INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES) DHANBAD

INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION
(EIC-16101)
TERM PAPER-I
Topic :Current to Pressure Transducer

Submitted By:- Submitted To:-

Pulusu Sandeep Reddy Prof. S. K. Raghuwanshi
17JE003508
B.Tech- 3rd Year(EIE)
Introduction :
The "Current to Pressure" (I / P) converter converts analog
signals (4 to 20 mA) into proportional linear pneumatic outputs (3 to 15 psi).
The goal is to convert the output of the analogue control system into precise
and repeatable pressure values to control pneumatic actuators / actuators,
pneumatic valves, accelerators, vanes, etc.
Current to pressure sensors provide a reliable, repeatable
and accurate way to convert electrical signals into air pressure in many control
systems. Most of these devices usually have forward and reverse action and,
depending on the situation, can be selected on-site with full-range or
segmented-range entrances or exits.
The most common use of I / P converters is to receive
electrical signals from a controller and produce a proportional pneumatic
output to control a control valve or positioner. The equipment can be mounted
on a wall or pipe support, or directly on a valve actuator. If the equipment can
withstand vibration, they can be directly mounted on the valve actuator. In
many cases, the equipment is mounted remotely on the instrument stand to
reduce vibration.

IP210(I/P Converter)
Block Diagram :
The input signal is a 4 to 20 mA signal and the equivalent
output signal is a pressure of 3 to 15 psi.

Electronic circuit:
The input current signal, which is 4-20mA, is received by
the transducer's electronic circuit and compared with the output pressure of
the degree of overvoltage.
Semiconductor pressure sensors are part of the electronic
circuit and monitor the output power of the amplifier. Silicon-based sensors
use strain gauge thin-film technology. The sensor pressure signal is sent to a
simple internal control circuit. Transmitter performance depends on the
sensor/circuit combination. The sensor/circuit combination detects and
corrects output loads (leakages), changes in supply pressure, and even part
wear.

Electromagnetic actuator:
The electronic circuit controls the current through the
actuator coil, located in the pilot / actuator assembly. When the electronic
circuit detects the difference between the pressure measured by the sensor
and the pressure required by the input signal, it will modify the current level of
the coil.
The actuator performs the task of converting electricity
(electricity) into motion. It uses a coaxial moving magnetic structure optimized
for efficient operation and is strongly suppressed by mechanical resonance.
Silicone rubber membrane protects magnetic workplaces from contamination.

Pilot Stage :
The pilot stage includes two opposing fixed nozzles: a feed
nozzle and a receiving nozzle. It also contains a deflector, which is a removable
element. See the following figure: The air supply nozzle connected to the air
supply ensures fast airflow.

The pickup nozzle of the I / P converter captures the airflow

and converts it back to pressure. The pressure in the receiving nozzle is the
output pressure of the pilot stage. To change the pilot output pressure, a high-
speed current is guided from the receiving nozzle through a cylindrical
deflector; the aerodynamic body is placed between the two nozzles.
In response to a change in the actuator coil current, the
deflector is again positioned between the nozzles. There is a linear relationship
between the coil current and the output pressure of the pilot stage. For direct-
acting units, the stop or safety position at the top of the deflector is close to
the centre of the current and causes the pilot output pressure to be almost
zero.
 When the coil is energized, remove the flapper from the
current. For the reversing device, the safety or stop position of the deflector
has been completely de-energized. The result is the maximum outlet pressure
of the pilot valve. When the coil is charged, the deflector moves in the
direction of the current, thereby reducing the pilot output pressure.

Booster Stage :
The receiving nozzle pressure controls the gain phase. If the
pressure in the receiver nozzle increases, so does the power of the transducer.
The pressure drop in the receiving nozzle places the valve in a boost stage to
allow exhalation, thereby reducing the output signal.

Working Principle :
The pressure sensor works using a flapper nozzle method.

Flapper nozzle system:

Very important signal conversion is the emphasis on
mechanical motion and vice versa. This conversion can be achieved with a
Flapper nozzle system .
The schematic diagram of the device is shown in the figure below.
 An adjustable pressure source (typically 20 psi)
provides a source of air by limiting. The end of the nozzle is open, leaving space
between the nozzle and the heat sink, and air escapes in this area.
If the blinds are lowered and the nozzle opening is
closed to prevent air leakage, the signal pressure increases to the supply
pressure.
When the heat sink is removed, the signal pressure
decreases due to air leakage. Finally, when the ribs are too far apart, the
pressure stabilizes at a value determined by the maximum leakage through the
nozzle.
 The figure above shows the relationship between signal
pressure and separation distance. Considering the high sensitivity of the
central region. Nozzles/fins are designed to work in central areas where the
slope of the pipe is large.
In this area, the response will be those small movements of
the fins can change the pressure by an order of magnitude.

Note:
• When adding solenoid valves and fixed springs, we use this system as a
current / pressure converter (I / P converter).
• When adding LVDT and support springs, we use this system as a pressure
sensor. (P / I converter).
 In pressure sensors, we usually give an input current signal
of 4 to 20 mA. We also provide 20 P.S.I continuous delivery to the flap nozzle
assembly. When we provide the input current signal, the solenoid is activated.
As described above, the coil generates a magnetic field.
Inside the coil is a motor with a flapper. The deflector motor has a connected
flapper valve that works in conjunction with a precision nozzle to generate
back pressure on the overload relay servo system. The input current flows
through the coils and generates a force between the coils, and generates a
force between the coil and a check valve that controls the servo pressure and
output pressure.
If the current is higher, the power of the magnet will
increase. The valve of the valve nozzle device is connected to a pivot so it can
move up and down, and a magnetic material is connected to the other end of
the valve and kept close to the solenoid valve.
 When the magnet is activated. The ribs move towards the
electromagnet and the nozzle closes to a certain extent. Therefore, the
supplied 20 PS parts will escape through the nozzle and the remaining pressure
will enter as an outlet.
If the current signal is higher, the magnetic power will
increase and then the ribs will approach the nozzle, so less pressure will escape
through the nozzle and increase the discharge pressure.
This way, the output pressure is going to be proportional to the input current.
For an input current of 4-20 mA, we can obtain an output pressure of 3 to 15
psi.

Type of I / P converter:
Intrinsically Safe I / P Converter:
Intrinsically safe I / P converters are designed for efficient
operation in industries where flammable gases or liquids can be used.
Applications of intrinsically safe I / P converters include natural gas
environments and ATEX environments.
Fail Freeze I / P converter :
If the properties of the I / P converter are not frozen, it
means that if the electronic signal is lost, the component will fail in the last
position. Therefore, typical I / P converter applications include damper
applications such as boilers and fans.

I / P converter advantages :
Pressure sensors have higher stability, lower maintenance
costs, and multiple gas supply options, making them suitable for a wide range
of applications. The versatility means that I / P converters can be used for both
demanding natural gas applications and more general industrial applications.
References :
1) https://instrumentationtools.com/current-pressure-ip-converter-principle/
2) https://www.instrumentationtoolbox.com/2012/02/how-current-to-pressure-transducer-
ip.html