Design Of Beams Which Are Part Of

Buildings Based On LRFD Method

Presentation Prepared by:

Bilal Memon (13CE37)
Talha Durrani (13CE107)
Ali Uzair (13CE07)
Muhammad Hammad (13CE87)
Comparison Between Asd & Lrfd
Allowable Stress Design (Asd) Method:
 Member is selected that has x-sec such as area, I,
large enough to prevent maximum applied axial
force, shear or bending moment from exceeding
allowable value.
 Required Strength < Allowable Strength
 Maximum Applied Load < Allowable stress
 Allowable Stress will be in elastic range (Elastic
Design).
 Only service loads are considered.
Loads & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD):

 It comes in plastic range, failure conditions are

considered.
 Here, load factors are applied to service loads.
 Member is selected to resist factored loads.
 Based on failure conditions than working on load
conditions
 Members are selected that structure will fail at a
load higher than working load.
 Failure means collapse or extremely large
deformations.
 Plastic, because at failure, parts of member will be
subjected to large strain.
 DESIGN PROCEDURE OF BEAMS
WHICH ARE PART OF
BUILIDINGS BY LRFD METHOD
 Step No: 01 Calculate the ultimate load on
structural member by
Wu=(1.2xDead Load) + (1.6xLive Load)
where, 1.2 and 1.6 are load factors for dead
load and live load respectively.

 Step No: 02 Calculate ultimate bending

moment due to ultimate load.
In different loading conditions, different
formulae will be used to calculate maximum
bending moment.
 Step No:03 Calculate approximate section
modulus based on ultimate moment,
S(approx) = Mu /Fb
Where, Fb = Allowable bending stress
Fb = Øfy
Ø = reduction factor (normally equals to 0.9)
fy = yield stress of steel i.e. 36ksi for A36 steel.

 Step No:04 Select the suitable section from

steel table in a way that selected section
modulus is little bit greater than approximate
section modulus. Also note down required
section properties.
 Step N0: 05 Calculate section modulus based
moment due to self weight
Mu(self)= (Wu(self) x l²)/8 [Wu(self) =1.2xW(self)]
S(self) = Mu(self)/Fb

 Step No: 06 Calculate the total required

section modulus.
 S(req) = S(approx) + S(self)
Note: If S(req) < S(provided) , then the
section is safe in bending.

 Step No: 07 Calculate the maximum shear

force (Max S.F) in the structural member
including the impact of self weight.
 Step No: 08 Calculate the maximum shear
stress (Fv(max))
Max. Shear stress = Max S.F/Max Shear Area
Max. Shear stress = Max S.F/Area of web plate
Max. Shear stress = Max S.F/(d–2 tf)*tw
 Fv(allowable) = 0.6fy
 0.6 is factor of safety
for shear.
 If,
Fv(max) < Fv(allowable)
Then, the section is safe
in shear.
 Step No: 09 : Check for the Deflection.

Allowable deflection is calculated as:

∆(all) = L/360
where, Length of span (L) is to be taken in inches.
 Some direct formulas for Actual deflection
under different loading conditions are :
 For a simply supported beam with point load at
center:

 ∆(act) = PL3/48EI
 For simply supported beam carrying UDL over
entire span:

∆(act) = 5wL4/384EI

 For simply supported beams subject to two point

loads of same magnitude and equidistant from
each other:

∆(act) = 23PL3/684EI
 Sometimes, there may be combination of two
cases i.e. a udl over the span and a point load
acting at the mid.

 Here,
∆(act)=5wL4/384EI + PL3/48EI

E = Modulus of Elasticity = 29 x 106 psi.

and I = Moment of inertia of section about X-
axis.
If ∆(act) < ∆(all), then the section is safe in
deflection.
 Design Example By LRFD Method
 Design a simply supported beam of an industrial
building for the following data:
 Dead Load = 1200 lbs/ft
Span of beam =20 ft
Live Load = 1600 lbs/ft
Use LRFD method and check the section for
bending and shear.
 Data:
 Use A36 steel, fy = 36000 psi
 Fb(allowable) = 0.9fy
 Fv(allowable) = 0.6fy
 L = 20’
 Solution:
Wu=(1.2xDead Load) + (1.6xLive Load) D.L= 1200 lb/ft
=(1.2x1200)+(1.6x1600) L.L= 1600 lb/ft

Wu = 4000 lb/ft

 Calculate ultimate bending moment,

Mu = (Wu x l²)/8
= (4000x(20)²)/8
Mu = 200000 lb-ft or 200 k-ft
 Calculate approximate section modulus based on
ultimate moment,
S(approx) = Mu /Fb
= (200x12 in)/ (0.9x36 ksi)
S(approx) = 74.07 in³

 Select the suitable section from steel table,

W 18x7½ x50 lb/ft
S(provided) = 89 in3
Ixx = 800.6 in4
Wu(self) = 1.2 x 50 lb/ft = 60lb/ft
d = 18 in
tf = 0.570 in
tw = 0.358 in
 Calculate section modulus based moment due to
self weight,
Mu(self)= (Wu(self) x l²)/8
= (60x20²)/8
Mu(self)= 3000 lb-ft [Wu(self) = 60lb/ft ]

 S(self) = Mu(self)/Fb
= (3000x12 lb-in)/ (0.9x36000psi)
S(self) = 1.11 in3
 S(req) = S(approx) + S(self)
= 74.07 + 1.11
S(req) = 75.18 in3 < 89in3
Hence, section is safe in bending. 
 Calculate the maximum shear stress (Fv(max))
(Fv(max)) = Max S.F/Max Shear Area
Max S.F =Wu x L/2 = (4000+60)(20)/2=40600lbs
Shear Area = (d–2 tf)xtw = (18-2(0.570))(0.358)
S.A = 6.035 in²
Fv(max) = 40600/6.035 = 6726.44 psi
Fv(allowable) = 0.6fy = 0.6(36000) = 21600 psi
Since,
Fv(max) < Fv(allowable)
Hence,
section is safe in shear. 
 Check for the deflection.
 ∆(all) = L/360 = 20 x 12/360
∆(all) = 0.667 in

 ∆(actual) = 5Wu L4/384EI

Here, Wu = 4060 lb/ft
= 5(4060)(20x12)4/12x384x29x106x800.6
∆(actual) = 0.629 in

∆(act) = 0.629 < ∆(all) = 0.667 in

Hence,
Our section is safe in deflection. 
Result:
W 18x7½ x50 lb/ft
S(provided) = 89 in3
Ixx = 800.6 in4
Wu(self) = 1.2 x 50 lb/ft = 60lb/ft
d = 18 in
tf = 0.570 in
tw = 0.358 in