Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Analysis
the relationship of the moment of inertia and the acceleration of the rigid
are important, but so if the point on the body where the force is applied. In
Figure 1, a wrench is being used to loosen a tight bolt. The force Fb applied
near the end of the handle, is more effective than an equal force Fa applied
near the bolt. Force Fc doesn’t help at all even though it has the same
applied force as Fb and at the same point, but its direction is directed along
how to calculate torque. The body in the figure can rotate about an axis that
Three forces, F1, F2, and F3, act on the body in the plane of the figure. The
tendency of the first of these forces, F1, to cause a rotation about O depends
between point O and the line of action of the force. The distance l1 is called
the lever arm (or moment arm) of force F1 about O. The twisting effort is
directly proportional to both F1 and l1. So, torque of the force F1 with
applied on a specific point and l is the distance of that force applied from
about a Point is the Product of the Force Magnitude and the lever arm of
the Force.
Figure 3. Three Ways to Calculate Torque
usually use terms like “moment”. However, both groups use the term
“lever arm” or “moment arm” for the distance l. In Figure 2, the lever arm
so the lever arm of F3 is zero and its torque with respect to O is zero. A
position of this point, the torque of each force may also change. In addition,
torque and a clockwise rotation has a negative torque. The SI unit of torque
equations that can be used in finding the value of the torque. Since torques
Equation (3). It is a dot product if the vector points out of the page, and it is
a cross product if it points into the page. Going back to our discussion in
acceleration through the use of the angular acceleration of a rigid body and
its moment of inertia. From the previous experiment, we were able to get
Newton’s third law, the internal forces that any pair of particles in the rigid
body exert on each other are equal and opposite, as shown in Figure 4. If
these forces act along the line joining the two particles, their lever arms
with respect to any axis are also equal. So, the torques for each such pair
are equal and opposite and add to zero. Hence all the internal torques add
to zero, so the sum Στz includes only the torques of the external forces.
entire body. Nevertheless, it turns out that if g has the same value at all
points, it will always result to the correct torque about any specified axis, if
we assume that all the weight is concentrated at the center of mass of the
motion to some cases in which the axis of rotation moves. When that
happens, the motion of the body is combined translation and rotation. The
the center of mass and rotation about an axis through the center of mass.
This is true even when the center of mass accelerates, so that it is not at rest
The more
in-depth proving of the idea that the motion of a rigid body can always be
divided into translation of the center of mass and rotation about the center
important to learn the equivalence of kinetic energy of a rigid body that has
without slipping, such as the motion of the wheel shown in Figure 5. The
which the wheel rolls are at rest. In this frame, the point on the wheel that
contacts the surface must be instantaneously at rest so that it does not slip.
Hence, the
velocity v1 of the point of contact relative to the center of mass must have
vcm. If the radius of the wheel is R and its angular speed about the center
slipping.
(7). Based on Figure 6, the formula for angular momentum can be given by
the equation in Equation (8); where l is the perpendicular distance form the
line of v to O. This distance plays the role of “lever arm” for the
momentum vector. From the definition of angular momentum, another
definition of torque may arise. As shown in Equation (9), the rate of change
of angular moment of a particle equals the torque of the net force acting on
it. Lastly, in Equation (10), the angular momentum is equated with moment
a rigid body using the 2nd Condition of Equilibrium. The second condition
of equilibrium simply states that the sum of all torque on the body or
system must be equal to zero because to achieve equilibrium involves
The materials needed for accomplishing the experiment are one set
two
pieces weight pans, and one-piece spring balance. Now, the procedure for
the experiment is divided into two parts, part A, which determine the
weight of the pans, and part B, which determine the weight of the beam.
For the first part of the experiment Part A, our group started to
placed 10-g on the first pan and 5-g on the second pan. Then, the pans were
placed on the model balance placing and arranging them carefully so that
the model balance will not move and stay at stationary position. After
measured the distance between two pans from the axis of rotation. These
steps were repeated for the second trial with varying weights. The weights
placed on the second trial were 15-g on the first pan and 25-g on the second
pan. After completing all of the procedures, our group then came up to a
formula which computes for the computed weights of the pan and used
our results for Table 1. Refer to equation (11) for the formula used to
compute for the computed weight of the pans. Refer to figure 8 for part A
Figure 9. Part B of the Experiment
For the second part of the experiment, the same material were used
as well but instead the axis of rotation is placed on the second hole of the
beam so that the center of gravity of the beam does not pass through the
new axis of rotation. This is so that we can determine weight of the beam.
After setting up the new axis of rotation, we placed 50g of weiht on P 1 and
measured the distance of P1 and WB from the axis of rotation and marked L1
and L2 respectively. Next is to compute for the weight of the beam. We
repeated the steps earlier for two trials; however, we are going to use
different values. Lastly, to solve for the computed value of the weight of
order to achieve our results for Table 2. Refer to equation (11) as well for
the formula used to compute for the computed weight of the beam, Refer
- P 1 L 1 + P 2 L 2 = W1 L 1
- P1 L 3+ P2 L4 = - W2 L4 (11)
These are the equations we used in order to compute the data needed
Percent Differece
Average weight of
the Pans
From the data that we have gathered for the first part of the
experiment which is to determine the weight of the pan, the first distance
measured with the weights of 10g was 14.4cm for P1 and 20.0cm for P2.
Next is the measurement for the second distance while using the weights of
5g was 15.1cm for P1 and 12.5cm for P2. We wrote an equation using the
24.72. For the 2nd trial, the first distance measured with the weights of 15g
was 12.52cm for P1 and 19.9cm for P2. Next is the measurement for the
second distance while using the weights of 25g was 20.15cm for P1 and
10.0cm for P2. We used the equation we came up with again and used it
(computed) which resulted 25.04. The average of both pans were computed
These are the equations we used in order to compute the data needed
Percent Difference
Average weight of
the Pans
From the data that we have gathered for the second part of the
every trial and the measured distance is 7.5cm. With the other distance
equilibrium for L1 easily. For the first trial, the distance required to achieve
equilibrium is 14.0cm. For the second trial, the distance required to achieve
equilibrium is 12.3.0cm. For the third trial, the distance required to achieve
equilibrium is 11.0cm. Note that each trial has different set of weights
added to pan which resulted to different values for each trial. For the
computed Weight of the beam, resulted to the first trial having 139.6g, the
second trial having 139.07g, and the third trial having 139.04g.
average weight of the beam was 139.23g. The computed percent difference
is 5.32%.
Conclusion
general idea could be brought up in which, the heavier the object, the closer
it must be to the axis of rotation and the lighter the object, the farther it
must be in order to have a static equilibrium. The experiment conducted
was able to determine the factors affecting the torque applied to a body
such as the displacement of the object from the pivot point and the
equilibrium, then it is not in any rotational force. The results showed that if
the pan are in equilibrium, then the sum of all torque must be zero.
distance of the applied force to the axis of rotation. Therefore, two unequal
weights can be balanced in the model, given that the center of gravity is
placed at positions wherein the torque would still be equal on both ends of
the model balance. In order for the torque to be equal, the distance must be
adjusted to the point where the overall torque of the system is zero.