ENGG 135

Design of Reinforced Concrete

Structures

Bond and Bar Development

Reading: Wight and MacGregor Chapter 8

●
Development Length of Bars in Compression

Ldc or less than 8”

●
Development lengths in compression are
significantly smaller than in tension because, in
addition to bond stress, some force is
transferred to the concrete by end-bearing
●
Table A-7 of your textbook has a table that lists
Ldc as a function of db for different values of f'c
and fy assuming l=1.0
Note ℓdc is in inches, not in diameters
● Ldc can be further multiplied by “modification factors”
given in ACI Code Table 25.4.9.3 and Section
25.4.10
●
There is only one important modification factor=0.75
for bars enclosed within spirals or closed ties
●
There is another permissible modification factor for
“excess reinforcement” (for both tension and
compression reinforcement), but I recommend not to
apply it unless absolutely necessary
●
Examples:
– For #3 bar with f'c=6,000 psi, fy=40,000 psi, l=1.0,
you get Ldc=(0.02*40,000)/(1.0*√6,000)*3/8”=3.87”,
but you can't use this. You must use at least
0.0003*fy*db=0.0003*40,000*3/8”=4.5” or at least
8”. Use Ldc=8”.
– For #18 bar with f'c=3,000 psi, fy=60,000 psi,
l=1.0, you get
Ldc=(0.02*60,000)/(1.0*√3,000)*18/8”=49.3”, with
at least 0.0003*fy*db=0.0003*60,000*18/8”=40.5”
or at least 8”. Use Ldc=50”.
 Standard Hooks

●
There are 90 deg. and 180 deg. hooks
●
Dimensions have been determined to ensure
the bars are not damaged during fabrication
●
Dimensions of standard hooks are given in
Figure 8-12 of your textbook
Standard Hooks
 Standard Hooks
●
Standard hooks are most often used to develop bars in
tension, when there’s insufficient space available for Ld
●
You can’t use hooks to develop bars in compression
We need to develop fy in the top bar
at this critical section for negative moments

Ldh

Column is too narrow for Ld so we use a hook instead

●
When you pull on
the hooked bar:
– Concrete
crushes inside
the hook
– Gap forms
outside the
bend
– Tail tends to
straighten out
●
180 deg. hook tends to slip much more than 90
deg. hook
Ldh …...but not less than 8db or 6”
● Table A-8 of your textbook has Ldh for different values
of f'c, assuming fy=60 ksi, l=1.0, and ψeψcψr=1

Values in inches
● Modification factors ψc and ψr in ACI Code Table
25.4.3.2 account for beneficial effect of
– Confinement of hook from concrete side cover
(perpendicular to plane of hook) and
stirrups/ties
– Tail cover for 90 deg. hook: if there isn’t enough
tail cover, the concrete outside the tail will crack
and the tail will straighten out. This doesn’t
happen with 180 deg. hooks.
Important case, applies to many design situations
– Side cover ≥ 2-1/2”
– Tail cover ≥ 2” for 90 deg hooks
– Any tail cover for 180 deg hooks
≥ 2-1/2”

≥ 2” Ldh Ldh ≥ 2-1/2”

● ψc=0.7 for #11 bars and smaller

● ψc=1.0 for #14, #18 bars
●
Enclosure by stirrups/ties at very tight spacing (usually
there for other reasons; e.g., seismic confinement)
●
Any side cover, any tail cover
≤ 2db ≤ 3db ≤ 2db ≤ 3db

≤ 3db
≤ 2db
Ldh Ldh Ldh

● ψr=0.8 for #11 bars and smaller

● ψr=1.0 for #14, #18 bars
 ●
For hooks at discontinuous ends (e.g., ends of simply
supported beams, free ends of cantilevers, etc.) with
insufficient side and top covers (≤ 2-1/2”), the the hooks
must be enclosed by stirrups/ties at very tight spacing
≤ 2db ≤ 3db
≤ 2-1/2”

Ldh
ψcψr=1.0 for all
≤ 2db ≤ 3db
bars
≤ 2-1/2”

Ldh
●
Examples:
– For #3 bar with f'c=6,000 psi, fy=40,000 psi,
l=1.0, ψeψcψr=1.0, you get
Ldh=(40,000*1.0)/(50√6,000)*3/8”=3.87”, but you
can't use this. You must use at least
8db=8*3/8”=3” or at least 6”. Use Ldh=6”.
– For #18 bar with f'c=3,000 psi, fy=60,000 psi,
l=1.0, ψeψcψr=1.0, you get
Ldh=(60,000*1.0)/(50√3,000)*18/8”=49.3”, with
at least 8db=8*18/8”=18” or at least 6”. Use
Ldh=50”.
●
Example
Beam with top (i.e., negative) #8 reinforcement at
an exterior column. The #8 bars must be fully
developed within the column because their full
yield strength is required at the column face. How
big must the column be?
Assume f'c=6,000 psi, fy=60,000 psi.
●
Option 1: Straight bar development
●
Option 2: Standard 90 deg. hook

ψcψr=0.7