FISIKA KUANTUM

TUGAS PEMBAHASAN CHAPTER 3

THE TIME INDEPENDENT SCHRODINGER EQUATION

Dosen Pengampu :

Prof. Dr. I Wayan Santyasa, M.Si.

Putu Widiarini, S. Pd., M. Pd.

Oleh :

Kelas VI B

I Made Alit Adnyana Putra

1713021011

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN FISIKA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN AALAM

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN GANESHA

SINGARAJA

2020
Jawaban soal 3.2
Beginning with the Schrodinger equation we find
ℏ2 d2
− +Vψ =Eψ
2 m dx 2
ℏ2 d2
ψ + ( E−V ) ψ=0
2 m dx 2
d2 2m
ψ+ ( E−V ) ψ=0
dx 2 ℏ2
d2
2
ψ+k 2 ψ=0
dx
2 m( E−V )
Where we have made the substitution k = √ . Now we can see that the solution is
ℏ
entirely dependent on the quantity E ¿ V then we get the differential equation,
2
d
2
ψ +k 2 ψ=0
dx
Which has known, square integrable solutions. The second case is E < V , which gives us the
differential equation
d2
2
ψ−k 2 ψ=0→ψ= Ae−kx + Be−kx
dx
Which have permitted solutions of non-complex exponentials ψ ( x ) =e± kx . However, these
standard exponential solutions are not square integrable over all space because they blow up
at either infinity or negative infnity, hence can never be normalized.

Jawaban soal 3.4

ℏ2 d2 Ψ
− +VΨ =EΨ
2 m dx 2
ℏ2 d2 Ψ
=( V −E ) Ψ v=0
2 m dx 2
ℏ2 d2 Ψ
=−EΨ
2 m dx 2
2
d Ψ 2m
2
=− 2 EΨ
dx ℏ
ψ= A sin(kx )+ B cos (kx )
dψ
= Ak cos( kx )−Bk sin (kx )
dx
d2 ψ
2
=−k 2 ( A sin( kx ) ) +B cos (kx )
dx
d2 ψ
2
=−k 2 ( A sin( kx ) ) +B cos (kx )
dx
a
Ψ −( )2
=0

2
Ψ ( a2 )=0
a a
0=A sin k ±
2 (( )
+ B cos ±( ))
2
Ψ ≠0 at x=0
sin(kx )=0 at kx=0 and kx=nπ
A=0
a
0=B cos k ±
2 ( ( ))
(2 n+1 )π
cos( kx )=a at kx= (2n+1 ): odd inntegral
2
Ψ =B cos (kx )
nπ (2n+ 1)π
kx= = with n→odd
2 2

with l=(2 n+1)

ka (2 n+l) π lπ
= =
2 2 2
ka=lπ
d2 Ψ 2m
2
=− 2 EΨ
dx ℏ
2
d Ψ
2
=−k 2 Ψ
dx
2m
k 2=− 2 E
ℏ
2m
k= 2 E

2m
ℏ √ lπ
√
ℏ
2m
2
E=
a
l2 π 2
E= 2
ℏ2 a
2 2 2
l ℏ π
E= 2
a 2m
π nπ
Ψ n = sin

π
a √
( )
lπ
a
x

a l
√
Ψ = cos ( x )
2a
a /2
l→odd

1= ∫ dx|Ψ|2
−a /2

3
 a/2
1= ∫ dx|B|2 cos2 (kx)
−a/2
Ψ l=Bcos(kx)
∫ u dv=uv−∫ v du
u=cos kx
du=−sinkx
v=sin kx
dv=cos kx
a/2
1=|B| 2
[ cos ( kx ) sin(kx)|−a/2− dx sin2 kx
a/2
a/2
∫
−a/2
]
2 2
1=|B| ∫−a/2 dxsin kx

∫−a/2 |B|2 sin 2 k (nπa x ) dx=12 |B|2∫−a/2 dx=a2 |B2|

a/2 a/2

a
√
B= and same for A
2
a nπ
( ) √
Ψ n ( x ) = sin x ,n even
2 a
a nπ
( ) √
Ψ n ( x ) = cos x , n odd
2 a
2 nπ nπ
n

nπ
a a 2 √
Ψ ( x ) = sin ( x− )

sin (θ− )={ ¿ ¿ cosθ sinθ ( n=1,5,9,...) ,−cosθ(n=3,7,11,...)

( n=4,8,12,...) ,−sinθ(n=2,6,10,...) }
2

Jawaban soal 3.6

a) Normalize ψ ( x , 0 )
First we'll need to findψ 1 ( x ),ψ 2 ( x ) ¿, the 1st 2 stationary states. From notes or just from
guessing with the standing wave boundary conditions at x = ± a/¿2, they are
2 πx
ψ 1=
a
cos

2 2 πx
a √
ψ 2= sin
a a √
ℏ2 ∇2
corresponding to energy eigenvalues - =Ea ψ a
2m ψ a

4
 h2 π 2
E1 =
2 ma2
h2 π 2
E2 =
2 ma2

Time dependence: we will need to know how these 2 states evolve in time. Since they
∂
are eigenstates of H, we must have H a ψ a=E a ψ a =iℏ( )ψ a which has the solution
∂t
−iEat /h
ψ a ( x ,t )=ψ a ( x ) e

Now, on to business. The normalization condition is

1=∫ dx|Ψ|2
= A2∫ dx (|ψ 1|2 +|ψ 2|2+ψ 1∗ψ 2 +ψ 2∗ψ 1 )
= A 2 ( 1+1+0+0 )
where the last 2 terms vanish because they are odd in x. So A2=1/2

2
b) Find ψ ( x , t ) |ψ ( x , t )|
iE 1 t iE t

From above,
(
ψ ( x ,t )= A ψ 1 ( x ) e
− ℏ − ℏ
+ψ 2 ( x ) e
1

)
1 2 π 2π
=
√2( )
a √[
sin x e−iωt +sin
a a
x e−i 4 ωt ( ) ]
1 π 2π
¿ e
√a [ sin ( x ) e
a
−iωt −iωt
+sin (
a )
x e −i3 ωt
]
( i E 1−E 2 t ) i E −E t

|Ψ ( x , t )| =A (|ψ | +|ψ | +|ψ ψ | e ))

( )
2 2
1
2 ( 2
2
2 1
2 ℏ
+e ℏ
1 2

1 π 2π π 2π
2
|Ψ ( x , t )| =
a( ( ) ( )
sin2 x + sin2
a a
x +2 sin2 x sin 2
a a
x cos ( 3 ωt ) ( ) ( ) )
c) compute ⟨ x ⟩ . Notice that it oscillates in time. What is the frequency of the oscillation?
What is the amplitude of the oscillation?

⟨x ⟩=∫ x|Ψ ( x , t )|2 dx

a
1 π 2π 2π 2π
a 0 [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
¿ ∫ x sin2 x +sin2
a a
x +2 sin
a
x sin
a
x cos ( 3 ωt ) dx
]
a a

∫ x sin πa x sin 2aπ x dx= 12 ∫ x cos πa x −cos πa x dx

2
( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )]
0 0

5
 a
2π 2π
a

0
2 π
( )x 2 x sin
a
∫ x sin a x dx= 2 − 4 π − π 2
a
x cos

8
a

a
[
x ( ) ( )
( ) ] 0
a2 a
= =∫0 x sin
4

a
2 2π
( )
a
x dx

1 a2 π ax π a2 3π ax 3π
=
2 π[2 a π( )
cos x + sin x − 2 cos
a 9π a
x − sin
3π a
x ( ) ( )] ( ) 0

2 2 2 2
1 a
=
[( cos ( π )−cos ( 0 ) )−a ( cos ( 3 π ) −cos ( 0 ) ) ]=−a (1−1 )= 8 a
2 2 2
2 π 9π 2 9 9π
1 a2 a2 16 a 2 a 32
⟨ x ⟩=
[
+ − 2 cos ( 3 ωt ) = 1− 2 cos ( 3 ωt )
a 4 4 9π 2 9π ] [ ]
32 a a
Amplitude =
9π 2
2
=0,3603
2 () ()
2
3π ℏ
Angular frequency = 3 ω=
2m a2
d) compute ⟨ p ⟩
⟨ p ⟩= A 2∫ dx ( ( ψ 1∗ψ 2 ) −(−i ℏ ∇ ) ( ψ 1 +ψ 2 ) )
i( E1 −E 2 )t i (E 1−E2 )t
4
= − i ℏ eℏ
3a
( +e
−
ℏ )
4ℏ
= − sin (3 ωt )
3a
e) Find the expectation value of H. How does it compare with E1 and E2
⟨H ⟩= A 2∫ dx ( ( ψ 1 +ψ 2 ) H ( ψ 1 +ψ 2 ) )
¿ ¿

= A2 ∫ ( ψ 1 +ψ 2 ) ( E1 ψ 1 +E 2 ψψ 2 )
¿ ¿

= A2 ∫ E 1|ψ 1|2 + E2|ψ 2|2

( E 1 +E2 )
=
2
f)

Jawaban Soal 3.8

a) Normalize ψ ( x , 0 )

6
 Ψ ( x, 0 ) =Ax (a− x)
Ψ∗( x , 0 )= Ax (a−x )
a a
2
1=∫ Ψ∗Ψ dx= A ∫ x(a−x) x( x−a)dx
0 0
a
2
1= A ∫ (a2 x 2−2 ax+x 2 )dx
0
a
1= A2 ∫ (a2 x 2 −2 ax 3 +x 4 )dx
0
a
1 2 3 1 4 1 5
3
2
[
1= A a x − ax + x
2 5 ]0
1 1 1
3 [
1= A2 a5 − a5 + a5
2 5 ]
A2
1= [ 10 a5 −15 a5 +6 a5 ]
30
30
A= 2
√
a

To graph this function, note that at the endpoints (i.e., x = 0 and x = a), (x, 0) = 0. Also,
expanding out the integrand gives ax−x2, which clearly indicates that this wave function has a
parabolic shape. We can find the extrema of this parabola by taking the derivative and setting
it equal to 0: a − 2x = 0, or x = a/2. The second derivative tells us the orientation of the
parabola: −2, so the curve is concave downward as shown on the graph on the next page. As
one can see from an inspection of this curve (see figure on next page), this wave function
resembles the harmonic oscillator solution in the ground state (n = 1) since it resembles a sine
function (note that we will be investigating simple harmonic oscillators in section III.E). As

such, we can guess the expectation value of the energy will follow Eq. (III-31):

π 2 ℏ2 ℏ2
E= =4 , 93
2 ma2 ma 2

7
b) Compute ⟨ x ⟩ , ⟨ p ⟩, and ⟨ H ⟩ , at t = 0
a 2 a
⟨x ⟩=∫0 Ψ∗Ψ dx= A ∫0
x (a−x )x ( x−a )dx
a
= A 2∫0 x 3 (a−x )2 dx
a
= A 2∫0 a2 x 3−2ax 4 +x 5 dx
1 2 4 2 5 1 6a
2
[
= A a x − ax + x
4 5 6 0 ]
1 6 2 6 1 6
=A 2 [ 4
a − a+ x
5 6 ]
30
= 5
( 15 a6 −24 a6 + 10 a6 )
60 a
1 a
= 2 a6 =
2a 2
a ℏ 2 0
⟨ p⟩=∫0 Ψ∗ ∂ Ψ dx=A ∫a x ( a−x ) ∂ [ x(a−x)] dx
{ }
i ∂x ∂x
ℏ 0
= A2 ∫a { x ( a−x )( a−2 x)} dx
i
2ℏ 0 2 2 3
= A ∫a a x−3 ax +2 x dx
i
a
2ℏ 1 2 2 3 2 2
=A
i 2 [
a x −ax + x
4 0 ]
ℏ
= A 2 ( a4 −2a 4 +a4 )=0
i
The particle initially has an expectation of being at rest.

8
 a ℏ
⟨H ⟩ =∫0 Ψ∗ − ∂ 2 +V Ψ dx
( i ∂x )
Now,
∂ Ψ∗¿ ∂2 [ x(x−a)]=∂2 ( a−2x )=−2
∂x2 ∂x 2 ∂x2
a
ℏ a ∂2 Ψ a ℏ2 2
⟨H ⟩= ∫0 Ψ∗¿ 2 dx+V ∫0 Ψ∗Ψ dx ¿ = A ∫ x(a−x)dx+V
2m ∂x m 0
a
ℏ2 1 1
[ ]
= A 2 ax 2− x 3 +V
m 2 3 0
ℏ2 2 1 3 1 3
[ ]
= A a − a +V
m 2 3
ℏ2 2 3 3
= A (3a −2a )+V
6m
ℏ 2 30 3
= 5 a +V
6m a
2
5ℏ
⟨H ⟩= 5 +V
ma
ℏ2
From this, it is clear that E = 5
ma5

Jawaban soal 3.10

9
 ∞ −iE n t ℏ
Ψ ( x , t )=∑ c n Ψ n ( x ) e
n=1
2
∫ dx [ o i ( x ) ] w ( x ) =1
2
∫ dx [ o j ( x ) ] w ( x )=1
i≠ j
δ ij { ¿ 10 i≠ j

∫ dx sin ( nπ
a
nπ
x ) sin ( x )=a
a
−a
with m=n
a

∫ dx sin ( nπ
a
mπ
x ) sin ( x )=
a
a
2
0

with m≠n

2
A=
√ a

Normalize, when t=0

¿
∫ dx Ψ m( x )Ψ n ( x )=δnm
∞ ∞
2 nπ
f ( x)= ∑ cn Ψ n ( x)= ∑ c n sin
n=1 a n=1 a
x
√ ( )
Ψ n=
√ 2
a
sin
¿
nπ
a
x ( ) ∞ ¿ ∞
∫ dx Ψ m( x) f ( x)= ∑ dx Ψ m( x)Ψ n ( x)= ∑ c n δnm=c m
n=1 n=1
¿
m
c m=∫ dx Ψ ( x) f ( x)
t
2 nπ −iEn
∞
Ψ ( x , t )=∑ c n sin
n=1 a a
∞
x e
√ ( ) ℏ

ψ ( x ,t )=∑ c n Ψ n ( x)
n=1
2 2
1=∫ dxA |Ψ ( x ,t )| when t=0
2
1=∫ dx|Ψ (x ,t )|

10
 ∞ a
2 nπ
1= ∑ |c n| ∫ dx sin 2
n=1 0
2
a a
x ( )
iEt iEt
ℏ −ℏ
e e =1
∞ a
1= ∑ |c n| ∫ dx sin2
n=1
2

0
(nπa x)
a
Because ∫ dx sin2
0
( nπa x )=2a , so
∞
a
1= ∑ |c n|2
n=1 2
so obtained
∞
1= ∑ |c n|2
n=1
∞
⟨H ⟩= ∑ E n|c n|2
n=1
2
ℏ ∂2
H=−
2 m ∂ x2

The potensial energi equals 0 , so

ℏ2 ∂ 2
H=−
2 m ∂ x2
⟨H ⟩=∫ dx Ψ H Ψ= E∫ dx|Ψ|2=E
¿

∞
22nπ ℏ 2 ∂2
a nπ
n=1 a ( )( ) ( ( ))
⟨H ⟩= ∑ |c n| ∫0 dx sin
a
x −
2m ∂x 2
sin
a
x

∂ sin nπ x =nπ cos nπ x

∂x ( ) ( )
a a a
2 2
∂ nπ cos nπ x =−n π sin nπ x
∂ x (a ( a )) a ( a ) 2

∞ 2 2 2
2ℏ n π nπ a
⟨H ⟩= ∑ |c | n ∫ dx sin ( x )
2
2
2

n=1 a 2m a a 0

a
Because ∫ dx sin
0
2
( nπa x ) = a2 so,
∞
ℏ 2 n2 π 2
2
⟨H ⟩= ∑ |c n|
n=1 2 m a2

11
 ℏ2 n2 π 2
Karena En = maka
2 m a2

∞
⟨H ⟩= ∑ |c n|2 En
n=1

Jawaban soal 3.12

∞ ∞
(a) ∫−∞ |a+ψ n|2 dx=∫−∞ ( a+ψ n )∗( a+ψ n ) dx
¿
1 ℏd ℏd
∞
= ∫−∞ −
2m i dx [(
+im ωx ψ n × −
i dx
+im ωx ψ n dx ) ] [( ) ]
ℏ dψ n ℏ dψ n
=
1
∫
∞
−
2 m −∞ i dx
−im(ωx ψ n ×
i dx
¿

+im ωx ψ n dx ) [(
¿
) ]
dψ n dψ n dψ n dψ n
=
1
∫
∞
ℏ 2
2 m −∞ dx dx [ −ℏ mωx
dx
¿

ψ n −ℏ mωxψ n
dx
¿

+ ( mωx )2 ψ n ψ n dx
¿ ¿
]
at this point, note that
d dψ n dψ n ¿

ψ n ψ n=ψ n + ψ
dx n
¿ ¿
dx dx
As such, we can simplify the integral above as

dψ n ψ n dψ
∞
∫−∞ |a+ψ n|2 dx=2 m ∫−∞
1
dx dx
∞
[ ℏ2
¿

+(mωx )2 ψ n ψ n −ℏ mωx n ψ n ψ n dx
dx
¿ ¿
]
1 ∞ dψ n dψ n 1 ¿ ∞ ∞ dψ n ¿

= ∫−∞ ℏ 2 dx + ∫−∞ (mωx )2 ψ n ψ n dx−∫−∞ ℏ mωx 2 (ψ n ψ n )dx (1) ¿

2m dx dx 2m dx

The first integral in Eq. (A) is found by us1ing integration by parts, let
dψ n d2 ψn
u= →du= 2 dx
dx dx
dv=dψ n ¿

v=ψ n ¿

Then,

12
 ∞ 2
dψ n dψ n ¿ ∞ 2 dψ n
dψ n ¿

∫−∞ ℏ dx=∫−∞ ℏ dx
dx dx dx dx
∞ dψ n
=ℏ 2∫−∞ dψ n dx ¿
dx
2
dψ n ∞ d ψ
=ℏ ψ n 2
dx [ ∞
|−∞−∫−∞ ψ n 2 n dx
¿

dx
¿
]
2
∞ d ψn
=−ℏ2 ∫−∞ ψ n ¿ dx ( 2)
dx 2
d ψn ∞
Where ψ n¿ ( )
dx −∞ |
→ 0 since the wave function must be normalizable. The second integral
in Eq.1 is
∞ ∞

∫ (mωx )2 ψ n¿ ψ n dx= ∫ ψ n¿ (mωx )2 ψ n dx (3)

−∞ −∞
The third and final integral in Eq. (1) in once again sloved with integral by parts, let
u=x dv = d (ψ ¿ ¿ n ¿ ¿ ¿ ψ n )¿ ¿
du = dx v=ψ n¿ ψ n
then,
∞ d ∞
ℏ mω ∫−∞ x ψ ψ dx=ℏ mω ∫−∞ xd (ψ n ψ n )
dx ( n n )
¿ ¿

∞
∞
=ℏ mω xψ n ψ n|−∞ [
−∫−∞ ψ n ψ n dx
¿ ¿
]
=ℏ mω (4)
∞¿
Since x ψ n ψ n|  0 , plug eq. 2, 3, 4 in to eq. 1
−∞
d2 ψn
∞ 1 ∞
[
1
∫−∞ |a+ψ n| dx= 2 m ∫−∞ ℏ ψ n dx 2 +ψ n (mωx )2 ψ n dx− 2 m (−ℏ mω )
2 2
¿ ¿
]
ℏ2 d 2 1 1
∞
=∫−∞ ψ n ¿

2 m dx 22 [
+ m(ωx)2 ψ n dx + ( ℏ ω )
2 ]
∞ 1
¿∫−∞ ψ n En dx+ ( ℏ ω )
¿

2
∞ 1
¿ En ∫−∞ ψ n ψ n dx+ ℏ ω ¿
2
1 1 1
¿ En + ℏ ω= n+ ℏ ω+ ℏ ω
2 2 2 ( )
¿(n+1 )ℏ ω
We next have to prove the solutions of the raising and lowering operators.
Assume that a+ψ n=ψ n+1 for some constant c, with ψ n and ψ n+1 normalized
∞ ∞
∫−∞ |a+ψ n|2 dx=|c|2∫−∞ |ψ n+1|2 dx=|c|2=(n+1)ℏω
So, c =√ (n+ 1)ℏ ω Note however, to achieve consistency withthe integrals above,

13
c=i √(n+1) ℏ ω, so
a+ψ n =i √(n+1)ℏ ωψ n+1
Similarly, a−ψ n=¿ bψ n−1 for some constant b, so
∞ ∞
2 2 2 2
∫ |a−ψ n| dx=¿|b| ∫ |ψ n−1| dx=|b| =n ℏ ω ¿
−∞ −∞
So b=√ n ℏ ω, to achieve consistency with the integrals above, b=−i √ n ℏ ω
So a−ψ n=−i √ n ℏ ω ψ n−1

2
(mω /ℏ) x
2 ψ0
(b) ψ 0= A e(mω /ℏ )x , -e =
A0
mω 2

ψ n =A n (a ) e
( 2ℏ )
x
n
=
A
(a ) ψ
n n
+
A0 + 0
An An
= ( a+ )n−1 (a+ ψ 0 )= (i √ ℏ ω)(a+ )n−2 (a+ ψ 1 )=. ..
A0 A0
An
= (i √ ℏ ω)(i √ 2 ℏ ω)(i √ 3 ℏ ω).. .(i √ n ℏ ω )ψ n
A0
(−i )n
A n= A0
√ n! ( ℏ ω) n
2
(e mωxℏ ) dx=|A | πℏ
√
∞
1=|A 0|2 −∞
2
∫ 0
mω
Or
1
mω
A 0=
πℏ( ) 4

So,
mω 1
(−i )n
A 0=
πℏ( ) 4
√n!( ℏ ω)n
Jawaban Soal 3.14

a. Compute ⟨ x ⟩ , ⟨ p ⟩ , ⟨ x 2 ⟩ ,∧⟨ p2 ⟩
ψ 0 is even, ψ 1 is odd, in x in either case |ψ n|2 is even, so ⟨ x ⟩=∫ x|ψ n|2 dx=0
d ⟨x⟩
⟨ p ⟩=m =0
dt
n=0 :
∞ ∞
ℏ 3 /2 1 ℏ
( ) √2π = 2mω
ℏ
2 /2 2

⟨ x 2 ⟩=α2 ∫ x 2 e−ξ dx =α ( 2
) ∫ ξ 2 e−ξ dξ=
−∞ mω −∞ √ π mω
∞
d 2 d 2 −ξ
2 2

⟨ p2 ⟩ =∫ ψ 0 ( ℏ ¿ mω
( )
2 2
2 2 −ξ
) ψ 0 dx=−ℏ α √ ∫ e e dξ ¿
i dx ℏ −∞ dξ2

14
 ∞ 2

⟨ p ⟩ =−mℏ ω ∫ (ξ 2 ¿−1)e−ξ = −m ℏ ω ( √ π −√ π )= m ℏ ω ¿
2
2

√ π −∞ √π 2 2

n=1:
∞
2
2
2
⟨x ⟩ = 2α ∫ x 2 ξ 2 e−ξ dx=¿2α 2 ¿
−∞

∞
mhω d2
√
2/2

⟨ p2 ⟩ =−ℏ2 2 α 2 ∫ ξ 2 −ξ
e [ ¿)] dξ
ℏ −∞ dξ 2
∞
⟨ p2 ⟩ =−2m ℏ ω ∫ ξ 4 −3 ξ 2 ¿ ¿ e−ξ dξ= −2 m ℏ ω ( 34 √ π −3 √2π )= 3 mℏ2 ω
2

√π −∞ √π
b. Check the uncertainly principle for these states
n=0 :
2 ℏ
σ x 2=⟨ x 2 ⟩ − ⟨ x ⟩ =
2 mω
ℏ
σ x=
√ 2mω
2 mℏω
σ p2 = ⟨ p2 ⟩ − ⟨ p ⟩ =
2
mℏω
σ p=
√ 2
ℏ mℏω
σ x σ p=
√ √
2 mω 2
ℏ
σ x σ p=
2
n=1:
3ℏ
σ x=
√
2mω
3 mℏω
σ p=
√2
ℏ ℏ
σ x σ p=3 >
2 2
c. Compute (T) and (V)

1 1
⟨T ⟩ =
1
2m
⟨ p ² ⟩ =
4
3
4
{
ℏω(n=0)

ℏω ( n=1 )
1
; ⟨ V ⟩ = mω2 ⟨ x ² ⟩ =
2 { 4
3
4
ℏω(n=0)

ℏω ( n=1 )

15
 1
⟨T ⟩ + ⟨V ⟩ = ⟨ H ⟩ =
2
3
2
{
ℏω ( n=0 )=E ₀

ℏω ( n=1 )=E ₁
as expected

Jawaban Soal 3.16

For the allowed values of K, the recursion formula reads

−2(n− j)
a j+2 = a
( j+1)( j+2) j
If n=0, there is only one term in the series (we must pick a 0=0 to kill h odd, and j =0 in
Equation 3.68 yields a 2=0):
h1 ( ξ )=a 1 ξ ,
and hence
2

ψ 2 ( ξ ) =a0 ( 1−2 ξ 2 ) e−ξ /2 ,

(confirming Equation 3.68).
For n=5
j=1 yields
−2 ( 5−1 ) −4
j=1⇒ a3= a1 = a
( 1+1 )( 1+2 ) 3 1
−2 ( 5−3 ) −1 4
j=3 ⇒a5 = a3 = a 3 = a1
( 3+1 ) ( 3+2 ) 5 15
¿ j=5 gives a7 =0.
So
4 3 4 5 a1 3 5
H 5 ( ξ )=a1 ξ− a1 ξ + a1 ξ = ( 15 ξ−20 ξ + 4 ξ )
3 15 15
By convention the coefficient of
ξ 5 is 25 , so a 1=15.8 ,∧H 5 ( ξ )=120 ξ−160 ξ 3+ 32ξ 5
(which agrees with Table 2.1).
For n=6
j=0 yields

16
 −2(6−0)
j=0 ⇒a2 = a =−6 a0
(0+1)(0+2) 0
−2 ( 6−2 ) −2
j=2⇒ a4 = a 2= a =4 a 0
( 2+1 )( 2+2 ) 3 2
−2 ( 6−4 ) −2 −8
j=4 ⇒ a6= a 4= a 4= a
( 4+1 ) ( 4+ 2 ) 15 15 0
¿ j=6 gives a 6=0.
So
8
H 6 ( ξ )=a0 −6 a0 ξ 2+ 4 a0 ξ 4− a0ξ6 .
15
The coefficient of
−8
ξ 6 is26 , so 26 = a ⇒ a0=−15.8=−120.
15 0
H 6 ( ξ )=−120+720 ξ 2−480 ξ4 + 64 ξ 6 .
Jawaban Soal 3.18

d −ξ 2
( e ) =−2 ξe−ξ 2
(a) dξ
d 2 −ξ 2 d (
( )
dξ
=e = −2ξe−ξ 2 )=(−2+4 ξ 2 )e−ξ 2
dξ
3
d d
( )
dξ
e ξ 2 = [ (−2+4 ξ 2 ) e−ξ 2 ]=[ 8 ξ + (−2+4 ξ 2 ) (−2 ξ ) ] e−ξ 2
dξ
= ( 12ξ −8 ξ3 ) e−ξ 2
d 4 −ξ 2 d
( )
dξ
e = [ ( 12 ξ−8 ξ ) e ]
dξ
3 −ξ 2

= [ 12−24 ξ2 + ( 12 ξ−8 ξ3 ) (−2 ξ ) ] e−ξ 2

= ( 12−48 ξ2 +16 ξ 4 ) e−ξ 2
d 3 −ξ 2
H 3 (ξ )=−e ξ2
dξ ( )
e =−12+8 ξ 3
4
ξ2 d
H 4 (ξ )=−e
dξ ( )
e−ξ 2 =12−48 ξ+16 ξ 4

(b) H 4 (ξ )=2 ξH 4 −8 H 3=2 ξ ( 12−48 ξ2 +16 ξ 4 )−8(−12 ξ +8 ξ 3 )

17
 =120 ξ−160 ξ 3+32 ξ5
H 6 ( ξ )=2 ξH 5 −10 H 4
=2 ξ ( 120 ξ−160 ξ3 +32 ξ5 )−10 ( 120 ξ−160 ξ 3 +32ξ 5 )
=−120+730 ξ2 −480 ξ2 +160 ξ 4
dH 5
=120−480 ξ2 +160 ξ 4 =10( 12−48 ξ2 +16 ξ 4 )
(c) dξ
=(2)(6 ) H 4
dH 6
=1440 ξ−1920 ξ3 +384 ξ 5 =12 ( 120 ξ−160 ξ 3 +32ξ 5 )
dξ
= (2 )(6) H 5
d ( − z2 +2 zξ ) −z2 +2 zξ 2 − z2+2 zξ
e =[ (−2 z+2ξ ) e ] =[−2+(−2 z+2ξ ) ] e
(d) dz
with z=0 , so ,
H 1 ( ξ )=−2+4 ξ2
3
d
( e−z +2 zξ )=d {[−2+ (−2 z+2 ξ ) ] e− z +2 zξ }
2 2

( )
dz dz
− z2+2 zξ
= {2 (−2 z +2 ξ ) )(−2 )+ [ −2+(−2 z +2 ξ ) ] } e
we can use , z=0
H 2 (ξ )=−8 ξ +(−2+4 ξ 2 )(2ξ )=−12 ξ+ 8 ξ3

Jawaban Soal 3.20

(a) Starting by make a usage of Euler’s identity i.e, e ±iαx =cos ( αx ) ± isin ( αx ), where can
find the sine and consine from identit, so
eiαx +e−iαx e iαx−e−iαx
cos αx =
( ) sin αx =
( )
2 2i
Now we can write dirichlet’s theorem as
nπ nπ nπ nπ
f (x )= ∑
n=0 2i
e −e[ +∑
n=0 2
e ]
an i ( a ) x −i ( a ) x ∞ bn i ( a ) x −i ( a ) x
∞
−e [ ]
nπ nπ
∞
( a )
i x
an bn ∞ −i( )x bn an
=∑
n=0
e [ +
2i 2 ]
+∑ e
n=0
a
[ 2
+
2i ]
nπ (−n ) π
∞ ( i )
x ∞ i( )x
an bn bn an
=∑
n=0
e a [ +
2i 2 ]∑
+
n=0
e a [ 2
+
2i ]
So teher are two values for c n, one for positive n’s (i .e . cn ), where the other is for the
negative values of n’s (c ¿¿−n)¿,

18
 1
c n= (bn −ia n)
2
1
c n= (bn +i an )
2
Thus
nπ

f (x )=
∞
c e
( a)
i x
∑ n
n=−∞

(b) from completeness we know that

f ( x )=c n ψ n (x)

To find c n we need to multiply both sides by ψ∗¿m (x)¿ then integrate from −a ¿ a
a ¿ ∞ ¿
∫=a f ( x )c n ψ m (x )= ∑ c n ψ m ψ n (x )dx
n=−∞
nπ
a −i( ) dx=c
a
x a
∫−a f (x )e n −a 1dx
∫
a −i ( nπa ) x dx=c (2 a )
∫−a f (x )e n

I use to get second line the orthonormality propriety

a nπ
−i ( ) x
1 a
c n = ∫ f ( x )e dx
2 a −a
nπ 2
(c) using k =
a
and F ( k )=
nπ
√
a c we can write
π n

f (x )=
∞
cn e
( )
a
x
∑
n=−∞
∞
F (k ) π ikx
= ∑
n=−∞ a 2
∞
e
√ ikx
k
1
=
2π√ ∑
n=−∞
F (k )e n

π
1 ∞ ikx
=

π
∑ √
2 π n=−∞
F (k )e a

but is equal to the increament from n to the next, so ∆ k=π /a thus ,

a
1 ∞
f (x ) =
√
∑
2 π n=−∞
F (k)e ikx Δk

a nπ
−i( ) x
1
What we can write also isc n= ∫ f ( x ) e a dx , so
2 a −a

19
 F( k) π a
a
1 a
2 √
=∫−a f ( x)eikx dk

√ 2π ∫−a
f ( x)e ikx dk

(d) as ± a →± , ∆ k → dk (i.e., becomes a diffrerntial ), and the sum become an integration,

therefore,

1 ∞
f (x )=
√ ∑
2 π −∞
F (k)e ikx dk

For F (k ) the limits of the integration will changes

1 ∞
f (k )=
√ ∑
2 π −∞
F( x)e ikx dx

Jawaban Soal 3.22

a) Normalize Ψ ( x , 0 )
∞ ∞
2 2
1= ∫ |Ψ ( x ,0 )| dx=| A| ∫ e−2 a|x|dx
−∞ −∞

but the integrand is an even function over a symmetric region, so we write :

∞
e−2a|x| ∞
1=2| A|
2
∫ e−2 a|x| dx=2|A|
−∞
2
[ ]
−2 a 0
And therefore,
∞
π
|∫ e−2 a x dx=| A|2
√
2
2
1=| A
−∞ 2a
1 /4
2a
A=
π ( )
A=√ a
b) Find Ψ ( x , t)
∞ ∞
2
−( a x + bx )
2 2
+ (b /4 a ) 1
∫e dx= ∫ e− y dy
−∞ −∞ √a
∞
1 b /4a 2 2

¿ e ∫ e− y dy
√ a −∞

20
 π b /4a
√
2

¿ e
a
∞
1 2

ϕ ( k )= A ∫ e−a x e−ikx dx
√ 2 π −∞

1/ 4
1 2a π −k
( ) √
2
/4 a
¿ e
√2 π π a
1 2

¿ 1 /4
e−k / 4 a .
( 2 πa )
∞
1 1 2

Ψ ( x , t )= 1 /4 ∫
e−k / 4 a ei ¿ ¿
√2 π ( 2 π ) −∞
1
1 1
e−k
∞
2
/4a
e
[( −
4a )
+i ℏt /2 m k 2−ixk dk
]
1 /4 ∫
¿
√2 π ( 2 π ) −∞
1 √π
2
−x /4 ( 41a +i ℏt/ 2 m)
¿ e
√2 π ( 2 πa )1/ 4 1

1/4 2
√ 4a
+i ℏt/2 m

2a e−a x /( 1+2 i ℏt /m )
¿ ( )
π √ 1+2 iℏt /m
.

2
c) Find |Ψ ( x ,t )|
2 2

2 a e−a x /( 1+iθ ) e−a x /(1−iθ )

Let θ ≡2 i ℏt/m .Then|Ψ | =
π √ ( 1+iθ )( 1−iθ )
2

√
. The exponent is

−a x 2 a x2 2 ( 1−iθ +1+iθ ) −2 a x 2 | |2
− =−a x = ;Ψ
( 1+iθ ) ( 1−iθ ) (1+iθ ) ( 1−iθ ) 1+ θ2
2 2

2 a e−2 a x /(1+θ )
¿
√π √1+θ 2
.

a 2
√ 2

√
2 2

¿ , with w ≡ 2
,|Ψ | = w e−2 w x .
1+θ π
2
As t jncreases , the graph of |Ψ | flattens out ∧broadens .
|Ψ |2 |Ψ |2

x x
t=0 t >0
d) Find ⟨ x ⟩ , ⟨ p ⟩ , ⟨ x 2 ⟩, ⟨ p2 ⟩ , σ x ,and σ p.

21
 ∞
2 d⟨ x⟩
⟨ x ⟩= ∫ x|Ψ | dx=0 ( odd integrand ) ; ⟨ p ⟩=m =0.
−∞ dt
∞
⟨ x ⟩ = 2 w ∫ x 2 e−2 w x dx= 2 w 1 2 π 2 = 1 2 .
2

√ √ √
2 2

π −∞ π 4 w 2w 4w
∞
2 d2Ψ
⟨ p ⟩ =−ℏ2 ∫ Ψ ¿ 2
dx .
−∞ dx
1/4
2a 1 a
( )
2

write Ψ =B e−b x , where B≡ ∧b ≡ .

π √ 1+ iθ 1+iθ
d2Ψ d −b x 2 −b x
2 2

2
=B (−2 bx e )=−2 bB ( 1−2b x ) e .
dx dx

¿ d2 Ψ 2 2 − ( b +b ) x ¿ 2

Ψ 2
=−2 b|B| ( 1−2 b x ) e ;
dx
a a 2a
b+ b¿ = + = =2 w2 .
1+iθ 1−iθ 1+θ2

|B|2= 2 a 1 2
√ π √ 1+θ 2
=
π
w.
√
d2Ψ 2
√
2 2

So Ψ ¿ 2
=−2 b w ( 1−2 b x 2 ) e−2w x .
dx π
∞
2
2

√
2 2
2
⟨ p ⟩ =2 b ℏ w ∫ ( 1−2 b x 2 ) e−2 w x dx
π −∞

2 π 1 π b
¿ 2 b ℏ2
√ (√
π
w
2w 2
−2 b 2
4 w 2w 2
2w√ )
=2 b ℏ2 1− 2 .
( )
b a 1+θ2 (1−iθ ) 1+iθ a
But 1−
2w 2
=1−
1+iθ ( )( 2a )
=1−
2
=
2
= , so
ab
2 a
⟨ p ⟩ =2 b ℏ2 =ℏ2 a .
ab
1
σ x= ;
2w
σ p=ℏ √ a .
e) time tdoes the system come closest to the uncertainty limit
1 ℏ ℏ
σ x σ p= ℏ √a= √ 1+θ2= √ 1+¿ ¿ ¿
2w 2 2
Closest at t = 0, at which time it is right at the uncertainty limit.

Jawaban Soal 3.26

22
a. The potential looks like

b. The solutions split themselves in to even and odd. To determine the number of bound
states let’s write the wave functions for the even solutions. We have:

Ae−kx x >a

{
Ψ ( x )= B ( ekx +e−kx ) −a< x <a .
Ae kx x >−a
Next continuity at x=a gives
Ae−ka =B ( e kx+ e−kx ) → A=B (e 2 ka +1)
The derivative is discontinuous, so we use the ideas in problem, where

∆ ( ddxΨ )= −2ℏmα Ψ (a). Evaluating the left hand,

2

−2 mα 2 mα
−kA e−ka −B ( k ekx + ke−kx )= 2
A e−ka → A+ B ( e 2 ka +1 ) = 2 A
ℏ ℏ k

B ( e 2ka −1 )= A
( 2mα
ℏ k )
2 (
2 ka
−1 =B ( e +1 )
2 mα
ℏ k
−1 2)
2
2mα 2 mα ℏ k
e 2 ka−1=e 2 ka (ℏk ) (ℏk )
−1
2
+ 2
−1 → e = (−2 ka
mα
−1)

This is an equation that’s transcendental and must be solved graphically.

ℏ2
Graphing the results in Mathematica, we have, defining z=2 ka and c=
2 amα
and plotting α >e−z =cz−1 the solutions are: z=1.2785 using the find root
command. Thus for the even solutions we have one bound state and the energy of
the bound state is given through k and we have,
2
z 2 −(1.278) ℏ 2
2
k =
−2mE
ℏ2
=
2a
→ ( )
E=
8 ma2 ( )

23
Now let’s do the odd solutions. We have for the wave functions for the bound
states (if there are any) given by:

Ae−kx x >a

{
Ψ ( x )= B ( ekx +e−kx ) −a< x <a
Ae kx x >−a

Net continuity at x=a gives Ae−ka =B ( e kx+ e−kx ) → A=B (e 2 ka +1) the derivative

discontinuous, so we use the ideas in problem. Where ∆ ( ddxΨ )= −2ℏmα Ψ (a).

2

Evaluating the left hand side, we have:

−2 mα
−kA e−ka −B ( k ekx + ke−kx )= 2
A e−ka
ℏ
2mα 2 mα
B ( e 2ka −1 )= A
( 2
ℏ k ) ( )
−1 =B ( e 2 ka +1 ) 2 −1
ℏ k
2
e 2 ka−1=e 2 ka ( 2mα
ℏk
−1 ) +(
2
2 mα
2
ℏ k
−1 ) → e =(
ℏ k
−2 ka
mα
−1)

This is another transcendental equation. Using the same definitions, as before, we

will plot e− z=cz −1. Using Mathematica again, we have:

Here there may or may not be a solution. Both graphs have their y-intercepts at 1,
but if c is too large (α too small), there may no intersection (red line), where as if

24
 c is smaller (yellow line) there will be. (Note that z=0 which implies that k =0 is
not a solution, since Ψ is then non-normalizable.) So there could be an odd

ℏ2 ℏ2
solution for c <1 or α > . So we have one bound state if α ≤ and two
2 ma 2ma

ℏ2
α> . So for:
2 ma
z
α=
ℏ2
ma
→ c=
1
2
{ even :e−z = −1 ⇒ z=2.21772
−z
2
z
odd : e =1− ⇒ z=1.59362
2

ℏ2
The energies of the two bound states are given by E=−0.615 ( ) or
ma

ℏ2
E=−0.317 ( )
ma
using the formula for the even solutions. If

ℏ2 ℏ2
α=
4 ma
−z
→c=2⇒ e =2 z−1 → z=0.738835 and energy E=−0.682
ma
. The ( )
wave functions look like:

event odd

Jawaban Soal 3.28

We have,

Fe−kx , for ( x >a ) ,

{
ψ ( x)= D sin ( l x ) , for ( 0< x< a ) ,
−ψ (−x ) , for ( x <0 ) .

Continuity of ψ ( x) gives :

Fe−ka=D sin(l a) ;

Continuity of d ψ /dx gives :

25
−kFe−ka =Dl cos ( l a ) .

Dividing these two gives :

−k =l cot (l a ) ,∨¿−ka=l a cot ( l a ) ¿

2 2
√ z −z =−z cot z ,
0

Or
2
√
cot z= ( z 0 / z ) −1 .

Wide, deep well: Intersections are at π ,2 π ,3 π , etc. Thiss fills the rest of the states for the
infinite square well.

Shallow, norrow well: if z 0 <π /2, there is no odd bound state. The corresponding contion on
π 2 ћ2
V0 is V 0 <
8 ma 2

Jawaban Soal 3.30

a
Equation 2.155 z 0= 2 mV 0We want α = area of potential 2 aV 0 held constant as a → 0.
ℏ√
α a α
Therefore V 0= ; z = 2m
2a 0 ℏ √
2a
So z 0 is small, and the intersection in Fig. 2.18 occurs at

very small z . Solve Eq. 2.156 for very smallz, by expanding tan z:

tan z ≅ z= ( z 0 / z )2−1=
√ ( 1z )√ z −z
0
2 2

z 02−z 2=k 2 a2 jadi z 2=ka . but, z 02−z 2=z 4 ≪1 z ≅ z0

26
 1
jadi ka=z 02  z 0 ≅ √ 2m α a
ℏ

1
jadi ka= m α a  a dapat dihilangkan dengan limit a  0
ℏ2

√−2mE = mα  -2 mE= m2 α 2
2 2
ℏ ℏ ℏ

V 02 2a α
V 0 ≫ E → T −1 ≅ 1+ sin2 √ 2 mV 0 dimana V 0= 2 a
4 EV0 ℏ

V 0 2a 2
T
−1
≅ 1+
4E ℏ ( ) √ 2 mV =1+ (2 aV ) 2 ℏm E
0 0
2
2

m α2
2 a V 0 = α, jadi T −1 ≅ 1+
2 ℏ2 E

Jawaban 3.32

A e ikx + B e−ikx ( x←a)

{
E<V 0 . ψ= C e Kx+ D e Kx (−a< x < a)
F eikx ( x ←a)
k=√

1) Continuity of ψ at – a: A e ika+ B e ika=C eka + D e ka.

2 mE
ℏ
; K= √
2 m ( V 0 −E )
ℏ

2) Continuity of ψ ' at – a: ik ( A eika −B e ika )=k (C e ka−D e ka ).

k k
⇒ 2 A e−ika= 1−i C e−ka + 1+i D eka
k ( k ) ( )
ka ika
3) Continuity of ψ at +a:C e + D e =F e .
−ka

4) Continuity of ψ ' at +a:k (C e ka−D e−ka )=ikF eika.

k k
( )
⇒ 2 C e ka = 1+i F eika ; D e−ka= 1−i F e ika .
k k ( )
K K e−2 ka k k e 2 ka
2 A e−ika= 1−i( k )(
1+i
k
F eika ) 2
+ 1+ i
kk k (
1−i F e ika
2)( )
F e ika
¿
2 {[ k k
k k ( k k
) ] [ ( ) ] }
1+i − + 1 e−2ka + 1+i − +1 e 2 ka
k k
2 2
F e ika ( −2 ka 2 ka ) k −k
¿
2 [
2e +e +i
kk
( )
( )]
e2 ka −e−2 ka

e x −e−x e x +e− x
But sinh x ≡ , cosh ≡ , so
2 2
F e ika ( k 2−k 2 )
¿
2 [4 cosh ( 2 ka ) +
kk
2 sinh ( 2 ka ) ]
27
 ( k 2−k 2 )
[
¿ 2 F e ika cosh ( 2 ka ) +
kk
2
sinh ( 2 ka ) ]
2 ( k 2−k 2 )
T =cosh ( 2ka ) +
−1
2
sinh2 (2 ka ). But cosh 2=1+sinh 2, so
(k k )
2
( k 2 −k 2 ) V 20
T −1=1+ 1 +
[ ( 2 k k )2 ] sinh2 ( 2 ka ) =1+
4 E ( V 0−E ) (
sinh 2
2a
ℏ
√2 m ( V 0−E ) )
2
2 mE 2 m ( V 0 −E )

Where ¿ 4 k 2 2
k + k 4
+ k 4
−2 k 2 2
k
=
( k 2−k 2 )
2

=
ℏ2
+
ℏ2 (=
V 20 )
( 2 k k )2 ( 2 k k )2 2mE 2 m ( V 0−E ) 4 E ( V 0−E )
4 2 .
ℏ ℏ2
(You can also get this from Eq. 2.169 by switching the sign of V 0 and using sin (iθ ¿=i sinhθ)

A e ikx + B e−ikx ( x←a)

{
E<V 0 . ψ= C e Kx + D e Kx (−a< x < a)
F eikx ( x ←a)

−ℏ2 d 2 ψ d2ψ
(In central region +V 0 ψ =Eψ ⇒ =0, so ψ=C + Dx)
2m d x2 d x2
1) Continuity of ψ at – a: A e−ika +B eika=C + Da.
2) Continuity of ψ at +a: F e ika =C−Da ¿.
⇒ ( 2.5 ) 2 Da=F e ika− A e−ika−B eika .
3) Continuity of ψ at −a:ik ( A e−ika−B eika )=D .
4) Continuity of ψ ' at +a:ikF e ika=D.
⟹ ( 4.5 ) A e−2 ika −B=F
Use (4) to eliminate D in (2.5): A e−2 ika + B=F−aikF =(1−2aik )F , and add to (4.5):
2
A 2 mE
−1
2 A e−2ika =2 F (1−2 ika), so T = ||F
=1+ ( ka )1=1+ 2 a2
ℏ
(You can also get this from Eq. 2.169 by changing the sign of V 0 and taking the limit
E ⟶ V 0, using sin ϵ ≅ ϵ). E<V 0 . This case is identical to the one in the book, only with
V 0 ⟶−V 0 so

V 20 2 2a
−1
T =1+
4 E ( V 0 −E )
sin
ℏ √ (
2m ( V 0−E ) . )

Jawaban Soal 3.34

28
a. (i) b=0 → ordinary finite square well. Exponential decay outside; sinusoidal inside
(cos for ψ1, sin for ψ2). No nodes for ψ1, one node for ψ2.

(ii) b ≈ a Ground state is even. Exponential decay outside, sinusoidal inside the wells,
hyperbolic cosine in barrier. First excited state is odd – hyperbolic sine in barrier. No
nodes for ψ1, one node for ψ2.

(iii) for b » a, same as (ii), but wave function very small in barrier region. Essentially
two isolated finite square wells; ψ1 and ψ2 are degenerate (in energy); they are even
and odd linear combinations of the ground states of the two separate wells.

b. we know that for b = 0 the energies fall slightly below

π 2 ℏ2 h
E1 +V 0 ≈ 2
=
2 ma ( 2a ) 4
2 π 2 ℏ2 h
E2 +V 0 ≈ 2
=
2 ma ( 2a ) 4
π2ℏ2
Where h=
2 ma 2
for b » a, the width of each (isolated) well is a, so
π 2 ℏ2
E1 +V 0 ≈ E2 +V 0 ≈ =h (again, slightly below this).
2 ma 2

29
 d2ψ 2 m
Hence the graph (next page). [Incidentally, within each well, = 2 (V 0 + E)ψ , so
dx2 ℏ
the more curved the wave function, the higher the energy. This is consistent with the
graphs above.]

In the (even) ground state the energy is lowest in configuration (i), with b → 0, so the
electron tends to draw the nuclei together, promoting bonding of the atoms. In the (odd) first
excited state, by contrast, the electron drives the nuclei apart.

Jawaban Soal 3.36

3 πx 1 3 πx
Use the trig identity sin 3 θ= sin
4 a
−¿ sin
4 a ( )
¿. ( ) So (Eq. 2.28):

a 3 1
ψ ( x , 0 )= A
√[2 4
ψ 1 ( x )− ψ 3 ( x )
4 ]
a 9 1 5 4
Normalize using Eq. 2.38: | A|
2
(
+
2
)
= a| A| =1 ⟹ A=
2 16 16 16 √5 a
1
So ψ ( x , 0 )= [ 3 ψ 1 ( x )−ψ 3 ( x ) ], and hence (Eq.2.17)
√ 10
1
ψ (x , t)= [ 3ψ 1 ( x ) e−i E t /ℏ−ψ 3 ( x ) e−i E t /ℏ ]
1 3

√ 10
E −E
2

10 [
|ψ ( x , t )| = 1 9 ψ 21 +ψ 23−6 ψ 1 ψ 3 cos 3 1 t ( ℏ )]
a a
E −E
⟨ x ⟩=∫ x|ψ ( x ,t )| dx= 9 ⟨ x ⟩1+ 1 ⟨ x ⟩3 − 3 cos 3 1 t ( )∫ x ψ ( x)+ψ ( x ) dx
2
1 3
0 10 10 5 ℏ 0

Where ⟨ x ⟩n=a /2 is the expectation value of x in the nth stationary state. The remaining
integral is:
a a
2
a0
∫ x sin πxa sin 3 aπx dx= 1a ∫ x cos 2 aπx −cos 4 aπx dx
( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ]
0

1 a 2 2 πx xa a 2 4 πx xa 4 πx
¿
a [( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]
2π
cos
a
+
2π
−
2π
cos
a
−
2π
sin
a
=0

Evidently then,
9 a 1 a a
⟨ x ⟩= +() ()()
10 2 10 2
=
2

Jawaban Soal 3.38

30
 Since V ( x )=∞ for x ≤0 , ψ ( x ) =0 for x ≤0 . The schrodinger time-independent equation
is then

ℏ2 '' 1
− ψ + mω2 x 2 ψ=Eψ x≥0
2m 2

ψ ( 0 ) =0

and ψmust be square integrable. This problem is same as usual harmonic oscillator
except that we must choose only those eigenfunction which satisfy of the half harmonic

oscillator, that is ψ ( 0 )=0. if ∅ n ( x ) =H n ( ξ ) exp(−¿ ξ ² /2)¿, then we know that ∅ n satisfies the

above de an bc if n is odd. Thus, the energy eigenvalues of the half harmonic

oscillator are

( 12 ) ℏ ω
En = n+

Jawaban Soal 3.40

The normal condition is same with stationer case:

1
2a
A= ( )
π
4

For find Ψ (x, t), we use the same way like on stationer case. So we found :
2t
1 +∞ iℏk
φ(k )e ikx e 2m
Ψ ( x ,t )= ∫ dk
√ 2π −∞
With remembered wave function on the first, we can found k (k) by Plancherel theorem:
+∞
1
φ( k)= ∫ Ψ ( x ,0 )e−ikx dx
√2 π −∞
1 +∞
2a 1
φ( k)=
√2 π π ( ) 4
−∞
∫ φ(k )e−ikx +ilx dx
1 −(k−l) 2
2a
φ( k)= ( )
π
4e 4a

So, now we can found common solution :

+∞
1 2

ϕ ( k ) e i (kx−ℏ k t /2 m )
Ψ ( x , t )= ∫ dk
√2 π −∞

31
 ℏl2 t 2 iℏat

2a 1
e
( 2
−ax +i lx − ( 2m ))/(1+
m
)

Ψ ( x , t )= ( )
π
4
√ 1+2 iℏat /m
To count | Ψ (x, t) | 2 we can to use Maple, then the result is :
2
ℏlt
2
2
−2 ω ( −x)
Ψ ( x , t )=
√
π
ωe m

ω≡¿¿

The result as in the up decrease when l=0,

2 2
At t=0, ω=√ a so |Ψ ( x ,0 )| =√ 2 a/π e−2 ax the truly of wave packet t=0.So the Gaussian
were focus onx=0. Remembered, ω become smaller than before, but on this case the
x
Gaussian peak boudge according ⟨ x ⟩=ℏlt /m. The velocity of peak is =ℏl /m
t

With the direct integration, we found⟨ x ⟩=ℏlt /m. The another way, we can use Maple to
caounting it. The result is :

⟨ p ⟩=ℏl

⟨ x 2 ⟩=1+ ¿¿ ¿
⟨ p2 ⟩ =ℏ2 (a+ l2)
When l=0, all of the result will decrease, for the stationer wave packet. So the iffiness
principle is,

σ x σ p= √ ( ⟨ x ⟩ −⟨ x ⟩ )( ⟨ p ⟩ −⟨ p ⟩ )
2 2 2 2

ℏ
¿ √ 1+¿ ¿ ¿
2

That result were same with stationer wave packet. So although the packet move with constan
velocity, it’s spread with same velocity as stationer wave packet.

Jawaban Soal 3.42

2
−ℏ2 d ψ 1 ℏ2 d2 ψ 1
+ V ψ 1 =E ψ 1 →− ψ +V ψ 1 ψ 2=E ψ 1 ψ 2…..(1)
2m d x 2 2m 2 d x 2
2
−ℏ2 d ψ 2 ℏ2 d2ψ2
+ V ψ 2 =E ψ 2 →− ψ +V ψ 1 ψ 2=E ψ 1 ψ 2…..(2)
2m d x 2 2 m 1 d x2
Abstract that equation, we will find

32
 −ℏ2 d2ψ1 d2ψ2
2m
ψ2
[
dx
2
−ψ 1
dx
2
=0
]
But
d2 ψ1 d2 ψ 2 d ψ 2 d ψ 1 d2ψ1 d ψ1 d ψ2 d2 ψ 2
d
dx
ψ2
[
d x2
−ψ 1
d x2
=
]
dx dx
+ψ 2
d x2
−
dx dx
−ψ 1
d x2

d2 ψ1 d2 ψ 2 d2ψ1 d2 ψ2
d
dx [
ψ2
dx
2
−ψ 1
dx
2 ]
=ψ 2
dx
2
−ψ 1
dx
2
=0

d ψ1 d ψ2
It follows that ψ 2 −ψ 1 =k (constant )
dx dx
But ψ →0 at ∞ the constant must be zero
d ψ1 d ψ2
Thus ψ 2 =ψ 1
dx dx
1 d ψ1 1 d ψ2
Or =
ψ 1 dx ψ 2 dx
So ln ψ 1=lnψ 2 +constant
Or ψ 1=(constant )ψ 2

Jawaban Soal 3.44

a. (i) b = 0 => ordinary finite square well. Exponential decay outside; sinusoida
inside (cos for Ψ1, sin for Ψ2). No nodes for Ψ1. One node for Ψ2.
(ii) Ground state is even. Exponential decay outside, sinusoidal inside the wells,
hyperbolic cosine inbarrier. First excited state is odd-hyperbolic sine in barrier.
No nodes for Ψ1, one node for Ψ2.

33
 (iii) For b >> a, same as (ii), but wave function very small in barier region.
Essentially two isolated finite squer wells; Ψ1, and Ψ2 are degenerate (in energy);
they are even and linier combinations of the ground states of the two separate

wells.

b. From Eq. 2.157 we know that for b = 0 the energies fall slightly below
Π 2ħ2 h
E1 + Vo ≈ =
2m ( 2 a ) 2 4
4 Π2ħ2
E1 + Vo ≈ =h
2m ( 2 a ) 2
Π 2ħ2
Where h =
2ma 2
For b >> a, the width of each (isolated) well is a, so
Π2ħ2
E1 + Vo ≈ E2 + Vo ≈ =h (again, slightly below this)
2ma 2
d2Ψ
Hance the graph (next page). [Incidentally, within each well, =
dx 2

−2 m
(Vo+ E)Ψ , so the more curved the wave fuction, the higher the energy.
ħ2
This is consistent with the graps above.]
c. In the (even) ground state the energy is lowest in configuration (i), with b → 0, so
the electron tends to draw the nuclei together, promoting bonding of the atoms. In
the (odd) first excited state, by contrast, the electron drives the nuclei apart.

Jawaban Soal 3.46

34
 a. ψ=¿
where k =√ 2mE /ℏ
Boundary conditions:
 ψ ( 0 )=0 → B=− A
 ψ ( x ) continous at a : A ( e ika−e−ika )=F eika
2 ma
 ψ ' (l) discontinous :ikF eika −ikA ( eika +e−ika ) = A(eika −e−ika )
ℏ
−i 2 ma
A ( e ika−e−ika ) −A ( eika + e−ika ) = 2
A ( eika −e−ika )
ℏ k
2 ma ika −ika
2 e−ika=i ( e −e )
ℏ2 k
ma 2 ika
1=i ( e −1 )
ℏ2 k
ℏ2k 2
E=
2m
b. This wave function is not normalized and the theorem in 3.1a applies only to
normalized states
c. ψ ( x , t ) =ψ ( x ) e−iEt/ ℏ=ψ ( x ) e−iEt /ℏ e−Γ t / ℏ

|ψ|2 =|ψ|2 e+2 Γ t /ℏ

1
Time for |ψ|2 to drop to of its initial value
e
−ℏ
τ= (Γis negative ¿
2Γ
Jawaban Soal 3.48

a) Graph this potential.

Let us make all constants one so as to make graphing easier and possible on
Mathematica or GnuPlot.
Check that this potential has the state
ψ 0 ( x ) =A sech ( ax ) ,
and find its energy. Normalize ψ 0, and sketch its graph.
We check that ψ 0 satises the Schrödinger Equation and solve for the energy E.
−ℏ2 ∂2 ψ
+V ( x ) ψ=Eψ
2m ∂ x 2

35
 ∂2
¿
∂ x2
A¿
Solving for E0 we find that
−a2 ℏ2
E0 =
2m
To normalize ψ 0, we use the normalization condition
+∞
2
∫ |ψ 0 ( x )| dx=1
−∞

+∞
2
A ∫ sech2 ( ax ) dx=1
−∞

2 A2
=1
a
a
A=
√ 2
a
The maximum of ψ 0 occurs at .
2 √
b) Show that the function

ψ k ( x ) =A ( ik−aik+a
tanh (ax)
e )
ikx

(where k =√ 2mE /ℏ , as usual) solves the Schrödinger Equation for any (positive)
energy E. Since tanh ( z )→−1 as z →−∞,
ψ k ( x ) ≈ A e ikx ,for large negative x.
This represents, then, a wave coming in from the left with no accompanying
reflected wave (i .e . ,no exp (−ikx )) . What is the asymptotic form of ψ k ( x ) at large
positive x? What are Rand T for this potential? Comment: This is a famous example
of a reflectionless potential - every incident particle, regardless of its energy, passes
right through.
We start by checking that ψ k satisfies the Schrödinger Equation.
2
−ℏ2 ∂ ψ k
+V ( x ) ψ k =E k ψ k
2m ∂ x 2
2
−ℏ2 ∂ ψ k
+V ( x ) ψ k
2m ∂ x 2

36
 2 i a2 A e 1 kx k sech 2 ( ax ) 2 a3 A e ikx sech 2 ( ax ) tanh ( ax )
¿− + − A e ikx k 2 ¿ ¿
ik +a ik +a
ℏ2 a 2 ik−a tanh(ax) ikx
¿−
m
sech 2 ( ax ) A (
ik+a
e )
Simplifying and replace k for √ 2 mEwe obtain
i √2 m Ek x
−√ a e E k ℏ2 ¿ ¿
Also
Ek ψ k
i √2 m Ek x
¿ √ a Ek e ¿¿
As we can see ψ k satises the Schrödinger Equation.
We have
lim tanh ( ax )=1
x→+∞

For large positive x ,tanh (ax )→−1 as x →−∞

So ψ k → A ( ik−a
ik +a )
e ikx
. For the transmission coeffcient T , we take the ratio of the

squares of the amplitudes of ψ k .

2
ik−a
T= ( ( ))
A
ik+a
A

T= ( ik−a )( −ik −a
ik +a −ik + a )
=1

The transmission coeffcient is 1, which implies that R=0.

37