Anchorage bond EC2: 8.

• Reinforcing bar subject to direct tension must be firmly anchored to avoid being pulled out of the
concrete.
• Bars subject to forces induced by flexure must be similarly anchored to develop their design stresses.
• Anchorage depends on: a) bond between bar & concrete (fbd), b) area of contact (lb x ), and c) whether
or not the bar is located in region with good bond condition.

Tensile pull-out force = cross-sectional area of bar x direct stress

= 2/4 x fs
Anchorage force = contact area x anchorage bond stress
= (lb,rqd) x fbd
(lb,rqd) x fbd = 2/4 x fs
➔ lb,rqd = fs/4fbd
lb,rqd = (fyk/4.6fbd) (when fs = fyd)
Basic anchorage length
 • Bond stresses, fbd = 2.2512fctd
• When bond conditions are poor, the specified ultimate bond
stresses should be reduced by a factor of 0.7
→ 1 = 0.7 for all bars (poor bond)
• For all bar sizes greater than 32 mm, the bond stress
should additionally be multiplied by a factor of (132 - )/100
→ 2 = 1.0 for   32; = (132-)/100 for  > 32

Design anchorage length (lbd) EC2: 8.4.3

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lbd,rqd x (As,req/As,prov)

 max{0.3lbd,rqd; 10; 100 mm} – tension bars
 max{0.6lbd,rqd; 10; 100 mm} – comp. bars
 Required lap length (lo) EC2: 8.7

lo = 1 2 3 5 6 lbd,rqd
 max{0.36lbd,rqd; 15; 200 mm} - absolute min lap length

1.0  6 = (1/25)0.5  1.5

1 - % of reinf’t lapped within 0.65lo from center of the
lap length being considered

EC2 recommends that:

1. Laps between bars should be staggered and should not
occur in regions of high stress.
2. Transverse reinf’t must be provided around laps unless
lapped bars < 20 mm or there is less than 25% lapped
bars. In these cases minimum transverse reinf’t
provided for other purposes such as shear links will be
adequate. Otherwise transverse reinf’t must be
provided, having total area of not less than the area of
one lapped bar.
Understanding the determination of anchorage and lapping length is important. Designers can
produce their own table of anchorage and lapping length according to bar size used. Below is
an example of this useful table. The recommended values might differ among designers.