Pritkesh Vikash Prasad (721649)

COMPUTER STUDIES
COMMON ASSESSMENT TASK -

2017
NAME: PRITKESH VIKASH PRASAD INDEX #: 721649
YEAR: 12E
SCHOOL: TAVUA COLLEGE
TOPIC:
TEACHER’S NAME: MR. RANIT SINGH
PRITKESH VIKASH PRASAD INDEX NUMBER: 721649

SETTING UP A COMPUTER LAB
1.0 Aims and Objectives

1.1 Aims
The main aims of this project are to apply the knowledge and skills learnt in the following topics
to complete this task.
 Unit 1 - Internet and the World Wide Web

 Unit 2 - Careers for Computing Professionals
 Unit 3 - Computers in Society
 Unit 4 - Communications and Networks
 Unit 6 - Managing and Maintaining Data
1.2 Objectives
The objectives of this research are to:
 Learn on the roles and responsibilities of an IT Professional.

 Identify the network type and topology suitable for the lab.
 Identify the phases involved in completing the task.
 Explore about the sending and receiving devices, followed by the communication
channel, connection devices and protocols used.
 Learn how the devices mentioned above works.
 Document the advantages and disadvantages of a star topology.
2.0 Acknowledgement
I would like to convey my hearty gratitude to the following people for their appreciation and help
for compiling the project. These people made prompt suggestions regarding the project. Without
their support compiling this project would have been quite difficult.
 My parents Mr. and Mrs. Prasad for giving me their moral support throughout the project.
 My subject teacher Mr. Ranit Singh for his guidance and hard work in helping me to
compile the project successfully.

 My younger brothers for helping me to design my cover page and helping me in selecting
the relevant pictures suitable for the project.
 All my class mates and all my friends for their tremendous support and motivation.
3.0 Declaration of Originality

I, Pritkesh Vikash Prasad of Year 12E like to solemnly proclaim that this project is my
innovative piece of work and compiled from my own effort, hard work and determination. Thus,
information collected from the secondary sources is accordingly specified in the reference
section.

_____________________
Pritkesh Vikash Prasad
Date: ______________
4.0 Methodology
Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study, or
the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with data collection for
a research or study.
Therefore, to accumulate this research project successfully and effectively, two varieties of
research had been carried out and the data was analyzed. Primary research was carried either for
experience, questionnaires, personal observations or interviews. Thus, information compiled
through primary exploration is not occupied out from any book or printed material. In relation to
that, secondary research interests a reader in statistics assembled from printed materials,
reference books, library and internet.

4.1 Primary Research
A primary research is an original document or manuscript. The methods used to gather data
were:
4.1.1 Personal Observations
The basic information for this project was gathered through personal observations and
experiences. This was helpful in getting a foresight in the project. Personal knowledge was used
to fulfill most of the requirements of this project and relate my ideas in the compilation of this
task.
4.2 Secondary Research
It is the collation or synthesis of already existing data through non – fiction texts, periodicals and
internet. The methods used to collect information were:
i.) Textbook Research

ii.) Internet Research
4.2.1 Textbooks
The textbook used was:
 Computer Education Year 12 – published by the Ministry of Education, (28th November

2014.)
4.2.2 Internet
In relation to the Research Project, there was a comprehensive classification of information

stockpiled in the websites. These retrieved more genuine notions that were attained by usage of
the websites called Google and Wikipedia..
Table of Contents
1.0 Aims and Objectives......................................................................................................................................................... iii

1.1 Aims............................................................................................................................................................................. iii
1.2 Objectives.................................................................................................................................................................... iii
2.0 Acknowledgement............................................................................................................................................................ iv
3.0 Declaration of Originality.................................................................................................................................................. v
4.0 Methodology.................................................................................................................................................................... vi
5.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................... 1
6.0 Roles and Responsibilities................................................................................................................................................. 3
6.1 Primary Roles................................................................................................................................................................ 3

6.2 Responsibilities............................................................................................................................................................. 3
7.0 Suitable Network Type...................................................................................................................................................... 4
7.1 Twisted Pair Cables....................................................................................................................................................... 4
7.2 Coaxial Cables............................................................................................................................................................... 5
7.3 Fibre Optic Cables......................................................................................................................................................... 5
8.0 Phases Involved................................................................................................................................................................. 7
8.1 Research....................................................................................................................................................................... 8
8.2 Analyze....................................................................................................................................................................... 10
8.2.1 Format of a Budget.................................................................................................................................................. 10
8.3 Design......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
8.4 Develop....................................................................................................................................................................... 14
8.5 Implementation.......................................................................................................................................................... 16
8.6 Maintenance............................................................................................................................................................... 17
i. NETWORK ARCHITECTURE........................................................................................................................................... 18
9.0 Suitable Network Topology............................................................................................................................................. 19
10.0 Diagram of the Star Topology....................................................................................................................................... 21
11.0 How Each Device Works in the Setup (Definitions).......................................................................................................22
11.1 Sending and Receiving Devices.................................................................................................................................22
11.2 Connection Devices.................................................................................................................................................. 23
11.3 Communication Channel.......................................................................................................................................... 24
11.4 Data Transmission Specifications.............................................................................................................................25
12.0 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Star Topology.......................................................................................................27
13.0 Conclusion..................................................................................................................................................................... 28
14.0 Recommendations........................................................................................................................................................ 30
15.0 Reference...................................................................................................................................................................... 31

5.0 Introduction
Computer has been perhaps the most outstanding innovation in the field of computer science in
the history of mankind. Technology has affected severely in the lives of approximately more
than half of the population. Computer has been integrated into the education system to enhance
learning activities. From classroom activities to space and beyond and everything in between,
computers are a vital part of daily life. Thus, everything that is done in the everyday lives is
affected by technology like the computers. Computers help dissect any kind of data. In the world
of technology, computer has enhanced the phase of work, by making it easy, smooth and fast.
According to Bill Gates, “The computer was born to solve problems that did not exist before”.
In addition, computer has changed the lives of people significantly.
Thousands of years ago calculations were done using fingers and counting pebbles but
technology has transformed it and now today the most difficult calculation is done within
seconds. Computers are used everywhere, in schools, businesses, labs, hotels and even in internet
shops and cafes. Charles Babbage, an English Mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the
concept of a programmable computer. Babbage is considered as the “father of the computer” as
he invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19 th century. Thus, in order to access the
web it is essential to have a network of networks. In other words, network of networks is the
internet. Internet is the actual physical network that spans the entire globe. It is made up of
computers, handheld devices, cables, switches, routers, satellites and wireless devices. The
internet was founded by Merit Network in the year 1966. Thus, the internet provides a wide
variety of functions, be that of research or otherwise. In addition, the internet is the best means of
communication that has ever been created.
There are many advantages to working with computers as well as overweighed with
disadvantages. Computers help to create documents and help to speed up the work of individuals
at the same time. Communication is very much easier as to what was in the past and documents
are sent quickly at the push of a button. The older generation is at a disadvantage compared to
the younger generation who are already being exposed to computers in school. The older
generation will have to live with this drastic change and will be forced to change or otherwise
they would be left out due to the rapid advancement in technology. It is hard to return to the old
lifestyles because people have accustomed themselves to an easier way of life that is through the
use of computers.
Moreover, computer communications is the process of sharing data, programs and information
between two or more computers. It also refers to a computer system that allows two or more
computer and their peripheral devices to be connected in order to exchange data and information.
Communication works with the use of peripheral devices basically known as a hub or a switch.
A switch is a computer networking device that connects several devices together on a computer

network. Hub is a common connection point for devices in a network. In addition, a network
topology is the arrangement of various elements of a computer network. The basic structure of a
network may be depicted by physical medium. Physical mediums are actually wires or cables
used to connect two or more devices together.
Furthermore, a network topology may vary as there is a wide variety of it. Ring, mesh, star, fully
connected, line, tree and a bus topology are common examples of a network topology. In a bus
topology each node is connected to a single server, by the help of interface connectors. Ring
network is where each device is connected to two other devices, forming a ring. In this
configuration, there is no central server or host computer. In a tree network each device is
connected to another device which may be connected to other devices. It forms an upside down
tree where the root device is usually the most powerful. In a mesh network there is no particular
configuration; rather the devices are connected to each other on the fly especially in the wireless
domains. It is best suited for WLANs and PANs.
This project is fundamentally based on setting up a computer lab thus; this project is compiled
from the point of view of an IT Professional. In order to get the computer lab running it should
be networked well through a star topology. In a star network topology, a number of small
computers or peripheral devices are linked to a central computer or switch. This central computer
may be host computer or a server or a switch. The star topology reduces the probability of a
network failure by connecting all of the peripheral nodes to a central node. Basically, the main of
this project is to know how to set up a computer lab. Therefore, this project has been a great
learning opportunity which has enhanced the knowledge of many students as well as to me
personally about the different roles of an IT Professional.
6.0 Roles and Responsibilities

6.1 Primary Roles
As being an IT Professional my primary role is to protect the networks, basic facilities and
structures for a lab, business or for an organization.

 IT Professional are responsible for the computer networks and also software applications
that helps to manage a business’s operation and financial transactions that enhances people
to communicate and collaborate throughout the company.
 When there is a smooth flow of information through a company’s IT systems, operations

would be effective and efficient. IT Professionals also engage themselves in securing
information of assets and financial information and other critical IT information etc.
 IT Professionals need to monitor the health of interlinked systems while repeatedly

introducing something new in the technology that might create a successful competitive
advantage.
 As being an IT Professional, I would set up the computer lab in such a way that effective
learning and teaching can take place. I would set up the computers properly so that there is
an easy access to computers. I would use star network topology to maintain the networks
of the computer system.
6.2 Responsibilities
There are many responsibilities of an IT Professional. Some of the responsibilities are as follows:
1) Design and develop security devices and software to maintain safety of the clients’ products
and information.
2) Enable security devises for information technology systems within a network.
3) Make regular check-up of network and systems for security updates.
4) Conduct audit process for implementing security and safety measures and better strategies.
5) Customize access to information as per the rules and necessities.
6) Maintain appropriate information security, procedure, policy and services.
7.0 Suitable Network Type

The suitable network type for a computer lab is a local area network. A local area network
(LAN) is a computer network that connects computers within a limited area such as a school,
laboratory, university campus, residence, or office building. It has its own network equipment
and interconnects locally. By contrast, a wide area network (WAN) not only covers a larger
geographic distance, but also generally involves leased telecommunication circuits or the internet

links. An even greater contrast is the internet, which is a system of globally connected business
and personal computers.
LAN
Fig 1.1 Illustrates A Local Area Network (LAN).
“A local area network (LAN) supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close
proximity to each other, like in an office building, school, or home. LANs are usually built to
enable the sharing of resources and services like files, printers, games, applications, email, or
internet access.” Bradely Mitchell, 2017.
Moreover a local area network will use physical medium to connect the computers in a computer
lab. In a physical network wires or cables are used to connect two or more devices together.
Physical network are of three different types namely twisted pair, coaxial cable and fibre optic
cables.
7.1 Twisted Pair Cables

In a telephone line there are cable made up of hundreds of copper wires, called twisted pairs. It
usually refers to the telephone lines and at 5/6 cables. It is called twisted pair because it consists
of thin strands of intertwined copper wires. According to Vangie Beal a twisted pair cable is “A
type of cable that consists of two independently insulated wires twisted around one another. The
use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. While
twisted-pair cable is used by older telephone networks and is the least expensive type of local-
area network (LAN) cable, most networks contain some twisted-pair cabling at some point along
the network.” Thus, twisted pair cables are best suited for a computer lab in school.
Fig 1.2 Twisted Pair Cable

7.2 Coaxial Cables
Coaxial cables are usually used for transmitting television signals and connecting computers. It
has a solid copper core in the middle which is insulated by thick rubber coating. It transmits data
approximately 80 times faster than a twisted pair cable. Coaxial cable is a type of cable that has
an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting
shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial
comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable was
invented by an English engineer and mathematician Oliver Heaviside, who patented the design in
1880.
Fig1.3 Coaxial Cable
7.3 Fibre Optic Cables
A fibre optic cable transmits data as pulses of light through tiny fibre –optic tubes of glass. It is
usually used as a backbone cable for extremely high speed data transfer. Since fibre-optic cable
uses pulses of light, it is capable of transmitting data approximately 26,000 times than the
twisted pair cables.
Fig 1.4 Fibre Optic Cable
Furthermore, a physical medium will use a client/server network to operate. In addition, a

client/server network is the most appropriate type of network for a school computer lab. In a
client server, the host computer usually the server coordinates resources to other computers
(clients) connected to it. The software running on the client requests for information and services
from the server which then responds to individual clients. In a network, the client/server model
provides a convenient way to interconnect programs that are distributed efficiently across
different locations.

Fig1.5 Represents a Client/Server Network
In other words, client/server network is a type of network architecture in which each computer or
process on the network is either a client or a server. Servers are powerful computers dedicated to
manage disk drives, printers, or network servers. Servers are also referred to computers with
huge storing and processing capabilities. Clients are personal computers or workstations on
which users can run applications. Thus, clients rely on servers for resources such as files, devices
and even processing power.
Computer transactions using the client/server model are very common. For example, to check
your bank account from your computer, a client program in your computer forwards your request
to a server program at the bank. That program may in turn forward the request to its own client
program that sends a request to a database server at another bank computer and to retrieve your
account balance. That program may in turn forward a request to its own client program, which
then sends a request to a database server at another bank computer. Once your account balance
has been retrieved from the database, it is returned back to the bank data client, which in turn
serves it back to the client in your personal computer, which then displays the information to
you.
Client/server networks are more suitable for larger networks. A central computer, or 'server', acts
as the storage location for files and applications shared on the network. Usually the server is a
higher than average performance computer. The server also controls the network access of the
other computers which are referred to as the 'client' computers. Typically, teachers and students
in a school will use the client computers for their work and only the network administrator
(usually a designated staff member) will have access rights to the server.
8.0 Phases Involved
PRITKESH VIKASH PRASAD RESEARCINDEX NUMBER: 721649
H
ANALYZE
DESIGN
DEVELOP
IMPLEMENTATIO
N
MAINTENANC
E
8.1 Research
The following needs to be taken into consideration before setting up the computer lab:
8.1.1 Statement of Problem

The basic problem that needs to be solved is the improvement of infrastructure. The statement
for the problem is:
A school that was severely damaged by Tropical Cyclone Winston on 20 th February 2016 had a
computer lab. You are hired as an IT Professional to set up the school computer lab.
Some problems that can be encountered are:
The estimate number of computers needed for the lab, the type of computers needed, the type of
network topology, the type of cables, the type of operating system, the type of antivirus, the
setup of the computer lab, the number of furniture, the number of power sources, the type of
server, the type of air condition and the type of arrangement.
8.1.2 Alternative Solution
The alternative solution is to gather the entire computer equipment at one convenient place and
start to set up the computers in order through the use of twisted pair cables. The computers will
share its resources when it is connected to a server. The server will then share its resources
through the help of a connection device such as a switch. Once connected it is recommendable to
load a suitable operating system and an antivirus program. After this arrange for the power
sources and the air condition.
8.1.3 Report
A short report will be written to the school principal in aid for assistance in designing the
computer lab through financing the computers and other desired equipment. Once the report is
finished and the principal has approved it, it would then be very easy to set up the school
computer lab.
The following report will be written to the school principal in order the purchase the equipment.
Dear Sir
RE: PURCHASE OF COMPUTER EQUIPMENT TO DESIGN THE COMPUTER LAB

As being an IT Professional, I would like to request for the following equipment to setup the
school computer lab in an appropriate manner.
Firstly, a total of twenty computers, including mouse, keyboard, system unit and monitors will be
needed. A connection device such as a switch will be needed to share internet resources and
twisted pair cables will be used to connect all computers. An air condition should be available in
a lab so that it gives a good environment for the computers to work with. Therefore, I request for
an air condition as well. Lastly, to avoid trip hazards Velcro ties will be used significantly, thus,
Velcro ties will also be needed to tie the wires to avoid the trip hazards.
I would be glad if you provide me with the following materials so that I can easily set up the
school computer lab. If you have any enquiries feel free to call me on my mobile phone. Your
assistance is highly appreciated in every way possible. I look forward to your kind consideration.
Thanking you in advance.
Yours faithfully
________________
PRITKESH VIKASH PRASAD
8.2 Analyze
It is essential for one to prepare a budget in order to know the estimation as well as the costs. If
there is a bigger budget there is a high chance of purchasing many computers. It is not really

wise to buy branded or expensive computers but a mid-range high performance computer is no
better off. Shopping around different places will provide one with greater bargain.
Thus, it would be appropriate to look for great bargains in town to do the shopping at lower
costs, on budget and on discounts. It is important to get a compatible keyboard, monitor and
mouse for each of the computers.
Fig1.6 Computer cost
8.2.1 Format of a Budget

Income $ $
Expenses
Savings
Rather than purchasing all the new computers, it is recommendable to restore the old computers.
Thus, reset computers to factory settings. Before using old computers for the lab, it is wise to
reset them to factory settings. This will improve their performance and erase all information that
may have been left on them. Resetting the computers will depend on the type of computer one
has. A quick online search of the computer should yield the proper procedure.

Fig 1.7 Factory Setting
When buying a computer it is necessary to choose an operating system to use. The type of
computer purchased for the lab will affect the type of operating system used. Linux is an open-
source free operating system that is a great option for a budget computer lab. Other operating
systems include Microsoft Windows and Apple OS X.
Fig 1.8 Operating system
In addition, a computer lab also requires a cool environment where computers are not exposed to
direct sunlight. It is essential to close the windows and draw down the curtains to avoid direct
heat. Moreover it is wise to have an air condition running to have a good atmosphere in the lab.
Therefore, it necessary to take some heeds while shopping for an air condition. Air condition
should be environmentally friendly as well as cheap. Thus, air condition should be such that the
computer environment is vivid, pristine and good to work with.
Fig 1.9 Air Condition
As being an IT Professional, I would take all the above information into consideration while
buying the computer equipment for the school computer lab.
8.3 Design
A computer lab takes time as well as effort to be built, but it is not very difficult if everything is
at one place and in order. As an IT Professional, I would take into consideration the following in
order to get the lab running smoothly and effectively.

8.3.1 Step 1
Firstly, identify the suitable room for the computer lab. The first thing is knowing where it is
going to be set up. The room should have enough space to fit in a number of computers. In
addition, rooms which are square or rectangle are much better than the rooms which have sharp
edges or peculiar shapes.
Fig1.10 Suitable room
8.3.2 Step 2
Secondly, identify how many computers are needed for the computer lab. Along with
determining the needs of the lab it is essential to know the exact number of computers that are to
be used. The number of computers depends on the number of students who take computer studies
or office technology in school. The number of the computers is also dependent on the size of the
room.
Fig1.11 No. of computers needed
8.3.2 Step 3
Moreover, evaluate the needs of furniture; the height of the desks that the computers are placed
on is very much important. The ideal desk height is one that allows users to type on the keyboard
with their arms parallel to the desk. Chairs with adjustable heights are best suited for a computer
lab so that all users can be comfortable with. The screen should be placed about the level of the
eyes.
Fig1.12 Evaluating Furniture
8.3.3 Step 4

Furthermore, choose a seating layout. It can be in theatre style, up against the wall, in rounds as
well as in U-shape. Theatre style is best suitable because it consists of rows of computers all
facing one wall. It is good for teaching, but not good for student interaction or collaboration.
Fig 1.13 Seating layout
8.3.4 Step 5
Hence, identify the type of server and network and the availability of power sources. The
network best suited for a school computer lab is star topology.
Fig1.14 Server
There should be more than enough power sources so that computers can be easily connected and
used. Thus, every computer lab should have enough power sources so that operations could run
smoothly, efficiently and effectively.
Fig1.15 Power Sources
8.4 Develop
As being an IT Professional the following steps will help me to develop the school computer lab
in an appropriate way.
8.4.1 Step 1
The first step is to assemble and arrange the furniture. Once all the components of the lab are
purchased it is then very easy to set up the lab. The layout of the arrangement should be
ergonomic in design. Thus, the furniture should be arranged in such a way that proper learning

and teaching can take place. The arrangement of the furniture should be as such that no one trips
and falls.
Fig1.16 Furniture Arrangement
8.4.2 Step 2
The next step is to set up the computers. Attach all the monitors, keyboards and mouse and plug
it into all the available electrical outlets. The computers should be placed neatly so that it could
be easily used. Assign each computer with special characters like numbers or words to avoid
confusions or ambiguity and to easily keep track of.
Fig1.17 Setting up of computers
8.4.3 Step 3
Then network the computers together. Getting all of the computers on one network allows one to
access information saved to the network on any linked computer. This is good in case the normal
computer is damaged or destroyed. The network will also allow internet access for use by all
computers. Thus, the network will share its internet resources to all the connected computers.
Fig1.18 Networking the computers
8.4.4 Step 4
Last and the foremost it is necessary to ensure that there are no trip hazards. It is perfect to use
floor cords to hide the exposed cable to avoid users from tripping or falling. Velcro ties are best
suited for tying cables together for an organized lab.

Fig1.19 Velcro ties
Thus, a computer lab should be ergonomic in design so that work flow can be effective. The
following design is appropriate to a school computer lab.
Fig1.20 Lab design
8.5 Implementation
A computer lab that is sweet and simple is a lab that every student takes interest in learning.
Therefore, the lab should be set up in such a way where effective learning and teaching can take
place, furniture is ergonomic in design and the access to computer and internet is really easy.
Thus, the layout of the lab should be perfect.
Fig1.21 Students using computers
The computer lab should have enough computers that at least each student can have their own
computer to use during classes. Teachers need to monitor students’ activities as prevention is

better than cure. It would be helpful in case there is something wrong with the computers or if
there is an emergency.
Fig1.22 Teacher monitoring students work
Lastly, the computer should be frequently updated and an antivirus should be loaded to prevent
malicious programs or in other words, computer virus. Thus, as an IT Professional I would
download the best and the latest antivirus program in all the computers so that there is less
chances of viruses. It is recommendable to scan all devices and even the computer system on a
daily basis.
8.6 Maintenance
It is easy to maintain a computer system in a computer lab. Firstly, it is important to load an
antivirus program in each and every computer. It will help eliminate malicious programs such as
viruses, worms and Trojan horses.
Fig 1.23 Antivirus programs
As being an IT Professional, it would be my responsibility to ensure that all computers run

smoothly in the lab. If any computer is damaged I would repair it so that the students could
independently use the computer system. Thus, I would also fix up the damaged wires and
properly connect all computers to share the internet resources effectively.

Fig 1.24 Damaged computers
Moreover, the computer lab is not just about the use of computers but the maintenance of the lab
room is also important. The room should be kept clean at all times. The students can help to
clean the lab by sweeping, mopping and even by wiping the windows. Thus, computers must be
arranged properly before and after use.
Fig1.25 Sweeping

i. NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
9.0 Suitable Network Topology

The best type of network suitable for the school computer lab is star topology. Star topology is
one of the most common network setups. Star network is where each device is connected to a
central device usually a switch or a hub, which acts as a peripheral to transmit messages.

Fig 2.0 Represents a star topology
When a node transmits or sends a message, it firstly goes to the switch which then confirms and
forwards the message to its correct destination. The hub or the switch controls and manages the
various functions of the network. It often uses twisted pair and fibre optic cable. It also uses
coaxial cable at times.
Star topologies are either active or passive networks, depending on the following conditions:
 If the central node performs processes, such as data amplification or regeneration.

 If the network actively controls data transit.
 If the network requires electrical power sources.
Star topologies also may be implemented with Ethernet/cabled structures, wireless routers and/or
other components. In many cases, the central hub is the server, and the additional nodes are
clients. The star topology reduces the probability of a network failure by connecting all of the
peripheral nodes like computers to a central node. When the physical star topology is applied to a
logical bus network such as Ethernet, this central node such as a hub rebroadcasts all
transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network,
sometimes including the originating node.
The star network topology typically needs more cable to be networked than the usual bus
topology. A common cable that is used in star network is the unshielded twisted pair cable
(UTP). Another common cable that is used in star networks is the RJ45 or the Ethernet cables. In
a star network the entire network is dependent on the hub so if the entire network is not working
then there could be a problem with the hub. This feature makes it easy to troubleshoot by
offering a single point for error connection and at the same time the dependency is also very high
on that single point.
Moreover, there are no disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices. Thus, it
is easy to detect faults and to remove parts. Star networks are one of the most common network
topologies. In its simplest form, a star network consists of one central hub which acts as a
conduit to transmit messages. In star topology, every node (computer workstation or any other
peripheral) is connected to a central hub. The switch is the server and the peripherals are the
clients.
A star network topology is best suited for smaller networks and works efficiently when there is
limited number of nodes. One has to ensure that the hub or the central node is always working
and extra security features should be added to the hub because it is the heart of the network.
Thus, the star network is the most widely used network topology in the world as of today.

10.0 Diagram of the Star Topology
Fig 2.2 Star topology
SWITCH TWISTED PAIR CABLE
DESK

DESK
PERSONAL COMPUTERS
11.0 How Each Device Works in the Setup (Definitions)

11.1 Sending and Receiving Devices
Sending and receiving devices initiate or accept data, instructions and information. The sending
computer transfers the data in the communication system through a communication channel
which is a physical link attached to the computers communication device such as a switch. The
receiving computer will accept and read the data that is sent. Computers, handheld devices such
as tablets, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), iphone, ipads and mobile phones are some common
examples of sending and receiving devices.
11.1.1 Mobile Phones
Mobile phones are usually small enough to fit in a pocket. These devices store programs and data
permanently on memory inside the unit or on a flash memory card. Mobile phone allows itself to
be connected to a personal computer. A number of mobile devices can be connected to the
internet wirelessly allowing users to chat, send messages, email and access websites.

Fig 2.4 Mobile phones
11.1.2 Personal Digital Assistant
Personal digital assistants (PDA) are originally featured personal management tools such as
calendar, appointment diary and address book. It now includes application software. It usually
uses a stylus to write but can also contain a mini keyboard.
Fig2.5 Personal digital assistant
11.1.3 Computers
Computers are electronic device which take in raw data, processes it and produces information.
Computers are most suitable to work with in a computer lab and are the major types of sending
and receiving devices that is widely used over the globe.
Fig 2.6 Computers
11.2 Connection Devices

Connection devices connect the sending and receiving devices to the communication channels
for data transmission. Modem, network interface card (NIC) switch and routers are common
examples of connection devices.
11.2.1 Switch
A switch is also called a switching hub, bridging hub, and officially a MAC bridge. In a
telecommunications network, a switch is a device that channels incoming data from any of
multiple input ports to the specific output port that will take the data toward its intended
destination. In other words, it is a computer networking device that connects devices together on
a computer network, by using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the
destination device.

Fig 2.7 Switch
11.2.2 Router
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers
perform the traffic directing functions on the internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from
one router to another router through the networks that constitute the internet work until it reaches
its correct destination.
Fig 2.8
11.2.3Modem
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a network hardware device that modulates one or more

carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to
decode the transmitted information. The major aim of a modem is to produce a signal that can be
transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used with
any means of transmitting analog signals, from light emitting diodes to radio. A common type of
modem is one that turns the digital data of a computer into modulated electrical signal for
transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to
recover the digital data.
Fig 2.9
11.3.4 Network Interface Card
A network interface card is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a

computer network. A network interface card is also known as network adapter, LAN adapter,
physical network interface or a network interface controller.
Fig 2.10 Network Interface Card

11.3 Communication Channel
In telecommunications and computer networking, a communication channel or channel, refers
either to a physical transmission medium or wireless medium.
Physical medium are actually wires or cables used to connect computers. It includes twisted pair,
coaxial and fibre-optic cable. However, wireless medium does not use any wires or cables to
connect. Thus, it uses radio frequency, microwave, satellite and infrared to transmit data over the
air. Bluetooth, Wi-fi and Wi-max are common examples of a wireless medium.
11.3.1 Bluetooth
Bluetooth transmits data in any direction within a reach of ten metres. It is usually stored on
handheld devices like smart phones and tablets as well as in personal computers. It allows a
person to share files like music, videos, pictures and other documents. A small file is sent within
a few minutes but a large file such as videos takes a lot of time to send to the other recipient.
However, if the device is out of range the exchange of data will automatically cancel off.
Fig 2.11 Bluetooth
11.3.2 Wi-fi
Wi-fi is the acronym for Wireless Fidelity. Wi-fi mostly uses radio frequency to communicate
over very short distances. It is based on a certain standard and each of the standards has a
different transmission speed. It can vary from 11 megabytes per second to 600 megabytes per
second.
Fig 2.12 Wi-fi
11.3.3 Wimax
Wimax is the acronym for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. The name
"Wimax" was created by the Wimax Forum, which was formed in June 2001. Microwave uses
high frequency radio waves and requires line of sight access between two communicating
devices. Microwave dish and satellites transmit microwaves where line of sight is not possible.
11.4 Data Transmission Specifications

Data transmission specifications specify the rules as well as the speeds at which data is
transmitted over the network. In addition, protocols and bandwidth specify the rules and speed
specifically.
11.4.1 Protocols

The rules for exchanging data between computers are commonly known as protocols. The
protocol used for the internet is TCP/IP, which means transmission control/internet protocol.
Thus, TCP/IP is a two layer protocol. The first layer is the Transmission Control Protocol. It
manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the
internet and is received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message.
This process is known as packetization.
Moreover, the second or lower layer is the Internet Protocol. It handles the address part of each
packet so that it gets to the correct destination. Each gateway mainly the router or the server on
the network checks this address to see where to forward the message. Although some packets
from the same message are routed differently than the rest, they will be reassembled in the
original order at the destination. This process is commonly known as identification. In addition,
TCP/IP uses domain name servers (DNS) to convert the numeric based IP address into text based
address.
11.4.2 Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the capacity of the communication channel that determines the volume of data that
can be transmitted in a given period of time. Bandwidth is measured in bits per second (bps).
There are four main categories of bandwidth. These include voiceband, medium band, broadband
and baseband.

12.0 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Star Topology
12.1 Advantages
The first biggest advantage of a star topology is that it is simple to add a new computer to the
network. It means that if a computer system is damaged or destroyed it can easily be replaced by
a new one. Thus, it is really easy to add new computers when all the equipment needed are
available at one convenient place.
The second major advantage is that if one of the computers gets damaged or destroyed, the
others will continue to operate. It states that there will be no major harm done when one
computer is damaged as everything is dependent on the connection device.
12.2 Disadvantages
The major disadvantage of a star topology is that if one of the connection device is damaged the
computers will not work. This is one of the major issues and will take quite a long time to repair.
This may cause a hassel in the practical works of students.
The second disadvantage is that a star topology can have a higher cost to implement as it is quite
expensive.

13.0 Conclusion
Computers have both advantages and disadvantages. On one hand, they allow us to access the
wealth of information that is available on the internet. They also allow us to analyze massive
amounts of data very quickly, saving both time and money. According to Bill Budge “The power
of the computer is starting to spread.” A computer network or data network is a
telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks,
networked computing devices exchange data with each other using a data link. The connections
between nodes are established using either physical medium or wireless medium.
Computer networks support an enormous number of applications and services such as access to
the World Wide Web, digital video, digital audio, shared use of application and storage servers,
printers, fax machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications as well as many
others. Computer networks differ in the transmission medium used to carry their signals,
communications protocols to organize network traffic, the network's size, topology and
organizational intent.
However, computer communications is the process of sharing data, programs and information
between two or more computers. Without the use of computer communications it would indeed
be difficult to connect computers and share the resources. The suitable type of network for a
school computer lab is a local area network (LAN). A local area network is connecting of
computers in a limited area such as a building, laboratory and even a school computer lab. A

local area network will use physical medium to connect computers. Physical medium is best
suited because of its availability and affordability.
The physical medium would use a client/server network to operate. In a client server, the host
computer usually the server coordinates resources to other computers (clients) connected to it.
Moreover, an IT Professional is responsible for maintaining the computer system in a computer
lab. In order to set up the lab there are basically six phases being involved, research, analyse,
design, and develop, implementation and maintenance. These phases will help an IT Professional
significantly in setting up the school computer lab.
Furthermore, the best network topology for a school computer lab is star topology. Star topology
is one of the most common network setups in schools. Star network is where each device is
connected to a central device usually a switch or a hub, which acts as a peripheral to transmit
messages. A star network topology is best suited for smaller networks and works efficiently
when there is limited number of nodes. Thus, the star network is the most widely used network
topology in the world as of today.
Lastly, a communication system consists of sending and receiving devices, connection devices,
communication channel and data transmission specifications. The sending device will send the
message across from its connection device. The connection device converts the digital signal
from the computer into analog signal that travels over the telephone line and the receiving
connection device will convert the analog signal back into digital signal so that it can be
processed by the receiving computer. This is how the above setup will work.
Therefore, this project has really been a great learning opportunity. It has helped me to know
about the different roles and responsibilities of an IT Professional, phases involved in setting up
the lab, the suitable network type and the type of topology as well as the communication system
and its setup. To conclude, it can be said that this project was really motivating and was worth
doing at Year 12 level, 2017.

14.0 Recommendations
This project has helped me significantly to learn about the different roles and responsibilities of
an IT Professional. However, as being an IT Professional I recommend the following and this
must be taken into consideration for an effective computer lab.
Firstly, I recommend that the computers should be placed appropriately after use. It is often seen
that the students use the computers and place them in an inappropriate way. It is the role of
teachers to remind the students to set up the computer system after use. Secondly, if the
computers are not in use it is wise to turn it off. This will help save the power consumption and
will help enable an energy saving school.
Moreover, when students connect their storage devices into the computer system it is
recommendable for them to scan their devices before use. In addition, it would be wise for
students to keep a backup copy of their research, practical work, notes and project. For instance,
if a computer system is affected by a virus and a student plugs in the storage device some or even
all the data in the storage device would be lost. Therefore, teachers must be mindful to scan and
update the computer system on a regular basis.
Furthermore, the connection device should be handled with care at all times. If the connection
device is damaged the entire network is down and all the computers will stop working. Lastly,
students as well as teachers should take the initiative to clean the lab. This could be achieved

through sweeping, mopping and cleaning the windows. If the computer lab is clean it will ensure
a clean, pristine and a conducive learning environment.
Therefore, the following information should be taken into consideration so that there is an
effective and efficient computer lab.
15.0 Reference
B. Budge, B. Mitchell, I. Asimov, (2017) “Brainy Quotes”

(Retrieved from: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/topics/topic_computers.html)
Computer Education Year 12 – published by the Ministry of Education, (28th November 2014.)
P. Pei, 2010 “(Level 3) Distinguished Educator”, San Francisco, New York.

(Retrievedfrom:https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-advantages-disadvantages-computers-
151335)
R. Lawrence, G.Wessler, D. Barry (1970), "Computer network development to achieve resource

sharing", AFIPS 70 (Spring): Proceedings of the May 5–7, 1970, spring joint computer
conference, New York, USA: ACM. pp. 543-549
(Retrievedfrom:http://www.webjunction.org/documents/webjunction/Computer_Lab_Setup.html )
S. Phillips, 2017 “Building a Computer Lab”

(Retrieved from: http://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-Computer-Lab)
https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/alfredth/2011/11/30/the-perfect-educational-computer-lab/

http://www.backdesigns.com/Desk-and-work-surface-height.aspx

Pritkesh Vikash Prasad (721649)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pritkesh Vikash Prasad (721649)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COMPUTER STUDIES

COMMON ASSESSMENT TASK -

NAME: PRITKESH VIKASH PRASAD INDEX #: 721649

SCHOOL: TAVUA COLLEGE

PRITKESH VIKASH PRASAD INDEX NUMBER: 721649

1.0 Aims and Objectives

 Unit 1 - Internet and the World Wide Web

PRITKESH VIKASH PRASAD INDEX NUMBER: 721649

 Learn on the roles and responsibilities of an IT Professional.

PRITKESH VIKASH PRASAD INDEX NUMBER: 721649

3.0 Declaration of Originality

PRITKESH VIKASH PRASAD INDEX NUMBER: 721649