Study the Characteristics of Mortar/Concrete

Mix with Natural/ Rubber Latex as a Binder

Mohamed Haleemdeen Shamlan

Bachelors in ENGINEERING Research Project

6505CIVSL Engineering Research Project

Faculty of Engineering and Technology Department of the Civil Engineering

Liverpool John Moores University

2019
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

This dissertation was completed as part of the MSc (insert programme title) at Liverpool John
Moores University. This is my own unaided work. Where the work of others has been used or
drawn on then it has been fully attributed to the relevant source.

……………………………..

Date

……………………………..

Signature
TABLE OF CONTENT

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP.................................................................................................2

TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................................................. 3

LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................... 6

LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................ 7

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................8

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. 9

GLOSSARY OF TERMS............................................................................................................ 10

1. CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................... 11

1.1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 11

1.1.1. Background of the Study...........................................................................................11

1.2. Polymers......................................................................................................................... 12

The advantages of elastomers as concrete modifiers..................................................14

The drawbacks of elastomers as solid additives..........................................................14

1.2.1. Natural Rubber Latex................................................................................................15

1.2.2. Mechanical characteristics of latex modified concrete..............................................15

1.3. Latex modified concrete materials...................................................................................16

1.3.1. Mixing....................................................................................................................... 16

1.3.2. Characteristics of hardened latex modified concrete.................................................16

1.4. Need for the current research..........................................................................................16

1.5. Aims & Objectives........................................................................................................17

Aim......................................................................................................................................... 18

Objective................................................................................................................................ 18

2.0. CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................. 18

2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................18

2.1.1. Concrete, A Description............................................................................................19

 2.2. COMPOSITION OF LATEX.............................................................................................20

2.2.1. Collection of Rubber Latex........................................................................................21

2.2.2. Different Polymers for Cement Modifiers..................................................................23

2.2.2.1. Performance of Elastomers in Cement Mixes....................................................23

2.3. NATURAL RUBBER LATEX (NRL).................................................................................25

Advantages of Natural Rubber Latex Concrete...........................................................26

Disadvantages of Natural Rubber Latex Concrete.......................................................26

2.4.1. MECHANISM OF LATEX IN CEMENT PASTE........................................................26

2.4.2. WHY CHOOSE LATEX?...........................................................................................27

2.5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LATEX MODIFIED CONCRETE...............................27

2.4.1. RUBBERIZED CONCRETE......................................................................................28

2.4.2. Mechanical Properties of Rubberized Concrete........................................................28

2.5. LATEX-MODIFIED CONCRETE.....................................................................................30

2.5.1. Properties of Fresh Latex-Modified Concrete (LMC).................................................30

2.5.1.1. Strength of Concrete.......................................................................................31

2.6. NRL MODIFIED CONCRETE/MORTAR - A CLOSURE..................................................32

3.0. CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................. 33

3.1. METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................ 33

3.1.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 33

3.2. Cement........................................................................................................................... 33

3.3. Aggregate (Coarse & Fine)..............................................................................................33

3.4. Cement Mortar................................................................................................................ 34

3.5. Water.............................................................................................................................. 34

3.6. Polymer........................................................................................................................... 34

3.7. Mix Design...................................................................................................................... 35

3.7.1 Test Specimens and Test Procedures.......................................................................36

3.7.1.1. Mortar Mix.......................................................................................................... 36

 3.7.1.2. Concrete Mix......................................................................................................37

3.7.2. Mixing of Concrete for Cube Test.............................................................................37

Hand Mixing................................................................................................................ 37

3.7.3. A sampling of Cubes for Test....................................................................................37

4.0. CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................... 38

4.1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION........................................................................................38

4.1.1. Cement..................................................................................................................... 38

4.1.2. Aggregate (Coarse & Fine).......................................................................................38

Bulk Density of Aggregates.........................................................................................39

4.1.3. Polymer.................................................................................................................... 39

4.1.4. Concrete Mixing and Sample Specimen Preparation................................................40

4.1.4.1. Testing and casting of fresh concrete.................................................................40

4.1.5. Properties of NRL Modified Concrete.......................................................................42

4.1.6. Compressive Strength of NRL Modified Concrete....................................................43

5.0. CHAPTER FIVE.................................................................................................................. 45

5.1. Conclusions and Recommendations...............................................................................45

REFERENCE............................................................................................................................ 46
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Polymer latexes for concrete and mortar modifications...............................................12

Figure 2: Elastomeric latexes for concrete and mortar modifications.........................................13
Figure 03: Molecular Structure of Latex.....................................................................................20
Figure 04: The method by which the latex is obtained from a rubber tree is rubber tapping......21
Figure 05: The process of Tapping Trees for Natural Rubber....................................................21
Figure 06: Mixing Concrete........................................................................................................40
Figure 07: Concrete Cube Casting.............................................................................................40
Figure 08: Testing Specimen Cubes & Cylinders.......................................................................41
Figure 09: Compaction Factor of NRL Modified Concrete..........................................................42
Figure 10: Compressive Strength of NRL Modified Concrete....................................................44
LIST OF TABLES

Table 01: Overall Dimensions of Specimens.............................................................................35

Table 02: Superplasticizer Requirement for Different Percentages of Latex for Concrete.........35
Table 03: Details of mixing proportions modified mortars..........................................................35
Table 04: Quality Control Tests for Cement...............................................................................37
Table 05: Quality Control Tests for Aggregates.........................................................................38
Table 06: Properties of Natural Rubber Latex............................................................................39
Table 07: Compaction Factor.....................................................................................................42
Table 08: Compressive Strength...............................................................................................43
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To my advisor, …………………., I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the continued
support of my BSc study and research, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm and immense
knowledge. His encouragement helped me throughout this thesis ' research and writing. I
couldn't picture my thesis being a good counselor and tutor.
ABSTRACT

Because of the economy and the simple accessibility of its constituents, concrete is the world's
most widely used building material. These days, the characteristics of the typical concrete can
be improved in terms of strength characteristics, durability performance and workability from
lowering porosity through compaction, aggregate matrix bond, and improved adhesive
characteristics, resulting in high-performance concrete. To enhance the durability of concrete
constructions, it is necessary to improve the internal structure of concrete or mortar to make it
impenetrable. Properties of concrete or mortar are redesigned within the term of solidified and
fresh properties by incorporation of innovative material except for elements of them, improves
the quality of the mortar or concrete after reduction of porosity by compaction. Rubber Latex is
characteristic polymer latex gotten from an inexhaustible and resident accessible asset which
can be utilized for the compelling change of concrete compounds subsequently promising a
sustainable development practice. The enhancements in quality attributes of high performing
concrete or mortar could be prepared by consideration of RL Which is a concrete/mortar
polymer admixture. The RL incorporation at ideal level upgrades the durability properties,
impenetrability and water exclusion of ordinary mortar/concrete and is extremely powerful in
abridging the substance attacks on cement in aggressive conditions. The aim of this research is
to report on an experimental study investigating the impact of using rubber latex in
concrete/mortar mixes as an alternative. In concrete mixes, rubber latex was partly substituted
by 0%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%…….3% etc. and left in water for 28 days before bending strength is
measured. It examines physical characteristics such as density, compressive strength, split-
voltage, the fresh concrete properties, and impact load capability. Overall, this research outlines
the attributes of rubber latex admixture to the mortar and concrete.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

NRL – Natural Rubber Latex

RL – Rubber Latex

HCP - Hydrated Cement Paste

NRL-MC - Natural Rubber Latex Mixed Concrete

LMM - Latex Modified Mortar

LMC - Latex Modified Concrete

SBR – Styrene Butadiene Rubber

SC - Standard Concrete

SC / R - Standard Rubber-modified Concrete

SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope

W:C – Water-Cement Ratio

VES - Very Early Strength

HES - High Early Strength

OPC - Ordinary Portland Cement

SLS – Sri Lankan Standard

AIV - Aggregate Impact Value

DRC - Dry Rubber Content

Hevea brazilienis
1. CHAPTER ONE

1.1. INTRODUCTION

1.1.1. Background of the Study

In the present situation, the Construction business is progressively arranged towards utilizing
the locally accessible and common materials from sustainable assets to create elite bond
composites accordingly guaranteeing a vitality proficient and naturally capable development
run-through. The polymers are widely used in the growth to improve the characteristics of
cement's mechanical characteristics, utility and solidity. Different rubber latexes find broad
applications in the change of concrete compounds. Be that as it may, these engineered latexes
are costlier as well as posture genuine natural dangers. This characterizes the extent of using a
characteristic polymer which can offer equivalent execution of engineered polymers in a
situation well-disposed way. Widely known rubber latex is such a characteristic polymer latex
from an inexhaustible asset that, especially concrete, can be used to alter bond composites.
(John & Jospeh 2017)

The latex polymers, which are generally fabricated by emulsion polymerization strategy
(effective procedure from the specialized and ecological perspective, since water is utilized as a
dissolvable and furthermore the measure of unpredictable natural mixes discharged during their
application and preparation is unimportant, and so forth.), demonstrate to be the most normally
utilized polymers. There is an assortment of sorts of rubber latex, contingent upon the sort of
monomers or polymers used to produce them. The decision of a sort of latex relies upon the
particular properties required for the application. The blend extents of altered frameworks have
consistently been founded on a straightforward mix of sand, cement, water and latex, related
with a polymer proportion of cement proportion, by and large extending from 5 to 20% of dry
latex removes, contingent upon the heaviness of bond in the blend (Benali and Ghomari, 2018,
pp. 110-126).

The Para rubber tree is the origin of natural rubber latex. Rubber exhibits outstanding properties
of physical and substance. The Stress-Strain Behavior of Elastic shows the effect of Mullins, the
effect of Payne and is frequently referred to as hyper-elastic. Latex is the polymer with 100,000
to 1,000,000 sub-atomic load. 1,000,000. Rubber tree origin has been created in South America
and later in the UK and Kew, later it came across Sri Lanka, Singapore and Indonesia. Modified
concrete from rubber latex has excellent binding characteristics and excellent bond with
aggregate. (Shobha 2013, pp. 1836-1852)

1.2. Polymers
The continuous work of concrete technologists to enhance concrete properties has culminated
in finding the new concrete form known as polymer concrete. Porosity is usually reduced due to
air voids and water voids, and due to the porosity itself due to the intrinsic porosity of the gel
structure. Some scientists imagine reduced porosity leading to an improvement in concrete
strength. The Polymer used in this investigation is Natural Rubber Latex. Further specifics on
the concrete polymer are given in the review of the literature.

As of late the utilization of polymer in cement is being enhanced by the inquires about. By the
utilization of polymer, the porousness of cement can be decreased, the functionality could be
improved and different attributes can be upgraded to a more noteworthy degree. Rubber latexes
are by and large progressively utilized in the development business as modifiers, particularly in
water-powered bond cement/mortar. The graph shows polymeric latexes used as modifiers of
cement.

Figure 1: Polymer latexes for concrete and mortar modifications

Figure 2: Elastomeric latexes for concrete and mortar modifications

The advantages of elastomers as concrete modifiers

 Improved workability, which usually provides additional ease for full mixing, proper
positioning and sufficient compaction.
 Improvement of cement hydration with a consequent boost in strength due to the water
retention capacity of the elastomers.
 Especially tensile and flexural strengths have stronger mechanical properties. This is
primarily the result of decreased fragility in the adjusted cycle.
 Improving water tightness, chemical attack tolerance, and freezing thaw. The ability of
elastomers to fill capillary and hardened phase voids usually leads to these
achievements.

The drawbacks of elastomers as solid additives

 Many elastomers hinder those concrete properties. For example, to increase the drying
shrinkage of concrete, polyvinyl acetate and chloroprene latex were examined.
 Addition of higher dose of elastomer, such as NRL, in a concrete mix, can make the
hardened phase vulnerable to strength weakening, particularly at elevated temperatures.
  In certain cases, adverse reactions to protein exposure found in the NRL may be
witnessed. Therefore, the use of NRL de-proteinases is most recommended.

In particular, when compared to tensile strength, the concrete has greater compressive strength.
In any case, the durability of mortar or concrete is much significant that relies upon the quality
and different properties of them. One of the fundamental qualities affecting the sturdiness of
concrete/ mortar has its porousness to the entrance of Carbon Dioxide, Chloride, Oxygen,
water, Sulfate, and further conceivably pernicious ingredients. Impermeability is because of the
physical structure of mortar or concrete. Elastic latex is structured in a long chain which aids in
building up a long-term system structure of holding. Conversely, concrete materials give a short-
extend structure of holding. As a matter of fact, in general, polymer materials (rubber latex)
provide superior compressive, tensile and flexural strength compared to latex-free concrete.
(Shobha 2013, pp. 1836-1852).

1.2.1. Natural Rubber Latex

Adding mineral admixture to concrete and chemical admixture improves concrete performance.
Besides this, the organic polymer admixture also plays a vital role in enhancing the concrete's
mechanical properties. Natural rubber latex is one of the natural polymers extracted from the
abundant Hevea tree found in parts of India and countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, and
South America, etc. Natural Rubber is made up of suitable polymers of Isoprene organic matter,
minor impurities, and water. The natural latex in rubber is elastomer because it consists of
polyisoprene.

These types of polymers are therefore used in a concrete mixing process. Natural rubber latex
delivers excellent bonding with concrete aggregates, good mechanical properties and durability.
Natural rubber latex is naturally produced from trees; therefore, it can be used in concrete rather
than in artificial polymers. The use of NRL is environmentally friendly due to its zero energy
consumption compared to synthetic rubbers and plastics. In the modified mortar and concrete
structures of polymer (NRL), aggregates are bound to the co-matrix phase with superior
properties of latex-modified concrete compared to conventional concrete. (Munirathanam, 2013)

1.2.2. Mechanical characteristics of latex modified concrete

Hardened cement mortar/concrete has a silicate calcium structure with calcium hydroxides. The
weaker forces bind these silicates and hydroxides together and thus lead to the formation of
microcracks under stress resulting in poor tensile strength and fracture toughness of ordinary
concrete. The polymer films bridge these micro-cracks, which are formed in the regular
concrete, which further prevent crack propagation and thus develop a strong bond between the
hydrates of cement and the aggregates. (Munirathanam, 2013)

The application of concrete latex to cement increases the strength of the tensile and the
resilience of the fracture. Due to latex membranes formed in the structure, the sealing effect
provides a significant increase in water resistance, chemical resistance, chloride ion penetration
resistance, and freeze-thaw longevity effect with increasing polymer cement ratio.

1.3. Latex modified concrete materials

Latex modified concrete materials the manufacture of modified latex concrete is the same as
standard cement concrete. Most latexes are distributed and applied during mixing to the
concrete. The correctly proportioned altered concrete is mixed and positioned like the normal
concrete and then healed. (Shobha, 2015)

1.3.1. Mixing
The latex-modified concrete mix development is usually performed in the same way as ordinary
cement concrete design. Modified concrete mix design from latex reveals better design method
compared to conventional concrete. The latex cement ratio controls the properties rather than
the water-cement ratio. Because of many factors, the mixing proportions of most altered latex
concrete cannot be easily determined

The process of mixing latex-modified concrete is the same as that of conventional concrete
mixing equipment and tools. Initially, the latex is mixed with water and then added to the cement
and aggregate mixtures. In order to avoid air trapping, the time and speed of mixing should be
selected correctly. After mixing of latex-modified concrete, they are placed and finished in the
same way as ordinary concrete. Latex modified concrete should be placed within a short period
of time because, due to its adhesive properties, this concrete will adhere to the mixing
equipment and tools. (Shobha, 2015)

1.3.2. Characteristics of hardened latex modified concrete.

Latex-modified concrete results in an increase in tensile strength and flexure capacity. This may
be attributed to the tensile strength of the latex polymer itself that allows the concrete to achieve
improved tensile strength. (Shobha, 2015)
 1.4. Need for the current research
While latex-modified concrete has gained considerable popularity in the field of construction,
latex as a protective has a long history of use from the 1800s. In the 1980s, the use of latex
rose many folds. The use of polymeric substances in concrete hydraulic cement has greatly
influenced the improvement of their quality properties. Nonetheless, polymers to be included in
concrete should not harm its mechanical properties or its toughness characteristics. Natural
Rubber Latex (NRL) is naturally polymerized as a dispersion of poly-isoprene by the Brasiliensis
tree. Therefore, most of its properties are determined during the process of natural
polymerization, rather than controlled, as is normally the case with emulsion polymerization.
NRL consists of 30–40 per cent suspended rubber particles in its fresh state.

It has been found that the addition of steel fibres into cementitious materials such as mortar and
concrete enhances the mechanical features of the composite such as first crack toughness,
ductility, capacity for absorption of heat, stability in fractures, dimensional homogeneity etc.
Recent studies on modified concrete found that adding up to a certain percentage of synthetic
polymers increases density, strength, strength, post-load-deflection characteristics (stream
softening area) and concrete toughness. Nonetheless, very few attempts to research the effect
of natural polymers such as rubber latex on the engineering properties of concrete have been
made so far. The stress at peak load and ductility of concrete can also be enhanced by
providing sufficient protection to the cement under pressure. In this context, an experimental
project was undertaken to examine the effects of natural rubber latex as a polymer on the
strength and action of traditional compression and flexure concrete.

There is an absence of researchers on Characteristics of both Mortar/Concrete Mix with both

Natural/ Rubber Latex as a Binders. Furthermore, an inquiry on this point identifying with the Sri
Lankan context is difficult to find.
1.5. Aims & Objectives

Aim
i. Study the impact of different rubber latex as a polymer on the compression and flexure
strength and behaviour of standard concrete and mortar
ii. Identify different rubber (Elastomeric) latex and their mechanical properties and their
effects on mortar and concrete mix

Objective
i. To study the characteristics of latex rubber as a binder.
ii. To study the viability of the use of natural / rubber latex as a concrete component.
iii. To determine the performance of the NRL/RL in mortar & concrete by analyzing its
behavioural characteristic.
2.0. CHAPTER TWO

2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW

The main aim of this comprehensive literature review is to highlight the state-of - the-art
techniques available in the development of polymer-based concrete / mortar and also to
summarize the information available on the impact of rubber latex on concrete properties. The
gaps in the literature can therefore be identified and the current research can be effectively
designed to address these gaps, paving the way for a better use of Natural Rubber Latex
(NRL) / Latex in concrete / mortar development.

In this study, the development of concrete/mortar containing polymers and superplasticizers

(optional) was anticipated. Natural Rubber Latex / Latex is the polymers (elastomers) used in
this analysis. This influences not only the solidity of concrete but also increases longevity.
Natural rubber /latex and (optionally) superplasticizers are combined with water-cement
proportions in the concrete/mortar to achieve this purpose. The literature on polymer-based
concrete is being reviewed in this section. A literature review on the properties of
concrete/mortar is needed to better understand and apply concrete and natural rubber latex.
(Munirathanam, 2013)

2.1.1. Concrete, A Description

Concrete is a composite material composed of four materials in its simplest form: air, cement
from Portland, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate. Portland cement consists of silicates of
hydraulic calcium. Mixing cement with water produces cement paste that is the concrete
bonding material. Mortar is a combination of coarse aggregate and cement paste and is most
commonly used in masonry as a bonding medium. Fine aggregate is a granular substance
(usually sandy) between 75 mm (No. 200 Sieve) and 4.75 mm (No. 4 Sieve). Concrete helps to
add to the mortar fine cement. The gross sum is rated as a 4.75 mm (No 4 Sieve) granular
content. Obviously, it is possible to develop the rough aggregate which usually has a smooth
weathered surface or is formed by a manual grinding stone resulting in a jagged layer.

The concrete structure is known to have three phases: the hydrated cement paste (HCP),
varying size aggregate particles, and the transition area between the two. The hcp is formed by
a chemical reaction called hydration, which starts when cement is mixed with water
immediately. The resulting paste is a matrix that is non-homogenous and includes both solids
and voids. Calcium silicate hydrate, calcium hydroxide, calcium sulfur-aluminates and non-
hydrated cement particles are made of hcp solids. HCP vacuums can be divided into capillary
vacuums, air bubbles equipped, and trapped air. Capillary voids reflect the unfilled space of the
hcp's solid components. It can be calculated that once hydrated, 1 cm3 of cement will "expand"
and take up space of 2 cm3. Hence, hydration of cement can be interpreted as a process of
replacing the volume of water and un-hydrated cement with solid hcp and capillary voids. Using
the water-to-cement ratio as a way of predicting concrete strength is common practice in
engineering. Nonetheless, an increase in capillary voids in the hcp is the actual mechanism that
induces a reduction in power. The concrete makes up a smaller percentage of the total initial
volume (of liquid and cement) as the water-to-cement ratio rises. When hydrated, capillary voids
will increase due to the larger initial water volume.

Entrained air bubbles are generally spherical in shape and size ranges from 50 to 200 µm and
are normally applied by different admixtures to the hcp. Caught air are bubbles that are caught
through the mixing process and can exceed 3 mm sizes. Compared to capillary voids, air
bubbles that are both trained and trapped have a harmful effect on energy.

2.2. COMPOSITION OF LATEX

In the early 16th century, the first reference to latex was when Spanish explorers claimed that
South American Indians made rubber shoes in latex made from trees. It develops natural latex,
which is known as natural rubber latex, (NRL). This plant is known as Hevea brazilienis.
Seedlings of these trees have been imported to Europe from South America, and some have
been transported from Europe into Malaya in the Middle East. These few seedlings have
cultivated vast plantations and massive industry. The latex derived from the tree can be
processed for latex or be coagulated and dried to be sold as rubber in a process known as
tapping.

In 1984, the production in Malaya of natural rubber latex reached 200 000 tons. Natural rubber
latex is a dispersion of poly-isoprene that is polymerized in the tree into a latex. Parenthetically,
NRL has been used in conjunction and is still used in many places with hydraulic cement. In
1924 Lefebvre was granted a patent for joint use of NRL and concrete. Natural latex, which was
then used for synthetic latex, was the only latex available until the early 20th century. Since
World War II, the number and type of latexes produced and on the market for synthetic
polymers have greatly increased. (Alam, Mahmood, and Khattak, 2015)

Latex is a transparent substance with a specific gravity between 0.96 and 0.98 and a slightly
yellowish, with variable viscosity. Latex is sterile, but it is slightly alkaline and acidic when it
comes out of the tree and gets infected with bacteria. The latex contains protein and
carbohydrates that these micro-orientations evolve. As a result, the latex is coagulated and the
volatile organic acids are formed. Field latex means the colloidal dispersion in an aqueous
solution, which is negatively charged. The rubber molecules are between 0.025 and 0.3 microns
in size. Such rubber molecules have a protein and phospholipid base. Latex also contains a
number of other non-rubber materials. The proportion varies according to the season, soil,
conditions in the environment, clones, particulate stimulation and tapping systems. (Shobha,
2015)

In general, the composition of latex is as follows:

 Rubber 30 - 40 %
 Protein 2.0 - 2.5 %
 Resin 1.0 - 2.0 %
 Sugar 1.0 - 1.5 %
 Ash 0.7 - 0.9 %
 Water 55 -60 %

Figure 03: Molecular Structure of Latex (Source: Google Image)

2.2.1. Collection of Rubber Latex

Figure 04: The method by which the latex is obtained from a rubber tree is rubber tapping
Figure 05: The process of Tapping Trees for Natural Rubber

The collector makes a small, diagonal slice when the rubber is collected to extract the bark
sliver. The latex-white milk fluid flows out of the bark, just as a tiny superficial cut will fade out of
blood on the body. The liquid is stored in a bucket and runs down the break. The stream starts
flowing after about six hours. A tree will normally fill a pumpkin in that six-hour period. The tree
may be cut again, normally the next day. The tree can be cut again.

What is so flexible about rubber? Just like plastic, rubber is a polymer called monomers. It is a
repeated unit chain. For rubber, the monomer is an isoprene chemical compound with two
double carbon-carbon bonds. There are several isoprene molecules in the latex fluid that
emerges from rubber trees. As the latex dries, the molecules of isoprene are crowded and an
isoprene molecule attacks one neighbouring molecule's carbon-carbon double connection. One
bond breaks and reordering electrons creates a connection between the two molecules of
isoprene.

The process goes on until you have a long strand of many molecules of isoprene linked like a
chain. The polyisoprene polymer is called such long chains. Each molecule of poly-isoprene
comprises thousands of monomers of isoprene. As the drying progresses, by forming
electrostatic bonds, the poly-isoprene strands bind together, much like the connection between
opposite poles of two bar magnets. The bond between these threads binds together the rubber
fibres, allowing them to stretch and recover. (Shevick Sales Corp, 2019)

2.2.2. Different Polymers for Cement Modifiers

 Polymer latexes-
 Bituminous latexes
 Thermoplastic latexes
 Mixed latexes
 Elastomeric latexes
 Thermosetting latexes

Cement mortar and concrete latex alteration are controlled during the binding phase by both
cement hydration and polymer film-forming processes. The hydration of cement and the
formation of polymer films form a co-matrix process.

2.2.2.1. Performance of Elastomers in Cement Mixes

The modified concrete and mortar quality in mechanical and toughness properties depends on
the type of elastomers. The usability of ball rolling steps, water conservation quality, the
formulation of latex film and water tightness, active void and capillary fillings, also improve
working abilities. The promising new building material package of adapted concrete materials
has proven to be polymer. These have tremendous potential as building materials, due to their
wide range of interesting features, features and applications. The repair can be rendered by
polymer-modified concrete of the ageing infrastructure. Requirements, to its fiscal cost per unit
weight, the polymer will be viable with its poor maintenance cost compared to conventional
materials. The degree to which latex particles are distributed in modified latex cement paste was
based by past researchers. The test was found to be satisfactory with lower latex cement
values. The analysis was carried out and modelling was developed in latex and cement phases,
using the electrical resistivity volume process. Past research showed that NRL in concrete
increases the quality of extremely durable functions such as water tightness and chemical
resistance. Due to the presence of latex in the hardened cement paste, the transformation of the
pore into a more cemented matrix takes place. With the addition of NRL, concrete deterioration
is discouraged due to chemical attacks, particularly in acidic and Sulphated environments.
Whereas, other studies found that NRL-MC (Natural Rubber Latex Mixed Concrete)
compressive strength decreases at a faster rate than that of regular concrete with an increase in
temperature. Cement latex solution thermal degradation is affected by NRL. The presence of
NRL in capillaries and concrete voids improves its capacity to exclude air. With regard to
H2SO4, the initial strength of normal concrete produced has been found to be lower than in
modified concrete, likely because of the lack of a suitable environment for latex film formation.
With regard to Na2SO4, the highest strength loss against ordinary concrete was observed.
(Shobha, 2015)

The latex modification of Portland cement mortars (LMM Latex Modified Mortar) and concrete
(LMC Latex modified Concrete), LMM and LMC were developed in order to reduce or totally
eliminate the weakness of Portland cement mortar and concrete, according to past
investigations carried out by the Transport Research Board. The weakness requires high
stresses, low ductility, volume volatility, low weight-to-weight strengths and permeability.
Obligation to their less complex production methods and lower costs, LMM and LMC are more
common than all other polymer concrete systems. Some of the previous authors worked on
improving the concrete used in the construction industry. Polymers were used as additives to
protect the concrete against the loss of their key qualities. Natural rubber latex is sustainable,
environmentally friendly and easy to apply to concrete and mortar. NRL is of course found, and
in its preparations and implementations, there are no such complications. It is, therefore, an
appropriate alternative to concrete and mortar modifications. Modified latex mortar and concrete
have better workability, preservation of water and traditional cement mortar and concrete. In
general, the compressive, tensile and bending power improved with an increase in latex. Latex
improved concrete increases concrete strength. It also decreases concrete permeability.
(Munirathanam, 2013)

2.3. NATURAL RUBBER LATEX (NRL)

The organic latex of rubber tapped from rubber trees, para tree or Hevea Brasiliensis is used.
Having the correct strong material is then concentrated. Latex has a very small diameter (0.05-
5μm). The polymerization of the emulsion is usually due to the molecules of rubber dispersed in
the air. Natural rubber is known as a major economic crop. Use natural rubber latex by
combining it with concrete materials may help to increase natural rubber domestic consumption.
Such software can enhance the building efficiency by increasing the service life of buildings,
pavements etc. and thus reducing the construction maintenance costs. Natural rubber is a
plastic substance with a high molecular weight hydrocarbon content with a chemical structure
such as "cis 1,4 polyisoprene" and chemical formulas such as C5H8. The essential properties of
natural rubber latex are elasticity, high tension resistance. This is because of complex molecular
chains forming strong bonds and structure.

Natural rubber latex has been selected for mixing with concrete materials in this study.
Compared to other rubber types, natural rubber latex is the most effective material. The lowest
cost of natural rubber latex can be easily produced. Field latex and the other condensed latex
can be used in two ways. Field latex can be extracted from natural rubber tree with a dry rubber
content of 35 percent and the rest is liquid. Field latex can maintain its condition for about 3
hours or so for a shorter period of time, and after 3 hours it gets coagulated. Latex natural
rubber is made stable in the field by adding the chemical substance such as ammonia into latex.
When 0.7 percent of the rubber weight is used for ammonia, it is called high latex ammonia
content. Ammonia is used by 0.2 percent by weight of rubber, then it is called low latex
ammonia. Therefore, it was decided to use condensed rubber latex in this investigation as latex
had to be stored for a longer period of time. (Alam, Mahmood, and Khattak, 2015)

Over the past two decades, many research studies have been conducted on the use of various
polymers suitable for mixing into fresh concrete to improve mechanical properties, including
latex styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) in the past. Latex is a polymer framework produced by
monomer emulsion polymerization and comprises 50% by weight of solids. The best examples
of polymers commonly used in latex are styrene-butadiene, polyvinyl acetate, acrylic and natural
rubbers. Because mechanical properties, cement hydration process and concrete durability are
highly dependent on the micro-structure condition, previous research studies have shown that
the polymer as a modifier is promising to improve concrete microstructure. Styrene-butadiene
rubber (SBR) latex is a type of high polymer dispersion emulsion composed of butadiene,
styrene and water and can be bonded successfully to many materials. Its main engineering
application is in the tire dip fabric industry due to its good inter miscibility with vinyl pyridine latex
for fabric dipping. It is used to substitute cement as a binder in the civil engineering sector to
strengthen concrete tensile, flexural and compressive strengths. SBR tends to be white smooth
liquid; it has strong viscosity with a water content of 52.7 percent.

Advantages of Natural Rubber Latex Concrete

 This increases chemical aggression tolerance
 It can increase the property of concrete water exclusion
 This increases the concrete's strength
 This helps the concrete withstand a high temperature of up to 700 ° C
 In dynamic regions, it can be used
 This reduces concrete porosity and thus improves concrete strength
 Decreases the thermal cracking

Disadvantages of Natural Rubber Latex Concrete

 This retards the concrete's compressive strength
 This reduces concrete workability
 Measures must be taken in order to avoid latex coagulation due to long-term airborne
exposure.
 When latex is used in bare hands, care must be taken as it can trigger allergic reactions
 Compared to regular concrete, it might not be financial.

2.4.1. MECHANISM OF LATEX IN CEMENT PASTE

The polymer molecules are evenly dispersed during the paste process as latexes are combined
with fresh concrete. Cement hydrates and cement gel are made of calcium hydroxide in this
latex cement paste, the material containing water. The latex (polymer) particles accumulate
unhydrated cement particles on the surfaces of the cement solution. Calcium hydroxide reacts
in the water stage to form a calcium silicate coating with the silica layer of the aggregates.
Therefore, due to the formation of calcium hydroxide and Ettringite in the contact area, a
connection between the cement hydrates and aggregates is formed. When the cement is
hydrated, the water is drained and gel pores are formed. In this gel pores, polyp(NR) particles
are flocculated into the surfaces of the cement gel unhydrated cement particle mixture into a
continuous, closed layer of latex particles, adhering to the cement mix, which is the silicate layer
of the aggregates.

The holes in the concrete are packed with plastic adhesive particles. The pores created during
the hydration of cement are filled with NRL particles. The pores in the cement paste are only
few hundred peak meters to several hundred Nanometers in length. A chemical reaction occurs
in the pores between reactive polymers and calcium ions, calcium hydroxide and silicate
surfaces. Such reactions strengthen the co-matrix of latex cement and the connection between
cement hydrates and aggregates. Both processes can enhance the properties of improved
concrete hardened latex. (Shobha, 2015)

2.4.2. WHY CHOOSE LATEX?

The latex and cement form a co-matrix to bind the aggregates, as stated when describing how
latex modifies cement concretes or mortars. When bridging the micro cracks, this co-matrix is
superior to unmodified blends, resulting in increased resistance to fluid movement within the
concrete and increased strength properties. As the latex cement co-matrix improves adhesion to
the aggregates in the mix, the adhesion of the mix to most substrates is also improved. In
addition, one should always clean the tools when applying latex-modified concrete or mortar
before the mix becomes hard or very difficult to clean.

2.5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LATEX MODIFIED CONCRETE

Hardened cement pastes/concrete has a combined structure of calcium silicates and calcium
hydroxides. The weaker forces bind such silicates and hydroxides together and thus contribute
to the development of micro-cracks under pressure leading to poor tensile strength and crack
toughness of regular concrete. These micro-cracks, which are developed in the normal
concrete, are bridged by the polymer films, which further prevent crack propagation thus
developing a strong bond between the cement hydrates and aggregates. The effect of latex to
cement ratio in concrete increases the tensile strength and fracture toughness. The sealing
effect due to latex membranes formed in the structure provides a considerable increase in
waterproofness, chemical resistance, resistance to chloride ion penetration and freeze-thaw
durability effect with increasing polymer-cement ratio. (Alam, Mahmood, and Khattak, 2015)

2.4.1. RUBBERIZED CONCRETE

If rubber was used instead of aggregates in cement, it showed less compressive strength
relative to normal concrete. But it also demonstrates some kind of ductile conduct before failure.
Rubberized concrete demonstrates a decrease in the thickness of concrete relative to the
control concrete sample. Concrete made of crumb rubber as a fine aggregate shows a great
deal of strength as opposed to concrete made of chipped rubber as a rough aggregate. Any
appreciable change in the compressive strength of the concrete thickness by using different
percentages of rubber as fine aggregates in concrete. It is recommended that silica smoke be
used in rubberized concrete to improve its compressive strength. It is recommended to use
rubberized concrete for small structures such as road or non-bearing walls, etc. (Alam,
Mahmood, and Khattak, 2015)

2.4.2. Mechanical Properties of Rubberized Concrete

Some rubberized concrete research focused on replacing either fine or coarse aggregates with
rubber particles of similar size with replacements as high as 100%. The author used both rubber
chips (38 mm, 25 mm, and 19 mm) and crumb rubber (less than 2 mm) to substitute coarse
aggregate and fine aggregate by thickness, respectively, the first study focused on the inclusion
of rubber in concrete. Reductions in strength decreased as rubber volume increased but the
relationship was not linear. There was a greater reduction in the strength of the larger rubber
molecules than the smaller ones. The rubber chips decreased the power from 45% at a
replacement of 25% to a reduction of 85% at a replacement of 100%.

The finer crumb rubber had 33 per cent and 65 per cent strength losses and 25 per cent and
100 per cent replacement grades respectively. Tensile strength decreases are lower than
compressive strength. The authors concluded that the rubber functions in the concrete matrix as
very soft inclusions which partly lead to the loss of strength. The additional loss of strength is
due to concentrations of tensile stress formation in the cement paste at the rubber aggregate
boundaries. With a rise in particle size, these tensile stresses increase, explaining the increased
loss of strength for the larger rubber particles. Through replacing 45 per cent of the coarse
aggregate with rubber chips ranging in size from 1 to 4 mm, a strength loss of 57 per cent was
calculated in concrete. The strength loss was higher than the 37 per cent loss reported for
concrete substituted by rubber particles smaller than 1 mm with the same volume of fine
aggregate.

In the meantime, scientists later developed rubberized concrete with rubber particles varying
from about 0.05 mm to 0.3 mm. Through adding 10, 20, or 30% rubber through the weight of
cement, various mixtures are obtained. With the addition of rubber, air content was seen to
increase significantly. For additional rubber, there was a small decrease in the slump. The
reduction in compressive strength was rather high, with the strength decreasing by 50% of the
10% rubber mixture and the strength decreasing by 70% of the 30% rubberized mixture. When
rubber has been applied, at least part of the strength loss can be due to cement reduction.
Different losses have been found in elasticity modulus. The researchers attribute the increased
air content to "the non-polar nature of rubber particles and their ability to capture air in their
jagged surface texture."

Others studied the relationship between rubberized concrete density and compressive strength.
Twelve separate mixtures of concrete containing either big (5 mm) or small (0.6 mm) rubber
particles are mixed in concrete with 45 proportions of cement to CA to FA to air. The largest
proportion of rubber was 0.50 per cement mass with the lowest proportion being 0.10.
Regardless of rubber size, different strengths were found in mixtures of the same weight. The
results showed that for the same rubber-to-cement ratio that is not in agreement, the power of
the fine rubber drop more than that of the thicker rubber. There was no calculation of the air
content that would influence both density and power.

In an attempt to improve the strong bond between rubber particles and cement paste, latex
styrene-butadiene was applied to rubberized concrete at the end of 1998. The study examined
five mixtures: standard concrete (SC), LMC, standard rubber-modified concrete (SC / R), latex-
modified rubber-replaced concrete and latex-modified concrete. The latex modified concrete
had a weight ratio of 0.15 from latex to cement, whereas all rubber mixtures had a weight ratio
of 0.05 from rubber to cement. Images were taken 10 days after mixing (before full cement
hydration) using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The images showed that the rubber
molecules had been absorbed by the latex. After 28 days, SEM images showed a better bond
between concrete, latex and rubber compared to just a rubber mix. There were no conclusive
strength checks on the effect of rubber and latex.

Likewise, researchers observed a rise in air content with increased rubber concentrations in
1996. For the cement containing the largest volume of rubber and the fine rubber rising air
content more rapidly, peak air measurement of 4 percent (increased from 1 percent for control)
was found. However, the method used to calculate the air content has not been recorded. The
researchers noted, however, that, following additional compaction efforts, increased air was
measured as the operability decreased. (Nibin & Beena 2019)

2.5. LATEX-MODIFIED CONCRETE

Latex is called the dispersion of organic polymer molecules into liquid. Some lattices are milky
liquids, which are typically coloured white to off-white. The lattices used for hydraulic cement are
as follows.

 Polyvinyl acetate;
 Acrylic copolymers;
 Styrene acrylic copolymers;
 Vinyl acetate acrylic copolymers;
 Vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymers;
 Vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride copolymers;
 Styrene-butadiene copolymers;
 Epoxy resin latex.

Among all the latexes mentioned above, latexes of the styrene-butadiene copolymer are used in
much larger quantities than any other latex form.

2.5.1. Properties of Fresh Latex-Modified Concrete (LMC)

Use of latex typically strengthens the properties of fresh concrete. The very tiny spherical
polymer particles (about 0.2 mm in diameter) that make up the latex will behave much like
skilled air bubbles to enhance workability and reduce the bleeding of pastes. The surface-active
agents often aid in dispersing the paste in most formulations. These often usually carry
substantial amounts of water. Using "concrete truck" moving mixers, latex-modified concrete
used on bridge deck overlays are almost uniformly mixed and installed. The cumulative result of
adding latex allows a significant water reduction: cement (w: c) concrete ratio. A workable slump
(4 to 6 inches) can be achieved at a w: c ratio of 0.40 or less, including the latex water. There
are very few published empirical information regarding the impact of latex on the physical
properties of fresh concrete. The author of this study, however, is also unaware of reports citing
the workability of modified concrete from latex as an issue.

The findings of a time study for latex-modified concrete setting show that latex-modified
concrete without latex did not set any more speed than concrete. Nevertheless, it forms a
"crust" or relatively dry layer on the surface when exposed to dry air for a prolonged period,
although the concrete below is still quite porous, where the concrete is only shortly mixed as it
passes through an auger structure and immediately deposited on the overlay site. Wallace
claimed that latex-modified concrete could be finished in such field applications only around 10
minutes after it has been poured on the ground.

It has already been found that under wet conditions, LMC reacts badly to prolong healing.
Consequently, in the normal procedures for LMC laboratory studies, the concrete is de-moulded
after 1 day, but is subsequently "air-cured" instead of further wet or fog-room healing; therefore,
the concrete is simply exposed to the laboratory air's less than 100% relative humidity.

2.5.1.1. Strength of Concrete

Considerable attention has been paid to evaluating compressive strength because the concrete
is primarily intended to withstand compressive stresses. Prisms, cubes and cylinders are the
three sample forms used to assess the concrete's compressive strength. The calculated
strength is significantly influenced by testing conditions such as age, load speed, test method
and sample geometry. Saturated samples may have a 15 to 20% lower intensity than dry
specimens. Test cubes of 150mmx150mmx150 mm and 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height
cylinders are used in this study.

The samples were cast, treated and examined in compliance with the criteria specified for these
studies. The characteristics of the constituent materials influencing the strength are the nature
of the fine and coarse aggregate, the cement paste and the characteristics of the paste-
aggregate bond. Very early strength (VES) concrete and high early strength (HES) concrete
behaviour data are minimal, whereas there is sufficient information on high strength concrete
behaviour and there is rapid development of additional information. Since high-performance
concretes will have low water-cement ratios and high paste content, in many cases their
characteristics will be close to those of high-resistance concrete. (Shobha, 2015)
The relationship of compressive strength to other mechanical properties is a common difference
in early strength behaviour and high strength concretes. Usually, compression strength gain is
faster than the strength gains in aggregate-paste bond, resulting in relative differences in elastic
modulus and tensile strength of early strength concrete and high strength concrete, expressed
as a compressive strength function. Applying Very Early Strength (VES) or High Early Strength
(HES) concretes cannot automatically be assumed to be compatible with the 28-day
compressive strength and mechanical properties of High Strength concrete. The strength of the
concrete depends on the factors including the properties and ratios of the component
components, the degree of hydration, the loading speed, and the test method and configuration
of the sample.

The characteristics of the constituent materials influencing concrete strength are the quality of
the coarse and fine aggregate, the cement paste and the characteristics of the paste-aggregate
bond (interfacial properties, or transition zone). The durability, in turn, depends on the macro-
and microscopic structural characteristics including total porosity, pore size and shape,
hydration products ' pore distribution and morphology, and the bond between individual solid
components. (Shobha, 2015)

2.6. NRL MODIFIED CONCRETE/MORTAR - A CLOSURE

It can be noted from the detailed review provided that the addition of latex in concrete may
substantially improve compressive strength and flexural strength to some degree. It is also
stated that the addition of latex can improve concrete's durability. Although work has been
carried out in order to investigate the impact of latex in ordinary concrete, hardly any study has
been carried out on the characteristics (i.e. strength and durability) of concrete/mortar natural
rubber/latex as a binder. There is, therefore, an urgent need to research the effect of adding
Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) on the characteristics of concrete/mortar strength, durability and
workability. Through undertaking a comprehensive research program on Natural Rubber Latex
Modified concrete/mortar with local materials such as superplasticizers and Natural Rubber /
Latex, the present investigation aims to address these issues. For civil engineering applications,
polymer latexes are used increasingly as modifiers, for general in order to improve workability,
drying shrinkage and strength properties and durability, according to researchers in the past.
Therefore, the workability, strength and durability characteristics of natural rubber latex modified
concrete/mortar are being examined during this research. (Kodae, Hawa & Salaemae 2018)
3.0. CHAPTER THREE

3.1. METHODOLOGY

3.1.1. Introduction
In order to achieve the objectives outlined in Chapter 1, a thorough experimental investigation
on natural rubber latex superplasticizer integrated ordinary concrete was planned. Natural
rubber latex is used to increase the strength of the bond, which is a polymer. In general,
superplasticizers are used for the reduced water-binder ratio to improve the flow properties of
the ordinary concrete. The physical characteristics of each material used are tabulated in the
present plan. The specific tests performed on each material were explained in detail, i.e. on
cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, Natural rubber latex and water to determine their
suitability.

3.2. Cement
Cement used shall normally be Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) complying with the
requirements of SLS 107 or blended hydraulic cement to SLS 1247. The cement shall conform
to the requirements given therein, in respect of the following:

a. Fineness
b. The specific gravity of cement
c. Compressive strength
d. Setting time
e. Normal consistency
 3.3. Aggregate (Coarse & Fine)
Aggregate for concrete shall consist of coarse aggregate (aggregate substantially retained on
the 5 mm sieve) and fine aggregate (aggregate substantially passing the 5 mm sieve). Unless
otherwise specified the coarse aggregate shall be crushed rock from an approval quarry and the
fine aggregate shall either be crusher fines or river sand. The aggregate both coarse and fine
shall be hard durable and clean and shall be from weathered, soft, laminated or elongated
pieces, deleterious matter, dust and clay.

The Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) of the coarse aggregate shall not be greater than 45. The
flakiness index of the coarse aggregate, when determined by the sieve method described in BS-
812, shall not exceed 35%. Where crusher fines are used as fine aggregate, they shall be
derived from rock meeting the requirements of coarse aggregate given above. Following tests
have been carried out as per the procedure is given in BS-812.

a. Specific Gravity
b. Bulk Density
c. Fineness Modulus
d. Water Absorption

3.4. Cement Mortar

Cement mortar shall normally consist of Ordinary Portland Cement, sand and water in the
proportions specified. Mortar shall mix with thoroughly, either by hand or mechanically until its
colour and consistency are uniforms. It shall be mixed in small quantities only as and when
required and shall normally be used within 45 minutes of mixing. The mortar which had been
mixed for more than 1 hour and shows signs of hardening shall be discarded. The constituent
materials shall normally be volume proportioned as accurately as practicable making allowance
for bulking of sand and also of the cement. Water shall be added in stages until the required
consistency is reached.

3.5. Water
Water is an essential concrete element as it actively participates in the chemical reaction with
cement. In particular, drinking water is considered acceptable. Therefore, clean drinking water
was used for casting as well as for curing the test samples. The water-cement ratio is
maintained continuously and by weight is 0.45.

3.6. Polymer
Field latex is centrifuged to produce a 60% Dry Rubber Content (DRC) latex concentrate.
Centrifuged latex is available commercially in two types, high ammonia latex and low ammonia
latex. Adequate ammonia (0.2 percent by weight) was added immediately after tapping natural
rubber latex to prevent coagulation of natural rubber latex. As the water content of natural
rubber latex varies from location to location, the latex Dry Rubber Content (DRC) was identified
from the liquid latex and the amount of DRC was used as one of the variables in this study.

3.7. Mix Design

The control concrete mixture will comprise of Portland cement, water, coarse (Quarry crush)
and fine aggregates. Control concrete Mixes w/c ratios will be maintained. The concrete mix use
will be 1:2:4 (Cement: Sand: Coarse aggregate) by weight for concrete mixes. The variables
considered in this study include different percentages of NRL/ RL in quantity 0.50%, l%, 1.5%,
2%, and 2.5%. For each value of NRL/RL 3 cubes and 3 cylinders will cast and tested and the
average value will be used for the discussion.

The table below gives the overall dimensions of specimens. For casting cubes, cylinders and
prisms, cast iron moulds were used.

Table 01: Overall Dimensions of Specimens

Specimen No of Dimensions
Specimens
Concrete Mix

Cube 15 150x150x150

Cylinder 15 150x300

Mortar Mix

Cube 15 40x40x150
Table 02: Superplasticizer Requirement for Different Percentages of Latex for
Concrete

DRC % Superplasticizer
(Kg/m³)

0.50 300

1.00 520

1.50 740

2.00 900

2.50 1165

Table 03: Details of mixing proportions modified mortars

Designation Sand(g) Cement (g) W (g)

mixtures
M. Ref 1350 450 0
Rubber Latex (NRT/RL)
M. 0.5 % 438.75 25
M. 1.0 % 427.5 50
M. 1.5 % 1350 405 100
M. 2.0 % 382 150
M. 2.5 % 360 200

3.7.1 Test Specimens and Test Procedures

3.7.1.1. Mortar Mix

The evaluation of the compressive strength and bending tensile strength will perform at 7, 14,
28 days, according to standard BS EN 196-1, on specimens of dimensions (40x40x150 mm³) for
the mortar mix.

Cube specimens of size 40mm X 40mm X 150mm will cast. The specimens will be moulded
after 24 hours of casting and the specimens will be cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. The calculated
proportions of an RL mix are mixed in the dry or liquid state added as an admixture along with
water. Cubes are tested for determining workability and compressive strength.

3.7.1.2. Concrete Mix

Cube specimens of size 150mm X 150mm X 150mm will cast. To obtain uniform consistency
the concrete will be mixed thoroughly in a mixer (If not hand mix). The specimens were de-
moulded after 24 hours of casting and the specimens were cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. At the
end of the curing period, they were whitewashed and kept ready for testing.

The calculated proportions of an RL mix are mixed in the dry or liquid state added as an
admixture along with water. Concrete cubes will cast using this latex modified concrete to
perform compressive strength and water absorption tests. Since the SBR latex used in this
study contained 45% of water, the quantity of water required to be added in the concrete was
accordingly adjusted to keep the water-cement ratio 0.40 for Mix.

3.7.2. Mixing of Concrete for Cube Test

Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer (As per the Facilities)

Hand Mixing
1. Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a watertight none-absorbent platform until the
mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform colour
2. Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse
aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch
3. Add water and the calculated proportions of an RL mix are mixed in the dry or liquid
state added as an admixture along with water. mix it until the concrete appears to be
homogeneous and of the desired consistency

3.7.3. A sampling of Cubes for Test

1. Clean the mounds and apply oil
2. Fill the concrete in the moulds in layers approximately 5 cm thick
3. Compact each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel
bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet-pointed at the lower end)
4. Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel
4.0. CHAPTER FOUR

4.1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1.1. Cement
Table 04: Quality Control Tests for Cement

S. No Test Experimental values

1 Fineness of Cement
 Sieve test 4.54%
 Blains specific surface Area 316 m2/kg
2 Specific gravity 3.10
3 Normal consistency 33%
4 Setting time
 Initial setting time 64 min
 Final setting time 410 min
5 Compressive Strength at 3 days 30.4 N/mm2

4.1.2. Aggregate (Coarse & Fine)

Table 05: Quality Control Tests for Aggregates

Properties Fine Aggregate (River Coarse Aggregate (Quarry

Sand) crushed stone)
Fineness Modulus 3.76 7.14
Specific Gravity 2.65 2.65
Loose Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1450 1350
Compacted Bulk 1710 1600
Density(kg/m3)
Water Absorption (%) 0.50 1
Bulk Density of Aggregates
The aggregate bulk density indicates how densely the aggregate is packed when it is filled in a
standard way. It is determined by filling a container in a standard procedure whose size is
defined and compacted. The total weight in Kg / m3 gives the bulk mass. The distribution of
particle size and particle mass influences the thickness of the volume.

4.1.3. Polymer
Table 06: Properties of Natural Rubber Latex

S. No Property NRL

1 Colour White milky fluid

2 Specific Gravity 0.95

3 Particle size of rubber 0.20μm

4 Iron content as ppm 8.02

5 Copper content as ppm 5.2

6 Ammonia content 0.7% max

7 Total solid content 61.5% max by weight

8 Dry Rubber content 60% min by weight

9 Non Rubber solid content 1.5% max

10 Particle size of rubber latex 0.21μm

In the table above, the physical properties and structure of different concrete raw materials, the
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and the polymers (NRL) are analyzed and discussed. As per
the guidelines of the BS code provisions, the suitability of these materials for use in concrete is
also studied. The materials to be used in this inquiry comply with the applicable SLS
requirements.

4.1.4. Concrete Mixing and Sample Specimen Preparation

4.1.4.1. Testing and casting of fresh concrete

Inner-sized150x 150x 150 mm steel cube molds, 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height
cylinders. Chapter 3 describes the characteristics of cement, fine aggregates, coarse
aggregates and natural rubber latex. The concrete materials are thoroughly mixed in dry
condition and water and the natural rubber latex is applied to the mixture and then thoroughly
combined in a mixer. Required percentages of superplasticizer are added together with the
remaining water and thoroughly combined to produce a uniform mixture. The concrete will be
extracted from the mixer; it will be mounted on the table vibrator in the moulds. Through layers
of three, the cement is poured into moulds. Each time the concrete in the mould is thoroughly
tamped and the moulds are vibrated to achieve the compaction. The vibration is performed for
about one minute, and all the specimens are kept constant.

Figure 06: Mixing Concrete

Figure 07: Concrete Cube Casting

Figure 08: Testing Specimen Cubes & Cylinders

4.1.5. Properties of NRL Modified Concrete
Table 07: Compaction Factor

Compaction Factor of NRL added

Ratios of NRL
Concrete

0.0% 0.905

0.5 % 0.820

1.0 % 0.870

1.5 % 0.856

2.0 % 0.840

2.5 % 0.820

Figure 09: Compaction Factor of NRL Modified Concrete

0.920
0.900
Compaction Factor

0.880
0.860
0.840
0.820
0.800
0.780
0.760
0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5%
Ratios of NRL

Compaction Factor of NRL added Concrete

The compaction factor test is done to learn the concrete's workability. This experiment is mostly
conducted in the low-workable concrete laboratory, sometimes the analysis can also be
performed in the field. This experiment is more prone than the slump test.

A standard amount of work is done to achieve the degree of compaction by allowing the
concrete to be completed through a standard height. The density ratio is used to calculate the
compacting function.
Generally, the compaction factor test is conducted to assess the concrete's workability if the
compaction value is similar to that material, here that the compaction factor value was reduced
by applying natural rubber latex to concrete at a ratio of 1.0 percent to natural rubber latex by
cement weight, the compaction factor value yielded satisfying results, because the compaction
factor value was closer to the controlled mix as shown in Figure 09.

4.1.6. Compressive Strength of NRL Modified Concrete

The most famous test performed on concrete is the compression test. The tests were performed
on a compressive strength testing machine for 28 days. The compressive strength was
measured by the cube's and cylinder’s cross-sectional area separating the total applied load.

Compressive Strength = P/A

Where,

P = load in Newton

A= area of cross-section in mm²

Table 08: Compressive Strength

Compression Strength of NRL Modified Concrete

Compressive
Ratios of NRL
Strength(N/mm2)
0.0% 27.83
0.5 % 28.66
1.0 % 32.63
1.5 % 31.83
2.0 % 30.53
2.5 % 28.26

For the concrete, the compression strength is the key criteria for understanding the mechanical
properties of the concrete, whereby the compressive strength of concrete for the different
percentages of natural rubber latex applied concrete is carried out, for the lower percentage of
natural rubber latex added concrete, the compression strength of natural rubber latex was
increased, up to 0.9% of the compression strength of natural rubber latex is increased thereafter
the compression strength of natural rubber latex modified concrete decreases, therefore the
optimal percentage of natural rubber latex for compression is 1.0%.

Figure 10: Compressive Strength of NRL Modified Concrete

34.00 At 7 Day At 28 Day

Compressive Strength(N/mm2)

33.00
32.63 35
32.00 32.63

Compressive Strength(N/mm2)
31.83 31.83 30.53
30 28.66
31.00 27.83 28.26
30.53 25
30.00
20 18.92 19.29 20.17 20.16 19.88 19.18
29.00
28.66
28.00 28.26 15
27.83
27.00 10
26.00 5
25.00 0
0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5%
Ratios of NRL Ratios of NRL

Referring to Fig. it may be noted that, addition of smaller percentages of NRL (1.0%) improves
the cube compressive strength of plain concrete marginally. The improvement was found to be
about 2%. At 1.5% NRL, the strength was reduced by about 15%. At, higher values of NRL i.e.,
at 2.0% and 2.5% drastic reduction have been obtained.

At the time of mixing with air, experimental work has different percentages of natural rubber
latex added to the parenting mix that gives the optimum percentage of natural rubber latex as
1.0 percent by the weight of cement for normal strength concrete.

Natural rubber latex increases standard strength concrete strength by up to 1.0 percent and
then decreases as the NRL material increases.

It is observed that the parent mix compaction factor is relatively higher. By adding natural rubber
latex to the compaction factor of the parenting mix, the compaction factor initially increased to
1.0 percent and then decreased.
5.0. CHAPTER FIVE

5.1. Conclusions and Recommendations

Chapter-1 provides the need and inspiration for the present investigation. The use of high
strength and robust concrete has now become more common in the area of civil engineering
design as part of a day's time-framed construction. The need to perform a systematic study to
determine the impact of natural rubber latex on ordinary concrete properties such as workability,
compressive strength has been established.

To investigate the behavior of cement concrete when polymers such as natural rubber latex
were added to it, this preliminary investigation was restricted to small specimens such as cubes
and cylinders. The preliminary investigation results would later be useful in evaluating the
behavior of experimental structural elements such as beams when using latex-modified
concrete.

Several experimental studies have demonstrated that the existence of polymers has a low
impact on the compressive strength and may even have a negative impact. Most of these
researchers explained these findings by the fact that a polymer has a greater water retention
capacity, a high closed porosity due to the polymer's air entrainment and also due to the delay
in cement hydration due to the presence of surfactants in the mixture. Others, however,
explained these same findings by the latex's low mechanical strength as well as the
improvement found in the mixture's microstructure. There are two types of bonds in the co-
matrix network of modified mortars, i.e. cement-cement and cement-polymer. The relations
between cement and polymer are stronger than the cement bonds. The polymer film covers the
hydrated cement and aggregates when the polymer content increases, creating multiple
polymer cement bonds. This results in a decrease in adjusted sample compressive strength.
(John & Jospeh 2017)

In this investigation, with the inclusion of Natural Rubber Latex, polymer-modified ordinary
concrete is made. Future studies may be performed with the application of various types of
polymers instead of natural rubber latex to generate certain types of HPC.

Now a day has become a problem with the lack of natural coarse and fine aggregates. A
feasibility study may, therefore, be carried out on the development of NRL modified concrete
with recycled aggregates and manufactured sand.
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