E22: Most Im portant Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: TOl RCC & Prestressed Analysis

________.[E22------
rro1 RCC & Prestressed Analysi~
Content: Limit state and working stress theory; limit state of collapse in shear, bond and
anchorage; design of singly and doubly reinforced beams, basics of T and L beams;
and design of one-way, two-way and flat slabs.

2 Marks
1. What does mean by 'modulus of rupture' of concrete? For M-20 concrete mix, find the
value of modulus of rupture according to IS: 456.
Sol.
Tensile strength of concrete in flexure is called flexural strength or modulus of rupture of concrete
(fer).
As per IS: 456, fer= 0.7.jf;;
For M-20 mix, fer= 0.7.Jw = 3.13 NI mm '

2. What is the value of partial safety factor in collapse and in serviceability for following
combinations?
(a) For checking stability against reversal of stresses (Dead load + Wind load)
(b) Dead load + Live load + Wind load
Sol.
(a) DL + WL: For collapse, FOS = 0.9 and for serviceability, FOS = 1.
(b) DL +LL+ WL: For collapse, FOS = 1.2 and for serviceability, FOS = 1.

3. What does mean by 'development length' in case of flexural tension.

Sol.
In anchorage bond, it is necessary to transfer the force in the bar to the surrounding concrete over
a certain length. This length of bar required to transfer the force is called development length.

4. A simply supported continuous beam have width of support as 36 mm and clear span as
480 mm. If its effective depth is 350 mm, then what would be the effective span of beam
according to IS: 456?
Sol.
For simply support continuous beam,

Since, width of support (36 mm)< L

12
0
(= 480
12
= 40 mm)
· L eff-
•• -L o +d-480+350-830mm
- -

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 E22: Most Important Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: TOl RCC & Prestressed Analysis

5. In a T-beam section, how the effective width of flange may be increased?

Sol.
Effective width of flange may be increased:
1. By increasing span,
2. By increasing web width, and
3. By increasing flange thickness.

6. Draw a stress-strain curve for concrete. Also, indicate the point at which concrete gain its
maximum strength.
Sol.

.w..:

Maximum compressive stress occur at strain value of 0.002. The value of stress at 0.2% strain is
called compressive strength of concrete.

7. Explain, in what situation 'doubly reinforced beam' is provided?

Sol.
If design moment is greater than limiting moment, then singly reinforced section will become over
reinforced, which need modifications. If section dimensions cannot be modified, then we have to
provide steel in compression side also; such section is called doubly reinforced section.

8. Why concrete cover is provided on reinforcement bars in design of slabs?

Sol.
Concrete cover is provided to ensure protection of steel against corrosion which may be caused
due to the ingress of environment elements.

9. A simply supported slab has a span of 15 m. To control failure in slab due to vertical
deflection, what should be its effective depth according to IS: 456?
Sol.
For simply supported beam, if span is greater than 10 m, then
Span = 20x 10 m
Depth span
3
:::: } 15XI0 mm= 20x 10 m
Depth 15 m
:::: } Depth = 1125 mm

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 E22: Most Important Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: TOl RCC & Prestressed Analysis

10. Define one-way slab.

Sol.
One-way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides to carry load in one
direction, and having the ratio of longer to shorter span is equal to and greater than 2.

11. AT-beam roof section has following specifications;

Thickness of slab =95 mm,
Width of rib = 280 mm,
Depth of beam = 500 mm,
Centre-to-center distance between beam = 2.5 m,
Effective span of beam = 6 m, and
Distance between points of contraflexure = 3.18 m.
What would be the effective flange width of beam?
Sol.
For T-beam,
bf -
- Lo + b , + 6Df
6
:. bf= 3.lSxlOOO +280+6x95 = 1380 mm
6

12. During design of main reinforcement in slabs, what should be the maximum horizontal
distance between parallel arrangement of bars according to IS: 456?
Sol.
It should be lesser of,
a. Three times the effective depth, or
b. 300 mm.

13. What do you mean by shear span?

Sol.
Shear span are the zones where shear force is constant.

14. How two-way slab is more economical than one-way slab?

Sol.
The deflections and bending moments in two-way slab is less compare to one-way slab, which
may easily be resisted by lesser depth of slab. Therefore, two-way slab required less amount of
steel reinforcement which made it more economical.

15. Why vertical stirrups are provided in RCC beams?

Sol.
To resist shear, since shear failure in a beam causes diagonal cracks.

5 Marks

1. A rectangular beam section of 210 mm width and 450 mm overall depth is reinforced with
two numbers of 10 mm bars at the top and three numbers of 16 mm bars at the bottom being
tension reinforcement. It is subjected to characteristic load shear force of 20 kN, torsional
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 E22: Most Im portant Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: TOl RCC & Prestressed Analysis

moment of 1.4 kN-m, and bending moment of 18 kN-m. Materials used are Fe 415 and M-
20. Check whether shear reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and transverse
reinforcement are applicable or not? Assume, clear cover as 30 mm, and critical shear stress
as 0.55 N/mm2•
Sol.
Mu =1.5x18=27 kN-m
Tu= 1.5xl.4= 2.1 kN-m
Vu = 1.5 X 20 = 30 kN - m
Given, clear cover = 30 mm
16
So, d= 450-30--=412 mm
2
:. V
e
= Vu + 1. 6 Tub

::::} Ve= 30+ 1.6x- 2.1 = 46 kN

0.21
Given, the critical shear stress
'tc = 0.55 N / mrrr'

And =Ve= 46x103 = 0.53 N /fnm"

't
' bd 210x412
ve

Since, 'tve < 'tc::::} Only shear reinforcement is applicable.

2. What is the role of compression steel in doubly reinforcement beam?

Sol.
The steel reinforcement provided in the compression zone is subjected to compressive stress,
however, concrete undergoes creep strains due to continue compressive stress, with the result that
the strain in concrete goes on increasing with time. This increases compressive strain in steel in
additional to creep strain in compressive steel. Thus, the total compressive strain in compressive
steel will be much greater than the strain in surrounding concrete due to flexure alone. Thus,
compressive steel takes up all the additional compressive stresses beyond the permissible
compressive stress for concrete making the section safe against failure in flexure.

3. A rectangular RCC beam of concrete grade M-15 is 210 mm wide and 350 mm effectively
deep. It is provided with 3 numbers of 12 mm diameter. HYSD steel bars are used as tension
reinforcement. Find the moment of resistance by using limit state method of design.
Sol.
Given, b = 210 mm and d = 350 mm, (k = 15 N / mm",
And, fy = 415 N / mm '.

Area of tension reinforcement, A.1 = 3 x 7t x 122

4
=339.12 mm"

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 E22: Most Important Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: TOl RCC & Prestressed Analysis

For depth of neutral axis,

0.87fyA.1 0.87x415x339.12
X = ----'-- = -------
u 0.36(kb 0.36x15x210
= 107.91 mm r= 108 mm

Limiting depth of neutral axis, xu.lim = 0.48d

= 0.48 x350 = 168 mm
Since, xu < xu.1im, so section is under reinforced
:. Moment of resistance of under reinforced sction,
MR= 0.36(kbxu(d-0.42xu)
::::} MR= 0.36 x15 x 210x 108x (350-0.42 x108)
=37.31kN-m

4. Design effective depth of two-way slab, having clear dimension of 5 m x 4 m. Use following
data;
Superimposed load= 5 kN/m2,
Dead load of slab = 3 kN/m2,
Thickness of slab = 130 mm,
Based on ratio of long and short span, the moment coefficients ax = 0.090, and ay = 0.050,
Edges are simply supported and corners not held down,
Use M-15 and Fe-415.
Sol.
Let assume effective depth = 120 mm.
So, effective spans,
L, = 4+ 0.12 = 4.12 m
LY =5+0.12=5.12m
5 12
So, LY = · = 1.24, and for this ratio the given values of moment coefficients,
LX 4.12
ax = 0.09 and ay = 0.05.
Load calculation,
Total load, w = superimposed load+ design load
::::}W = 5+3 = 8 kN /m 2
So, with a load factor of 1.5, the factored load, Wu = 1.5 X 8 = 12 kN / m 2
So, moments along short span and long span,
M, = axwL~ =0.090x12x4.122 = 18.332 kNm/m
2
MY =aYwL~ =0.050x12x4.12 =10.185 kNm/m
So, design moment, Mu = 18.332 kNm / m
Now, effective depth of slab,

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 E22: Most Im portant Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: TOl RCC & Prestressed Analysis

d=

18.332 X 106
------ = 82.39 ~ 83 mm< 120 mm.
. 0.138x15xlOOO
Take effective depth of two - way slab as 83 mm.

5. Write assumptions for limit state theory in flexure.

Sol.
Assumptions:
1. Plane section before bending remains plane after the bending. It means strain at any point on
the cross-section is directly proportional to its distance from its neutral axis, which represent
linear strain diagram.
2. Maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in bending.
3. Relationship between compressive stress distribution and strain in concrete may be assumed to
be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic or any other shape.
4. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored. It means the cracked concrete does not contribute
towards enhancement of moment of resistance of the section except providing bond between
concrete and steel for developing tensile strain and thus stress in steel.
5. For design purpose partial factor of safety for steel is taken as 1.15 and stress in steel are derived
from the stress-strain curve.

6. A simply supported roof slab have clear dimension of 8 m x 3.5 m. Assume, the width of
suspenders is 250 mm. Check, whether the slab is one-way or two-way.
Sol.
For simply sup ported,
3.5xl03 mm=20:::: }d=l75mm
d
So, L, = 3.5+0.175 = 3.675 m
0.250 0.250 h" h . l
0 r 3.5 +--+-- = 3.750 m, w IC ever IS ess
2 2
:::: } L, =3.675 m
And, LY= 8+0.175 = 8.175 m
0.250 0.250 h" h . l
0 r 8+--+--=8.250 m, w IC ever IS ess
2 2
:::: } LY= 8.175 m

LY= 8.175 =2225>2

LX 3.675
:::: } Slab is one - way.

20 Marks
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 E22: Most Im portant Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: TOl RCC & Prestressed Analysis

1. A rectangular beam has 350 mm width and 600 mm effective depth. It consists 3 numbers
of 25 mm diameter bars in tension. The beam is simply supported of length 8 m and carries
30 kN/m uniformly distributed load. Calculate the stresses developed. Assume, modular ratio
as 15.
Sol.
Maximum bending moment,

M = wL2 = 30x82 = 240 kN-m

8 8
If actual depth of neutral axis is x, then
2
bx
-= mA.i(d-x) ... (I)
2
Here; b = 350 mm, d = 600 mm, m = 15,
And, A.t = 3 X [: X (25)
2
J = 1471.9 mm '
:. From equation (I),
2
350
X x = 15 X 1471.9 X (600- x)
2
:::: } 175x2 + 22078.5x -13247100 = 0
-22078.5 ± ~~
(2-2-
07-8-_5_)2 4_x
_(_
1_
75_)_
x_(-
-1-3-
24_7_1_
00-)
:::::} X =-------------------
2X175
=
-22078.5±98794.9
:::::} X = 219_2 mm
2x175
As we know,

M = .!_(bx)cr cbc
2
(d- ~)3

:. 240 X 10
6
= 1 X (350 X 219.2) X O'cbc X ( 600- -
219.2)
-
2 3
:::: } crcbc = 12.75 N / mm '
As we know,
O' cbc - cr.t
x m(d-x)
12.75 = cr.t
219.2 15 X (600-219.2)
:::: } cr.t = 332.24 NI mm '

2. Describe briefly; balanced, under-reinforced, and over-reinforced sections.

Sol.
Balanced section:
These are the sections, in which stresses in concrete and steel reach to permissible values at the
same time. Practically it is difficult to have a balanced section, however, theoretically all the
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 E22: Most Important Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: TOl RCC & Prestressed Analysis

sections designed are balanced sections. At balanced section, the ultimate failure is by crashing of
concrete in compression zone, only. For balanced section,
0.87f A 1
Depth of neutral axis, x
u
= x u.max = Y
O 36f b
• (A 1
s
= area of steel reinforcement)
· ck

Under-reinforced section:
In such a section, the reinforcement available in the beam is less than that of a balanced section.
For under-reinforced section,
Depth of neutral axis, Xu < Xu.max.
In under-reinforced sections, the section is primarily fail in tension and causes a ductile failure of
whole section. Most of the practical sections are under-reinforced sections.
Over-reinforced section:
In such a section, the steel in tension is more than that of required for a balanced section. It means,
Depth of neutral axis, Xu > Xu.max.
In these sections, failure in concrete, causes a brittle failure without any prior warning. As per the
limit state theory, these types of section should be avoided.

3. Write design steps for one-way slab.

Sol.
Step I: Determination of effective and total depths of slab
• The effective depth of slab is determined by
Mu.fun= 0.36(kxu_funb(d-0.42xu.fun)
• The total depth of slab shall then be determined by adding appropriate nominal cover and half
of the diameter of the larger bar (if bars are of different sizes).
• Generally, this computed depth of slab comes out to be less than the assumed depth in step.
However, final selection of the depth shall be done, after checking the depth for shear force.
Step II: Depth of slab for shear force
• If design shear strength of concrete is known, then the depth of slab may be checked for shear
force.
• Since, this depend on the percentage of tensile reinforcement, the design shear strength shall
be assumed considering the lowest percentage of steel from the depth tentatively selected for
the slab in step.
• If necessary, the depth of slab shall be modified.
• The above equation is applicable as the slab in most of the cases is under reinforced due to the
selection of depth larger than the computed value in step I.
• The area of steel so determined should be checked whether it is at least the minimum area of
steel as mentioned in IS: 456.
Step III: Determination of area of steel
• Area of steel reinforcement along the direction of slab should be determined by

M
u
A d(l - A./y
= 0.87fyst fbd
J
ck

• The above equation is applicable as the slab in most of the cases is under reinforced due to the
selection of depth larger than the computed value in Step I. The area of steel so determined
should be checked whether it is at least the minimum area of steel as mentioned in IS: 456.

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 E22: Most Important Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: TOl RCC & Prestressed Analysis

Step IV: Selection of diameter and spacing of reinforcing bars

• The diameter and spacing of bars are to be determined as per the provisions specified in Clause
26.3.3 ofIS: 456.

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