Power System Protection

Dr. Lionel R. Orama Exclusa, PE

Week 2
 CT Performance
Readings-Mason Chapter 7,pgs 99-115
• Steady State (Symmetrical)
– Basics
– Accuracy Classification
– Effects on Accuracy
– Evaluating CT performance
• Transient (Asymmetrical)
– Time to Saturation
Jan 25/2006 Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 2
 Current Transformers (CT)
• CT produces current
proportional to the
system conductor
current
• Ideal CT has: I = I SYS
CT
N CT

• Rated ICT typically 5A

(called the CT 2ry
current)

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 3

Current Transformers (CT’s)
Common ratios Polarity dot convention

Current Turns
50:5 10
100:5 20
200:5 40
400:5 80
600:5 120
1000:5 200
2000:5 400
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 4
Current Transformers (CT)

36-550KV
600V 4000A
2000A

5-25KV
4000A 12-40KV
2500A

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 5

 CT Steady State Performance
Equivalent circuit of a
bushing CT
• CT is a toroid, leakage
flux is minimum
– No leakage reactance
in circuit equivalent
IP
• ZB is called the I CT = − IE
Burden (load) N
IE
– Impedance in the % RatioError = ×100
I CT
internal circuits of the
relay VT = I CT Z B

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 6

 CT Accuracy Classification
With 20 times rated 2RY current
(5A X 20 = 100A), CT is Test Calc
classified on a basis of the VMAX 10T10 10C10
it can sustain without exceeding
10T20 10C20
a specified Ratio Error (RE)
• Example using line 2 on the 10T50 10C50
table (10T20): 10T100 10C100
– 10 is the %RE (at 20 times
Rated Current-100A) 10T200 10C200
– 20 is the VMAX it can maintain 10T400 10C400
without exceeding the 10% RE
(VRATING)
10T800 10C800
• T is for tested device
IE
• C for calculated device % RatioError = ×100
• RE < 10% for ICT < 100A and I CT
ZB< VT/100A

Jan 27/2006 Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 7

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 8
 CT Accuracy Classification
• Determination of CT accuracy class
– From CT Saturation Curve (120 turns)
• ICT=100A, IE=10A, ES=500V
• VT=ES-100RCT (sat curve determines the RCT)
– Ex., if RCT=0.372ohm, then
• VT=500V-100A(0.372ohm)=463V
– CT Accuracy Class would be C400
• Since from last table class jumps from 400 to 800
– This is true assuming all I’s, V’s & Z’s are in
phase

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 9

 CT Accuracy Classification

• True error at VT = Rating

ES=VT+ICTRCT
• At VT=800V & ICT=100A
• RCT=(.0031ohm/turn)X240turns=0.774ohm
• ES=800+100(0.744)=874V (on the curve)
• IE=0.4A
• %RE= IE /ICT X100=0.4%<10% (OK!)

Jan 30/2006 Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 10

 CT Accuracy Classification
ES = I CT RCT + VT ES IE RE Accu.
IP
I CT = − IE IP ES IE RE Accu.
N
up
 IP 
VT = I CT Z B =  − I E  Z B RCT ES IE RE Accu.
N 
 IP 
ES =  − I E (RCT + Z B ) ZB ES IE RE Accu.
N 
IE N ES IE RE Accu.
RE = ×100
I CT

The higher the turns ratio of the CT, the better the accuracy.

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 11

 CT Accuracy Classification
Is the CT adequate?
VT ≤ VRATING
or
VRATING
I CT = 100 A, Z B ≤
100 A
or
VRATING
ZB = , I CT < 100 A
100 A
then
RE < 10%
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 12
 Evaluating CT Performance
Given IP and a relay IPU, calculate weather or not the relay will operate
(ICT>IPU)

ES = I CT RCT + VT LVT = I CT Z B
 IP 
ES = I CT RCT + I CT Z B L I CT =  − IE 
N 
 IP 
ES =  − I E (RCT + Z B )
N 
ES = (RCT + Z B ) − I E (RCT + Z B )
IP
N
E S = K1 − K 2 I E

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 13

Evaluating CT Performance

E S = K1 − K 2 I E

K1 = (RCT + Z B )
IP
N
K 2 = RCT + Z B
I E = 0 → E S = K1
K1
ES = 0 → I E =
K2
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 14
 Evaluating CT Performance
IE is the operating point of the relay at
the above conditions, then

IP
I CT = − IE
N
if
I CT ≥ I pu IPU setting is OK!

else
Try another IPU setting or another N

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 15

Transient Performance

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 16

 Transient Performance
−t  
⋅ sin ( ω⋅ t + θ ) ⋅  sin ( ω⋅ t + θ − φ) − sin ( θ − φ) ⋅ exp
V V
v ( t) := i( t) := 
10 Z   τ 

Short Circuit Current (5mi dist. line)

1000
current (A), tenth of voltage (V)

500

i( t )

v( t )
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

500

1000

t
time (s)
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 17
 Transient Performance
• Offset fault current

* W.A. Elmore, Protective Relaying Theory & Application,

Marcel Dekker, NY, 1982, pg. 80.

3 Feb 2006 Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 18

 Transient Performance

dφ
* W.A. Elmore, Protective Relaying Theory & Application, e = −N
Marcel Dekker, NY, 1982, pg. 80. dt
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 19
 Transient Performance

* W.A. Elmore, Protective Relaying Theory & Application,

Marcel Dekker, NY, 1982, pg. 80.

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 20

 Transient Performance
• Offset fault current
– CT response

* W.A. Elmore, Protective Relaying Theory & Application,

Marcel Dekker, NY, 1982, pg. 80.

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 21

 Transient Performance
φ
• CT Flux density for the B= B-Flux Density (lines/in2)
asymmetrical fault current A
10 IR 8  −
t
 1 
B = 2⋅ τ  1 − e τ DC  − sin(ωt )
AN 2    ω
DC
  
 −τ t 

i1 = 2 I e DC
− cos(ωt ) 
 
 

Total CT Burden (resistive)

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 22

 Transient Performance
• Time to Saturation

 BS  B -Saturation Flux Density

t = −τ DC ln1 −  125,000 to 130,000 lines/in
S
2

 kIRτ DC 
8
10
k = 2⋅ 2 •States how long the CT will accurately
AN reproduces the fault current
•Time constant is that of the power
system
•R is the resistance of the CT + wiring

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 23