Solutions

LECTURE 2
Dissolution &
Concentration
Anupam Gupta
B.Tech & M.Tech - IIT Delhi

10+ Years Total Experience

Mentored JEE, KVPY, Olympiad

Rank Holders

#JEELiveDaily
 Telegram APP

tinyurl.com/unacademychat
tinyurl.com/jeemobile
Unacademy Subscription
LIVE Classes
Interact with Educator
Live polls & Leaderboard
Test Series & Analysis
LIVE Doubt Clearing Sessions
 India’s BEST Educators Unacademy Subscription

LIVE
LIVE LIVE LIVE LIVE
Step 1 Step 2

INSTALL
Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
Step 6 Step 7

ANUPAMLIVE Apply

27,000
32,400
SAMEERLIVE
ANUPAMLIVE
Solutions
LECTURE 2
Dissolution &
Concentration
 Overview of chapter

Effect of temperature and

Types of Solutions Gases in Liquid
pressure on solubility

Dissolution,
Thermodynamics and
Solubility
Boiling Point
Concentration Terms
Vapor Pressure
Solid in Liquid Melting Point

Liquid in Liquid
Osmotic
Pressure
Example Solid LiCl dissolves in water because:

A. The Li+ ions are attracted to the oxygen atom (δ-) of water.
B. The Li+ ions are attracted to the hydrogen atom (δ+) of water.
C. The Cl- ions are attracted to the oxygen atom (δ- ) of water.
D. The Cl- ions are attracted to the hydrogen atom (δ+) of water.
E. both A and D
F. both B and C
Example Will each of the following solutes dissolve in water? Why or Why not?

A. Na2SO4
B. Gasoline (nonpolar)
C. I2
D. HCl
 Thermodynamics of dissolution - Increase in Entropy
When a small quantity of solid or
liquid dissolves in a much larger
volume of solvent, the solute
becomes more spread out in space,
and its disorderness is greatly
increased. This is the same as saying
that the entropy of the solution
increases.
 Thermodynamics of dissolution - Change in Enthalpy

Values for enthalpies of solution, ΔHsoln, are difficult to predict.

Some solids dissolve exothermically and have a negative ΔHsoln (-37.0 kJ/mol for LiCI in water),
but others dissolve endothermically and have a positive ΔHsoln, (+17.2 kJ/mol for KCl in water).
 Thermodynamics of dissolution - Change in Enthalpy
Solvent-solvent interactions
Energy is absorbed (positive ΔH) to overcome intermolecular forces between solvent molecules
because the molecules must be separated and pushed apart to make room for solute particles.
 Thermodynamics of dissolution - Change in Enthalpy
Solute-solute interactions
Energy is absorbed (positive ΔH) to overcome intermolecular forces holding solute particles
together in a crystal. For an ionic solid, this is the lattice energy.
 Thermodynamics of dissolution - Change in Enthalpy

Solvent-solute interactions
Energy is released (negative ΔH) when solvent molecules cluster around solute particles and
solvate them. For ionic substances in water, the amount of hydration energy released is
generally greater for smaller cations than for larger ones because water molecules can approach
the positive nuclei of smaller ions more closely and thus bind more tightly. In addition, hydration
energy generally increases as the charge on the ion increases.
 Thermodynamics of dissolution - Change in Enthalpy

Dissolution can be viewed as occurring in three steps:

1. Breaking solute-solute attractions (endothermic), i.e., lattice energy in salts (ΔHsolute-solute > 0).
2. Breaking solvent-solvent attractions (endothermic), i.e., hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole
interactions in water (ΔHsolvent-solvent > 0).
3. Forming solvent-solute attractions (exothermic), i.e., salvation energy (ΔHsolute-solvent < 0).
Dissolution and Crystallization: Unsaturated and Saturated Solutions

● When a solid solute is added to the solvent, some solute dissolves and its concentration
increases in solution. This process is known as dissolution.

● Some solute particles in solution collide with the solid solute particles and get separated
out of solution. This process is known as crystallization. A stage is reached when the two
processes occur at the same rate. Such a solution is called Saturated Solution.
 Dissolution and Crystallization: Supersaturated solutions
● Some substances, however, can form what are called supersaturated solutions, which contain
a greater-than-equilibrium amount of solute.
● For example, when a saturated solution of sodium acetate is prepared at high temperature
and then cooled slowly, a supersaturated solution results. Such a solution is unstable,
however, and precipitation occurs when a tiny seed crystal of sodium acetate is added to
initiate crystallization.
 Overview of chapter
Effect of temperature and
Types of Solutions Gases in Liquid
pressure on solubility

Dissolution,
Thermodynamics and
Solubility
Boiling Point
Concentration Terms
Vapor Pressure
Solid in Liquid Melting Point

Liquid in Liquid
Osmotic
Pressure
 Concentration terms: Mass Percentage
10% glucose in water by mass:

10g of glucose is dissolved in 90g of water resulting in a 100g solution.

 Concentration terms: %w/w

Mass percentage (w/w): The mass percentage of a component of a solution is defined as

Mass percentage of a component

Mass of the component in the solution

= x 100
Total mass of the solution
Revision: Molar Mass
 Telegram APP

tinyurl.com/unacademychat
tinyurl.com/jeemobile
Unacademy
Subscription
ANUPAMLIVE Apply

27,000
32,400
#JEELiveDaily
Let’s Crack it!

School at Unacademy
SAMEERLIVE
ANUPAMLIVE