1.
Pemeriksaan segmen anterior mata
2. Pemeriksaan visus
3. Bagaimana air mata bisa keluar
4. Proses melihat
5. Menjaga kesehatan mata
6. Visus ODS 6/6
 Eyelids=palpebra
 Apparatus lacrimal -> ngasilin air mata and drains
them from the eye. Ada lacrimal gland, waktu di
stimulasi neuron otonom, ducts release tears and
mucus ke conjunctiva sac untuk lubrikasi dan
menyapu debu dan debris. Lacrimal puncta
nyambung ke lacrimal canaliculi. Lacrimal sac is
located in a small depression in the lacrimal bone
and drains into the nasolacrimal duct. If tear
production increases in response to debris,
allergens, or emotions, you end up with a runny
nose, and excess tears may spill over onto your
cheek.
 EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE (6 skeletal muscle)
Origo: dinding orbit
superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus +
superior oblique, inferior oblique.
Fungsinya: The superior rectus moves the eye
superiorly, for example. M. rectus inferior superior
tend to draw eye medially. Oblique muscles yang
menetralkan (balikkin kearah lateral)
 Layer dari eyeballs
(Luar-dalam)
Fibrous-vascular-neural
 Fibrous Layer
Ada sclera, yang membentuk bag. putih mata.
Banyak collagen fibers untuk mempertahankan
bentuknya.
Ada cornea, lanjutan si sclera. Tapi cornea
translucent. Nanti dia yg nerima cahaya dan
memfokuskan. Cornea ini avascular, makanya
butuh oksigen dari fluid behind it.
 Contact lenses sit directly on the cornea
and are designed to allow oxygen to reach
it. Extended wear lenses can be worn
overnight because they allow more oxy-
gen through, which reduces corneal
swelling and the risk of infection. The
cornea also contains many nerve endings
that con- vey pain, but relatively few
touch receptors. This is why we can
tolerate smooth contact lenses, but not
jagged (bergerigi) particles of dust.
 Vascular Layer
Ada choroid (KORE-oyd) banyak pemb darah
kecil (kapiler). Juga sbg pigmen untuk mengurangi
hamburan cahaya. Pas di foto terus pake flash
biasanya suka ada effect ‘red-eye’ ini adalah
pertanggung jawaban dr choroid untuk ngasilin
effect itu.
Ada ciliary body, mengandung cincin dari otot
polos yang mengelilingi lensa. Suspensory
ligaments connect the ciliary body to the lens;
contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle
changes the shape of the lens to focus light on the
retina.
Ada iris, berwarna tergantung melaninnya. Iris ini
mengelilingi pupil. Iris ada 2 muscles. pupillary
sphincter (PEW-pih-lair-ee) muscle contracts
following parasympathetic stimulation and
constricts the pupil to reduce the amount of light
entering the eye (PUPIL NGECIL). Pupillary
dilator muscle contracts following sympathetic
stimulation; its fibers are arranged in a radial
pattern, which causes it to enlarge the pupil to
permit the entrance of more light into the eye
(PUPIL BESAR).
 Neural Layer
Retina, mengandung sel photoreceptor untuk
deteksi kehadiran cahaya dan produksi sinyal
neural.
Lens, mengandung lens fibers yang kurang nuclei
dan transparan.
 Cavities and Chambers of the Eye
Large posteior cavity, located posterior to the lens,
is filled with a gelatinous material called the
vitreous humor, or vitreous body (VIT-ree- us).
anterior cavity is the area anterior to the lens and
ciliary body. It itself consists of two smaller
cavities: the posterior chamber, between the lens
and the iris, and the anterior chamber, between the
iris and the cornea. These two chambers are both
filled with watery aqueous humor (AY-kwee-us),
secreted by the ciliary body.
 FISIOLOGI MELIHAT
Vision? Persepsi cahaya yang dipantulkan objek.
 Basic prinsip of light
Visible light/cahaya tampak, adalah range panjang
gelombang yang bisa di deteksi mata.
Shorter wavelength (420 nm) : seen as blue or
violet. Longer wavelength (660 nm) : seen as red
  Unit dari light itu photon, yang stimulasi (inverted), and smaller than the object
photoreceptor di retina

 Focusing light on retina

(ANERMAN PHYSIOLOGY 2016)

 When light passes from one substance to another

substance that has a different density, its speed
changes and its rays are bent, or refracted. Light
rays are bent in the eye as they encounter the cor-
nea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor.
The refractive, or bending, power of the cornea and
humors is constant. However, that of the lens can
be changed by changing its shape—that is, by
making it more or less convex, so that light can be
properly focused on the retina. The greater the lens
convexity, or bulge, the more it bends the light. The
flatter the lens, the less it bends the light.
The resting eye is “set” for distant(jauh) vision. In
general, light from a distant source (over 20 feet
away) and the lens does not need to change shape
to focus properly on the retina. However, light from
a close object tends to scatter and to diverge, or
spread out, and the lens must bulge more to make
close vision possible.
To achieve this, the ciliary body contracts, allowing
the lens to become more convex. This ability of the
eye to focus specifically for close objects (those
less than 20 feet away) is called accommodation.
The image formed on the retina as a result of the
light-bending activity of the lens is a real image—
that is, it is reversed from left to right, upside down
(MARIEB PHYSIOLOGY 11ed, 2015)
 Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain
Axons carrying impulses from the retina are bun-
dled together. At the optic chiasma (ki-as′mah;
chiasm = cross) the fibers from the medial side of
each eye cross over to the opposite side of the
brain. The fiber tracts that result are the optic tracts.
The optic tract fibers synapse with neurons in the
thalamus, whose axons form the optic radiation,
which runs to the occipital lobe of the brain.
Each side of the brain receives visual input from
both eyes—from the lateral field of vision of the
eye on its own side and from the medial field of the
other eye. Also notice that each eye “sees” a
slightly different view, but their visual fields
overlap quite a bit. As a result of these two facts,
humans have binocular vision. Binocular vision,
literally “two-eyed vision,” provides for depth
perception, also called “three- dimensional” vision,
as our visual cortex fuses the two slightly different
images delivered by the two eyes.

EYE HEALTHY
1. Lakukan pemeriksaan mata pada care professional
untuk mengetahui sebenernya kita tuh udah butuh
alat bantu melihat apa gak
2. Mengetahui riwayat mata keluarga (menurun/gen)
3. Makan makanan untuk memproteksi penglihatan
 1. You’ve heard carrots are good for your eyes. But
eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables,
particularly dark leafy greens such as spinach, kale,
or collard greens, is important for keeping your
eyes healthy, too.1 Research has also shown there
are eye health benefits from eating fish high in
omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon, tuna, and
halibut. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group.
The relationship of dietary carotenoid with vitamin A, E,
and C intake with age-related macular degeneration in a
case-control study. Archives of Ophthalmology; 2007;
125(9): 1225–1232.

4. Jaga BB,
Being overweight increases your risk of developing
diabetes and other systemic conditions, which can
lead to vision loss, such as diabetic eye disease or
glaucoma.
5. Quit smoking or never start
Research has linked smoking to an increased risk
of developing age-related macular degeneration,
cataract, and optic nerve damage, all of which can
lead to blindness. (- Age-Related Eye Disease
Study Research Group. Risk factors associated with
age- related nuclear and cortical cataract.
Ophthalmology; 2001; 108(8): 1400–1408.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Office of the Surgeon General. The Health
Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the
Surgeon General (Washington, D.C., 2004).)
6. beri mata istirahat
If you spend a lot of time at the computer or focusing on any
one thing, you sometimes forget to blink and your eyes can
get fatigued. Try the 20-20-20 rule: Every 20 minutes, look
away about 20 feet in front of you for 20 seconds. This can
help reduce eyestrain(ketegangan mata)
(NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE, US DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES)
AIRMATA
 Normally, tears are cleared away as fast as they are
produced, either by evaporation or by passing into
the lacrimal canals and then into the nasal cavity. If
an irritating substance makes contact with the
conjunctiva, however, the lacrimal glands are
stimulated to oversecrete, and tears accumulate
(watery eyes).
 Watery eyes also occur when an inflammation of
the nasal mucosa, such as occurs with a cold,
obstructs the nasolacrimal ducts and blocks
drainage of tears.
 Only humans express emotions, both happiness and
sadness, by crying. In response to parasympathetic
stimulation, the lacrimal glands produce excessive
(berlebihan) lacrimal fluid that may spill over the
edges of the eyelids and even fill the nasal cavity
with fluid. This is how crying produces a runny
nose.
PHYSIOLOGY TORTORA
FORMING THE VISUAL IMAGE
The visual process begins when light rays enter the eye,
focus on the retina, and produce a tiny inverted image. The
pupil dilates or constricts to determine how much light
enters the eye. Dilation is achieved by the pupillary dilator, a
system of contractile cells in the iris that radiate from the
pupil like the spokes of a wheel. These cells respond to the
sympathetic nervous system and dilate the pupil when light
intensity falls, when we look from a nearby to a more distant
object, or when the body is in a general state of sympathetic
arousal. Constriction is achieved by a circle of smooth
muscle in the iris called the pupillary constrictor, innervated
by the parasympathetic nervous system (see fig. 9.18).
Pupillary constriction occurs when light intensity rises and
when we shift our focus to a relatively close object. The
responses to light are called photopupillary reflexes.
Image formation depends on refraction, the bending of light
rays. Light travels at different speeds through media such as
air, water, and glass.
When we look at objects more than 6 m away, our eyes are
in a relatively relaxed state called emmetropia (EM-eh-
TRO-pee-ah).
When we look at something closer than 6 m, the light rays
from it diverge more strongly as they approach the eyes and
thus require more effort to get them to come together again
(focus) on the retinas. The eyes must do three things to
compensate for divergence of the rays: (1) convergence—
they must turn medially so that both of them aim at the
object (the fixation point); (2) accommodation—the lenses
thicken to as much as 4.5 mm at the center, increasing their
refractive power so they can focus the rays on the retina; and
(3) pupillary constriction—the pupil narrows to screen out
divergent light rays at the periphery of the lens, which could
not be effectively focused because they wouldn’t pass
through very much lens material.