

4. Define Power
Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.
𝑄𝑉
P = work done per unit time = 𝑃 = 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼
where
Q is electric charge in coulombs
t is time in seconds
I is electric current in amperes
V is electric potential or voltage in volts

5. Define energy
The work is done by an electric circuit, is known as Electric energy. It is measured in kilo watt hours.

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡
6. Define Linear and Non linear Elements.
In an electric circuit, a linear element is an electrical element with a linear
relationship between current and voltage. Resistors are the most common example of a linear
element; other examples include capacitors, inductors, and transformers.
Nonlinear element is one which does not have a linear input – output relation. for
example, In a diode, the current is a non-linear function of the voltage. Most semiconductor
devices have non-linear characteristics.

7. What are active and passive elements?

The Active elements rely on a source of energy and usually can inject power into a
circuit. Ex. Semiconductor devices, Power sources.
The passive elements are those which are capable only of receiving power and either
store it or convert it into another form. Ex. Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors, etc.

8. What is node.
Node - a node is a junction, where two or more circuit elements are connected or joined
together. A node is indicated by a dot.

9. Differentiate Loop and Mesh.

Loop Mesh
A loop is a simple closed path A mesh is also closed path
A "Loop" is a larger one, within containing A mesh is a loop which does not contain any
several "Meshes". other loops within it

In the circuit, paths abefa and bcdeb are meshes, but

path abcdefa is not a mesh.

10. State Kirchoff’s voltage and current law?

Kirchoff’s current law states that the sum of the currents entering into any point is equal
to the sum of the currents leaving that point.
Kirchoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed
path in a circuit is always zero.

11. Write the steps by step procedure to solve the network by loop analysis and nodal
analysis.
Loop analysis:
Step 1: Identify the mesh currents
Step 2: Determine which mesh currents are known
Step 2: Write equation for each mesh using KVL and that includes the mesh currents
Step 3: Solve the equations

Nodal analysis:
Step 1: Identify the nodes
Step 2: Choose a reference node
Step 3: Identify which node voltages are known if any
Step 4: Identify the BRANCH currents
Step 5: Use KCL to write an equation for each unknown node voltage
Step 6: Solve the equations

12. Compare the Series and parallel circuit.

Series circuit
The total effective resistance is the sum of the
individual resistance. Reff= R1+R2+R3…
Only one path for the current flow
The current flowing through all the resistance
will be same and equal to the total current
The voltage is divided across each resistance
according to the value of the resistance
Parallel circuit
The reciprocal of the total effective resistance
is sum of the reciprocal of individual
resistance.
1/Reff = (1/R1)+(1/R2)+(1/R3)+….
More than one path for the current to flow
The current flowing through each resistance is
divided according to the value of the resistance
The voltage across each resistance is same
which will be equal to the input voltage

13. What is an alternating current?

An alternating current or voltage is the one which changes the periodically both in
magnitude and direction.
Expression of Ac current and voltage:
i = i(t) = Im sin (ωt).
v = v(t) = Vm sin (ωt )

Illustration:
14. What is cycle?
Each repetition of set of a positive negative instantaneous values of an alternating
quantity is called a cycle.

15. Define frequency.

The number of cycle completed by an alternating current per sec is known as its frequency. It is
measured in cycle / second. Ie Hertz (Hz).
1
𝑓=
𝑇
Where f = frequency
T = one cycle period or Time taken to complete one cycle.

16. Define instantaneous value

The value of an alternating quantity at a particular instant is known as its instantaneous
value. A(t1) is instantaneous value at the instant of t1

17. Define Average and RMS value.

An Average or Mean value is average of instantaneous value of current for a specific
period. The average or mean value of a symmetrical alternating quantity, such as a sine wave, is
the average value measured over only half a cycle since over a complete cycle the average value
is zero regardless of the peak amplitude.

An Effective or RMS value of an alternating current is given by that steady current (DC)
which when flowing through a given circuit for a given time produces the same amount of heat
as produced by alternating current which when flowing through the same circuit for the same
time.
𝐼𝑚
RMS value of sinusoidal waveform is 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
√2

18. Define the expression for form factor and peak factor
The form factor is defined as the ratio of R.M.S value and Average value
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

The peak or crest value is defined as the ratio of Maximum or Peak value and R.M.S value
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

19. Define impedance.

Impedance is defined as opposition of circuit to the flow of an alternating current. It is
denoted as by Z and measured in ohms.

Z = R+j(XL-XC) Ω in Rectangular form

 Z = √𝑹𝟐 + (𝑿𝑳 − 𝑿𝑪)𝟐 in Polar form
𝑋
Angle of └Z = = tan−1 (𝑅 )

20. What do you understand by balanced system?

The Three phase system in which three voltages are of same magnitude and frequency and
displaced from each other by 120o phase angle is defined as balanced or symmetrical system

21. Define Phase sequence.

The sequence in which the voltage in three phase reach their maximum positive value is called
phase sequence. Generally the phase sequence is R-Y-B.

22. Define power factor.

The numerical value of cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current. It is denoted as
cosφ. It is also defined as the ratio of resistance to the impedance.
𝑹
𝒑. 𝒇 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 =
𝒁
It is also defined as ratio of actual power to Apparent power.
𝑲𝑾 𝑽𝑰 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋
𝒑. 𝒇 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 = =
𝑲𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑰

23. Write down different types of power at AC circuit? and Draw power triangle?
Real power is measured in watts (W) and is
the power drawn by the electrical resistance of a
system doing useful work.
P = Vrms Irms cos φ
Reactive power is measured in volt-amperes
reactive (VAR). Reactive Power is power stored in
and discharged by inductive components.
Q = Vrms Irms sin φ
Apparent power is measured in volt-amperes
(VA) and is the voltage on an AC system multiplied
by all the current that flows in it. It is the vector sum
of the active and the reactive power.
S = Vrms Irms

24. Give the advantages of 3 phase system.

The three-phase system has the following advantages compared to a single-phase system:
i. It is more economical as it requires less conductor material compared to a single-phase
system.
ii. A three-phase machine gives more output compared to a single-phase machine of the
same size.
iii. Three-phase motors have uniform torque, whereas most of the single-phase motors have
pulsating torque.
 iv. Domestic power and industrial or commercial power can be supplied from the same
source.
v. A three-phase motor produces more torque as compared to a single-phase motor.
vi. Three-phase induction motors are self-starting, whereas single-phase motors are not self-
starting.
vii. Voltage regulation is better in a three-phase system.

25. Write down the voltage and current relation at Star and delta connection.
Star connection :
Phase current: I1p = I1L, I2p = I2L, I3p = I3L
Line voltage: VL = V12 = V23 = V31
VL =Vp/√3
Line current: IL = I1L = I2L = I3L

Delta connection :

Phase voltage: V12 = V12p, V23 =V23p, V31 = V31p

Line
voltage: VL = V12 = V23 = V31and Vp = V1p = V2p = V3p
Line current: IL = I1L = I2L = I3L and Ip = I12p = I23p = I31p
IL = Ip/ √3