06 Development Across The Lifespan

PSYCHOLOGY 3e
Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Copyright © Pearson Education 2012
Issues in
Studying Human
Development
Study of changes
in people from
conception
until death
Human
evelopment
Copyright ©
Pearson Education 2012
Research Designs
8.1 What are some of the special research methods used to study development?
LONGITUDINAL STUDY
1990
2010
2000
Armando Garcia
1. Cognitive
2. Social
3. Moral
4. Physical
Copyright ©
Research Designs
Cross-Sectional Study
All groups 2010
1. Cognitive
GROUP 1 2. Social
3. Moral
4. Physical
1. Cognitive
GROUP 2 2. Social
3. Moral
4. Physical
1. Cognitive
GROUP 3 2. Social
3. Moral
4. Physical
Copyright ©
Nature Versus Nurture
8.2 What is the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining
development?
Most developmental
psychologists agree
that development is
a product of an
interaction between
nature and nurture.
Copyright ©
The Basic
Building Blocks
of Development
Building Blocks of Development special
molecule that
8.3 How do chromosomes, genes, and DNA DNA
contains the genetic
determine a person’s characteristics or material of the
disorders, and what causes multiple births? section of
organism
DNA having
the same
gene
arrangement
of chemical
elements
science
genetics
of inherited
traits
tightly wound
chromosome
strand of genetic
material or DNA
referring
to a gene that
recessive
only influences
the expression of
a trait when
paired with an
identical gene referring to
dominant
a gene that
actively controls
the expression of Copyright ©
a trait Pearson Education 2012
Genetic and Chromosome Problems
• Chromosome disorders
• Down syndrome
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
• Turner’s syndrome
• Genetic disorders
• PKU
• Cystic fibrosis
• Sickle-cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs disease
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Dominant and Recessive Genes and PKU
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Prenatal
Development
Fertilization, the Zygote, and Twinning
• Ovum: Egg
• Fertilization: Uniting of egg and sperm
• Zygote: Cell resulting from egg-cell union
• Zygote divides into many cells, eventually
forming baby
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Fertilization, the Zygote, and Twinning
• Identical twins
• Fraternal twins
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Periods of Pregnancy
8.4 What happens during the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods of pregnancy and
what are some hazards in prenatal development?
Germinal
The stage:
fetal stage:
Embryonic
Firsttime
2 weeks stage: fertilization,
The fromafter
about 8
The
duringperiod
which from
the2zygote
to 8 weeks
movesafter
down
weeks after conception
fertilization,
to thethe
uterus during whichtothe major
until birthand begins
of the baby implant in
organs
the and structures of the
lining.
organism develop
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Common Teratogens
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Infancy and
Childhood
Development
Physical Development: Reflexes
8.5 What kind of physical changes
take place in infancy and childhood?
Five reflexes for

survival:
• Stepping
• Grasping
• Moro (startle)
• Sucking
• Rooting
Nervous system and

healthy reflexes
Copyright ©
Physical Development: Sensory Development
Touch, taste, smell:

Well developed
Hearing:
Functional but not fully
developed
Vision:
Least developed; rods are
functional, cones take about
6 months to fully develop
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Physical Development: Motor Milestones
Some of the major

physical milestones
of infancy:
2 to 4 months: Raising
head and chest
6 to 7 months: Sitting up
without support
7 to 8 months: Crawling
8 to 18 months: Walking
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Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Stage Theory
8.6 What are two ways of looking at cognitive development, and how does language
develop?
Piaget: Children are not “little

adults,” but instead think quite
differently about the world.
• Schemes
• Assimilation
• Accommodation
Stages:
– Sensorimotor
– Preoperational
– Concrete operational
– Formal operations
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Piaget’s Stage Theory: Sensorimotor
Stage 1
Sensorimotor
Birth–2 years
• Children explore using
senses
• Object permanence
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Piaget’s Stage Theory: Preoperational
Stage 2
Preoperational
2–7 years
• Egocentrism
• Conservation issues
– Centration
– Irreversibility
– See next slide
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Conservation Experiment
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Piaget’s Stage Theory: Concrete Operations
Stage 3
Concrete
7–12 years
• Conservation
– Decentration and reversibility
• Classification
• Concrete logic
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Piaget’s Stage Theory: Formal Operations
Stage 4
Formal
12 years to adulthood
• Abstractions and analogies
• Hypothesis testing
– “What if…”
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Vygotsky’s Theory
• Piaget: Stressed importance of

child’s interaction with objects
as a primary factor in cognitive
development
• Vygotsky: Stressed
importance of social
interactions with other people,
typically more highly skilled
children and adults
– Scaffolding
– Zone of proximal development
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Stages of Language Development
Cooing
Babbling
One-word speech (holophrases)
Telegraphic speech
Whole sentences
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Psychosocial Development: Temperament
8.7 How do infants and children develop personalities and form relationships with
others, and what are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development for children?
Temperament:
Behavioral
characteristics
established at birth
• Easy
• Difficult
• Slow to warm up
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Psychosocial Development: Attachment
• Attachment: Bond between infant

and caregiver
• Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation”
• Attachment styles
– Secure infants
– Avoidant infants
– Ambivalent infants
– Disorganized-disoriented infants
• Harlow’s monkeys
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Psychosocial Development: Erikson’s Theory
Erikson’s Psychosocial
Stages of Development
Stage 1 Stage 5
Trust vs. Mistrust Identity vs. Role Confusion
Stage 2 Stage 6
Autonomy vs. Shame Intimacy vs. Isolation
Stage 3 Stage 7
Initiative vs. Guilt Generativity vs. Stagnation
Stage 4 Stage 8
Industry vs. Inferiority Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Copyright ©
Erikson’s Theory: Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage 1
Trust vs. Mistrust
Birth – 1 year
Basic needs consistently
or inconsistently met
• predictability  trust
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Erikson’s Theory: Autonomy vs.
Shame and Doubt
Stage 2
Autonomy vs. Shame
1 – 3 years
Toddlers realize that they can
direct their own behavior.
• direction  autonomy
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Erikson’s Theory: Initiative vs. Guilt
Stage 3
Initiative vs. Guilt
3 – 5 years
Pre-schoolers challenged
to control behavior
• responsibility  initiative
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Erikson’s Theory: Industry vs. Inferiority
Stage 4
Industry vs. Inferiority
5 – 12 years
School-aged children have
more opportunities to learn.
• new skills  industry
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Gender-Role Development
Male/female behavior Perception of one’s

gender and the behavior
that is associated with
that gender
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Adolescence
Physical and Cognitive Development
8.8 What are the physical, cognitive, and personality changes that occur in adolescence,
including concepts of morality and Erikson’s search for identity?
Physical
Puberty: Bodily changes
and sexual development
Primary and secondary
Adolescence: Age sex characteristics
13 to early 20s
Cognitive
Adolescent egocentrism:
Personal fable
Imaginary audience
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Moral Development: Kohlberg’s Theory
Lawrence Kohlberg
• Developmental
psychologist
• Influenced by Piaget and
others
• Developed a theory of the
development of moral
thinking
• Looked at how people of
various ages responded to
stories about people caught
up in moral dilemmas
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Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality
Preconventional Conventional Postconventional

Consequences Conforming to Morality decided
determine morality society’s norms upon by individual
• Reward = good • Rules/laws • May conflict with
• Punishment = bad rules and/or accepted
norms
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Erikson’s Theory: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Stage 5
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescence
Choices among many
values in life
• self confidence  identity
Copyright ©
Adulthood
Adulthood
8.9 What are the physical, cognitive, and personality changes that occur during adulthood
and aging, including Erikson’s last three psychosocial stages, and patterns of parenting?
Adulthood:
begins in
early 20s
Divided into:
young, middle,
late
Copyright ©
Physical and Cognitive Development
PHYSICAL COGNITIVE
• Menopause: Decline in Reaction times slow
reproductive system down, but intelligence
• Andropause: Changes in and memory remain
the sexual hormones and relatively stable.
reproductive system of
males
• Increase in health problems
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Erikson’s Theory: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Stage 6
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Early adulthood
Primary task is
finding a mate
• committed relationship
without losing self
– sharing  intimacy
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Erikson’s Theory: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Stage 7
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle adulthood
Creativity & productivity
• nurturing the next generation
– focus outward  generativity
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Parenting Styles
Permissive
Authoritarian
Authoritative
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Erikson’s Theory: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Stage 8
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Late adulthood
Wisdom, spirituality, tranquility
• wholeness of self
– acceptance  integrity
Copyright ©
Theories of Physical and
Psychological Aging
8.10 How do
psychologists explain
why aging occurs, and
what are the stages of
death and dying?
• Cellular-clock theory
• Wear-and-tear theory
• Free-radical theory
• Activity theory
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Stages of Death and Dying
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
theorized that people
go through five stages
1 Denial
of reaction when faced
with death: 2 Anger
3 Bargaining
4 Depression
5 Acceptance
Copyright ©
Acknowledgments
Cicc Slide # Image Description Image Source
chapter template AAJRZNR0\Portrait of Woman Masterfile
chapter template AAJRZNT0\Young girl (3-5 years) with pig-tails, portrait Ron Krisel / Getty
(B&W)
chapter template AACAHSL0\Red Picture Frame C Squared Studios\Getty Images, Inc.- Photodisc./Royalty Free
chapter template AAJSFXE0\orange and yellow autumn leaves isolated on Alexander Vasilyev / Shutterstock
white
chapter template AAJSFXG0\dandelions silhouettes in the wind Dan Ionut Popescu / Shutterstock
chapter template AAJRFLY0\Young woman's braid Trinette Reed/Blend Images/Getty Images
4 tree ©istockphoto.com/MCFISCHER
5 clock hands ©istockphoto.com/Juris Sturainis
5 alarm clock ©istockphoto.com/Eva Serrabassa
5 infant on hand ©istockphoto.com/News Features USA
5 child abt 7 missing teeth ©istockphoto.com/GreenPimp
5 teen smiling ©istockphoto.com/Dan Brandenburg
6 stage 2 toddler ©istockphoto.com/Photomoment
6 adult dark hair - stage 7 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Avid Creative, Inc.
6 happy senior - stage 8 erikson ©istockphoto.com/bo1982
6 calendar w/ weekly appointment ©istockphoto.com/Alex Slobodkin
7 parent/child ©iStockphoto.com/Catharina van den Dikkenberg
7 chromosomes ©iStockphoto.com/Felix Möckel
9 DNA ©istockphoto.com/HooRoo Graphics
10 CGAT DNA sequence background ©istockphoto.com/Alan John Lander Phillips
11 Figure 8.2 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 302
13 human egg ©istockphoto.com/ChristianAnthony
13 human sperm ©istockphoto.com/Alexander Kozachok
14 human egg ©istockphoto.com/ChristianAnthony
14 human sperm ©istockphoto.com/Alexander Kozachok
15 OYB: book with open pages ©istockphoto.com/Andrzej Tokarski
16 pregnant woman ©istockphoto.com/Jim Jurica
16 zygote ©istockphoto.com/Dmitry Knorre
16 embryo ©istockphoto.com/LM
16 fetus ©istockphoto.com/chrisDownie
16 newborn ©istockphoto.com/Ruslan Dashinsky
17 hand with cigarette ©istockphoto.com/RusN
17 Table 8.2 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 306
19 baby with focus on the eyes ©istockphoto.com/susaro
20 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT
20 spring for multimedia template istockphoto©Pei Ling Hoo
21 newborn making a face ©istockphoto.com/Bob Ingelhart
23 wall with picture frames ©istockphoto.com/sefaoncul
23 baby stepping (little frame on table) ©istockphoto.com/Flashon Studio
23 baby lifting head and shoulders ©istockphoto.com/Elena Korenbaum
23 baby sitting up ©istockphoto.com/cbarnesphotogrphy
23 crawling baby ©istockphoto.com/amanalang
23 baby walking ©istockphoto.com/LugoStock
24 growing stages of flower ©istockphoto.com/Wojciech Gajda
24 icon: jigsaw puzzle Charlie Levin
25 stage 1 baby happy ©istockphoto.com/Platinum Images Photography Service
25 baby crawling ©istockphoto.com/Ranguita
26 stage 2 child w/ backpack 2-7 years ©istockphoto.com/ktaylorg
26 kid in costume ©istockphoto.com/Andrew Rich
27 Figure 8.7 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 313
29 stage 3 child - curly locks ©istockphoto.com/Fertnig Photography
29 child pouring ©istockphoto.com/Ann Worthy
29 glass - tall ©istockphoto.com/Maria Toutoudaki
29 glass - short ©istockphoto.com/Daniel Loiselle
30 stage 4 teen ©istockphoto.com/Digital Savant LLC
30 head with arrows ©istockphoto.com/pavle
31 parent and child ice skating ©istockphoto.com/Nikolay Suslov
32 two babies talking ©istockphoto.com/schwester
33 icon: wanted sign Charlie Levin, adapting wooden board image from
©istockphoto.com/andynwt
33 OYB: book with open pages ©istockphoto.com/Andrzej Tokarski
34 wall with picture frames ©istockphoto.com/sefaoncul
34 baby stepping (little frame on table) ©istockphoto.com/Flashon Studio
34 baby innocent ©istockphoto.com/Benjamin Lin Photography
34 baby happy ©istockphoto.com/Platinum Images Photography Service
34 baby angry ©istockphoto.com/Jennifer Photography & Imaging
35 icon: wanted sign Charlie Levin, adapting wooden board image from
©istockphoto.com/andynwt
35 baby cooing mother smiling ©istockphoto.com/mocker_bat
36 baby happy - stage 1 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Platinum Images Photography Service
36 toddler - stage 2 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Photomoment
36 child w/ backpack 2-7 years - stage 3 erikson ©istockphoto.com/ktaylorg
36 child curly locks - stage 4 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Fertnig Photography
36 teen dark hair - stage 5 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Digital Savant LLC
36 young adult - stage 6 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Koval Productions
36 middle-aged person - stage 7 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Christine Glade
37 baby happy - stage 1 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Platinum Images Photography Service
37 happy parents/baby ©istockphoto.com/toos
38 toddler - stage 2 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Photomoment
38 toddler w/ toys ©istockphoto.com/BlueOrange Studio
39 child w/ backpack 2-7 years - stage 3 erikson ©istockphoto.com/ktaylorg
39 putting on rollerblades ©istockphoto.com/somethingway
40 child curly locks - stage 4 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Fertnig Photography
40 soccer players ©istockphoto.com/Joshua Hodge Photography
44 scales of justice ©istockphoto.com/Alex Slobodkin
44 icon: classic studies car ©istockphoto.com/Brian Sullivan
45 handing money ©istockphoto.com/Youra Pechkin
45 person w/ stop sign ©istockphoto.com/LisaFX Photographic Designs
45 person looking up ©istockphoto.com/4x6
47 teen dark hair - stage 5 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Digital Savant LLC
47 punk teen ©istockphoto.com/Ginaellen
49 senior woman ©istockphoto.com/SilviaJansen
49 middle aged woman ©istockphoto.com/Igor Stepovik
49 young adult ©istockphoto.com/Koval Productions
49 digital notepad ©istockphoto.com/Randy Plett Photographs
52 young adult - stage 6 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Koval Productions
52 couple reading paper together ©istockphoto.com/tomazl
53 middle-aged person - stage 7 erikson ©istockphoto.com/Christine Glade
53 parent with arm around teen child ©istockphoto.com/Golden Pixels LLC
55 happy/tranquil senior ©istockphoto.com/azndc
56 sihouettes - elderly ©istockphoto.com/william schultz
56 medical clipboard ©istockphoto.com/Anastasia Pelikh
57 dying ©istockphoto.com/Sean_Warren
59 globe w/ flags ©istockphoto.com/Stay Media Productions
61 topbar: jigsaw pieces animation Charlie Levin
61 topbar: jigsaw bk ©istockphoto.com/Felix Möckel
62 topbar: cactus ©istockphoto.com/Lee Daniels
62 topbar: wooden board ©istockphoto.com/andynwt
63 topbar: cactus ©istockphoto.com/Lee Daniels
63 topbar: wooden board ©istockphoto.com/andynwt
64 topbar: classic studies car ©istockphoto.com/Brian Sullivan
64 topbar: chrome & license plate ©istockphoto.com/Grafissimo
64 topbar:red shiny car background ©istockphoto.com/Jon Helgason
66 gavel ©istockphoto.com/MBPHOTO, INC.

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PSYCHOLOGY 3e

Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Five reflexes for

Nervous system and

Touch, taste, smell:

Some of the major

Piaget: Children are not “little

• Piaget: Stressed importance of

• Attachment: Bond between infant

Male/female behavior Perception of one’s

Preconventional Conventional Postconventional

chapter template AAJRFLY0\Young woman's braid Trinette Reed/Blend Images/Getty Images

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