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Pressure elongation #29850 09/08/09 08:58 PM
giffordad Go
Member I am analysing the piping at a receipt station for a 42" X70 gas pipeline. Advanced

Pressure elongation is significant and therefore i have included bourdon
Registered: Who's Online
06/27/06 effects in the analysis. When this is activated Caesar applies the strain
Posts: 21 to all load cases with pressure. Therefore i am having an issue with 1 registered
Loc: Australia failure at some tee intersections in the sustained case (W+P1) due to (Mrragpicker), 8
the elongation of the pipeline. By my understaing, this elongation is a Guests and 3 Spiders
self limiting load and therefore it seems overly conservative to require online.
the stresses resulting from this to meet the sustained allowable. Key: Admin, Global Mod,
Mod
To treat this as a self limiting load in Caesar, the only option i can see is
to determine the temperature rise that is equivalent to the pressure March
elongation and apply this temperature to the model so that it is treated Su M Tu W Th F Sa
as an expansion stress.
1 2
Am I correct in believing the stress due to pressure elongation does not 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
need to be applied to the sustained case and if so, can anyone provide 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
some advise on how they have delt with this situation?
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
_________________________ 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Thanks
31

Adam
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Re: Pressure elongation [Re: giffordad] #29853 09/08/09 11:41 PM
70770 Posts

CraigB
Max Online: 126 @
Member Pressure loads are usually not considered to be selflimiting, with good
05/09/18 04:29 PM
reason. Thought problem if a pipe is adversely affected by pressure,
Registered:
05/16/06 what mechanism is going to provide the selfrelief? I bet you can't
Posts: 378 answer that.
Loc: Denver, CO
Pressure elongation is normally not considered in the B31 Code family,
so I doubt that you will find any guidance in any of them. Pressure
elongation for large bore pipelines is a real effect, but since the B31
Codes do not consider it, I don't believe it is implemented in CAESAR
II. You may want to consider doing the calculations by hand.

I am not sure why the Bourdon effect has anything to do with pressure
elongation of the pipe. It has to do with the tendency of elbows to
straighten under internal pressure (and to curl further under external
pressure, a lesscommon issue). See B31.3 Appendix C Note 7. This
note applies only to elbows and miter bends, not to tees.

The only relief you are going to find for your pressure elongation is from
axial line stops, and lateral restraints on perpendicular legs. For a line
this large, these loads are going to be astronomical. You may want to
consider putting pressurebalanced expansion joints in your system to
absorb the movement instead. This may well be a less expensive way to
control the position of your branch outlets than what you are doing.

_________________________
CraigB

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Re: Pressure elongation [Re: CraigB] #29854 09/09/09 02:04 AM
MPB
Member Its a good question and I wish it was addressed more explicitly by US

and Australian codes. My thoughts are as follows
Registered:
09/08/06
Posts: 51 Pressure elongation of the pipeline can be treated as a secondary effect
Loc: Perth much like the thermal expansion of a vessel, with a caveat as follows.
Run the model first with the socalled Bourdon effect switched on and
get the displacement at the branch, but disconnect the branch to ensure
you get the maximum possible displacement.

Switch off bourdon and either impose the above displacement in the
operating case or use an equivalent temperature. To avoid confusion
over temperature an equivalent expansion value could be entered rather
than a temperature. The equivalent expansion coefficient could be
estimated using LC Peng's 1978 paper which is required reading on this
topic. In that paper it is recommended to convert pressure to equivalent
expansion in long pipelines. Obviously check your output to ensure that
the displacement at the branch is as expected.

You may find of course that your expansion stress fails now.

Heres a thought experiment a mainline isolation valve is placed just
before the branch. Pressure is held in the pipeline and released in the
station. Does the branch know whether the displacement imposed is due
to thermal or pressure effects? Does the displacement increase if the
branch yields ? Marginally perhaps but the maximum effect of this can
be taken into account by releasing the branch when calculating the
displacement.

giffordad
Member Thankyou for your response CraigB. I agree bourdon effect has to do

with the tendency of elbows to straighten however this is the term
Registered:
06/27/06 Caesar uses for both rotational and translational pressure elongation
Posts: 21 effects so therefore i have used it here.
Loc: Australia
As i see it, the pressure will cause the pipe to elongate a certain amount
according to the pressure applied and generate displacements in the
piping. Once this displacement reaches its set amount then it will stop
whether or not the pipe has yielded and therefore the stresses due to
the elongation are self limiting. Of course you would still need to also
consider the other effects of pressure that are not self limiting
seperately.

The tee that is causing problems is at the pig launcher just afer the
pipeline comes above ground. The only practicle place for an anchor is
below ground and as you point out the loads for a pipe this size are
astronmical (over 600tonne). Even with this anchor modelled and
allowing for some movement of the anchor, the displacements at the tee
in question are sufficient to cause overstress in the sustained case when
the pressure elongation effect is modelled in caesar. I have calculated
pressure elongation to be equivalent to approx 32degC temperature
rise. It seems over conservative to require the displacement stresses
due to pressure elongation be incorporated into the sustained stress
requirements.

_________________________
Thanks

Adam

Re: Pressure elongation [Re: MPB] #29856 09/09/09 02:26 AM
shr
Member Hi All

For me, Pressure is a primary force so we should not consider it's effect
Registered: as secondary.
02/16/07
Thermal effect diminish with time due to yielding or creep, Pressure
Posts: 508
Loc: Singapore effect keep on continuing even if some yield or creep appear.

If branch is failing when pressure elongation included we need to add
more flexibility, May be just adding one more elbow in each(affected by
adding Burdon effect) branch will solve the problem or adding some
support nearer may help since it is a sustain failure.

I doubt how much pressure balance bellow as suggested by CraigB will
help in terms of stress & cost.

Regards

Habib

Re: Pressure elongation [Re: giffordad] #29857 09/09/09 02:33 AM
giffordad
Member Thankyou MPB, you have given me some good ideas to consider. Using

an equivalent expansion value seems like a good option so as not to
Registered:
06/27/06 cause any confusion over temperatures. I will give this a try and see
Posts: 21 how the results turn out.
Loc: Australia
_________________________
Thanks

Adam

Re: Pressure elongation [Re: giffordad] #29898 09/10/09 07:31 AM
the_dude
Member From Pipe Stress Engineering by Peng and Peng.

Registered:
01/20/05 "Pressure elongation is often mistreated as a sustained load because of
Posts: 76 its association with pressure, which is a sustained load. Just like thermal
Loc: Singapore expansion, pressure elongation generates a displacement that is a self
limiting load. Its effect on the piping system is determined by the
potential axial displacement of each leg of the piping. Once the
disaplcement reaches the potential elongation amount, it stops
regardless of whether or not the yielding occurs in the piping. This
pressure elongation is generally included in the flexibility analysis the
same was as thermal expansion is. In general, pressure elongation is
added to thermal expansion to become the total displacement load in
the analysis.

Excellent book BTW, worth every cent.
_________________________
no signature

Re: Pressure elongation [Re: the_dude] #29899 09/10/09 08:23 AM
shr
Member Hi Dude

Registered:
02/16/07 Thanks for your information.
Posts: 508 I need to relook the issue.
Loc: Singapore
Regards

Habib

Re: Pressure elongation [Re: shr] #29920 09/10/09 04:15 PM
anindya
stress The proper answer lies in meaning of the word self limiting and the
Member nature of secondary stress. With secondary stress, not only the word

self limiting comes but also "absence of gross plastic deformation" and
Registered:
04/12/04 "redistribution" of load comes.
Posts: 493
Loc: London, UK In case of primary stress ( load driven) the displacement can be
uncontrolled depending on the magnitude of loading.However in case of
displacement control, the displacement is actually "controlled" and
hence cannot be infinite.In the example of pressure elongation, if the
pressure magtitude is high, the pipe can undergo bursting failure.This
would happen if an uncontrolled magnitude of pressure is
applied.However if the pipe has not undergone bursting, the pressure is
obviously not of "that magnitude to create an uncontrolled
displacement". The displacement that this pressure imposes on the
system is again a "controlled" one.This is the basic difference in
pressure applied as a load and the pressure induced displacement
imposed on a system.

This however does not indicate why it should be self limiting and what
exactly is self limiting and how the other terms in the definition of
secondary stress come.

The pressure elongation will obviously not produce gross plastic
deformation , as it that has to happen the "uncontrolled" pressure would
have done it.

The load deformation relation is P=KD where symbols have usual
meaning.

For non linearity , K is a function of D. Non linearity can be in three
different forms material ( plasticity),geometric ( load and stress can
change depening on the geometric deformation) and contact ( a very
simple example, a guide with gap)all may act together or individually.

If load imposed is constant, it will not reduce on its own i.e. a 500N
applied will not on its own become 450N.

However if displacement is the input and since in non iinearity K is a
function of D ( and sometimes P also is a function of D) and as K drops,
say due to plasticity or other two forms of non linearity ( a classic
example of geometric non linearity is a volter's pole which resists load
with membrane or bending action depending on whether the pole is
straight or bent), the developed load drops.

In the above discussion, we have already seen that the pressure
elongation will not cause uncontrolled deformation unless the pressure
itself is very high which will result in a bursting type failure. Now, when
the elongation happens and it is restrained ( if there is no restraint,
there is no stress generated), stresses will be generated.How and why
will they be self limiting?

The answer lies in the mathematical expression above that if D is
applied, P generated can reduce if K reduces due to all/any form of non
linearity.

Hence it has the characterestic of self limiting.

The self limiting parameter also has the term "redistrubution" associated
with it as due to change in K there is redistribution of load in a system
with stiffer parts taking higher loads.

Hence the pressure induced elongation is a secondary stress.

The concept of self limiting was wonderfully explained to me by Mr.
Thomas J Vaan Laan.I was fortunate enough to learn this thing from
him.

Regards


Edited by anindya stress (09/10/09 04:30 PM)
_________________________
anindya

Re: Pressure elongation [Re: anindya stress] #29932 09/10/09 08:01 PM
giffordad
Member Anindya, that is an excellent explanation. Thankyou for taking the time

to share that with me.
Registered:
06/27/06
Posts: 21 Since the pressure elongation is a secondary stress, it seems it would be
Loc: Australia useful if in Caesar, it was possible to select which load cases the
bourdon effect was applied to. Therefore you could still run the
sustained stress (W+P) withouth bourdon effects but include the
bourdon in the operating and expansion case. Maybe something for
Coade to consider?

I have done some futher modelling of this system using both the
bourdon effect in Caesar and camparing it against using an equivalent
temperature. With some modifications to the piping I am able to get the
stresses in the system to pass with bourdon effect activated. In this
case sustained stress was the concern as the pressure elongation is
included in the sustained stress.

If i now take the same model and use an equivalent temperature and
with no bourdon activated I now get a failure in the expansion case.

So I have modelled it in 2 ways and one passes and the other doesnt
but which one is correct? It seems clear from the explanations others
have given here that it should be treated as an expansion stress. Given
this, modelling the system using the bourdon effects option in Caesar
and treating the elongation as a sustained stress was not conservative
as I first thought.
_________________________
Thanks

Adam

Mike Stanger
Adam, I have come up against the same issues when modelling pipeline

Member scraper stations with Bourdon turned on.

Registered:
07/03/01 I agree it should treated as secondary stress and would also like to see
Posts: 22 Coade allow some control over which load cases pressure elongation is
Loc: Brisbane added to (perhaps a tick box on each line in the load case editor).
Australia
Richard, can we get this added in the next version of Caesar?
_________________________
Mike

Re: Pressure elongation [Re: Mike Stanger] #29934 09/10/09 11:31 PM
Richard Ay
Probably not in 5.30, we've already started on that one. I'll put it on the

Member development list though.

Registered: _________________________
12/13/99 Regards,

Posts: 5910
Richard Ay
Loc: Houston,
Texas, USA
Hexagon PPM (CAS)

Re: Pressure elongation [Re: Richard Ay] #29941 09/11/09 04:58 AM
MPB
Member A cautionary note I would add for this type of calculation

If you have a long pipeline but you're only modelling up to the 'virtual
Registered:
09/08/06 anchor' in the buried pipeline, be sure that your model does not
Posts: 51 underestimate the expansion at the free end(or if there is an anchor
Loc: Perth block, underestimate the anchor load).

This applies particularly if using the old buried pipe modeller method
(pre version 5.20, but still available in 5.20.) The reason being that the
axial soil stiffness generated by the modeller defaults to a very low
figure. The 'virtual anchor' length as listed in the output from the
modeller is calculated assuming infinite stiffness. The virtual anchor will
not in fact build up and the full expansion will not arise unless you
model significantly more straight length, I would say at least 3 times the
calculated virtual anchor length.

You can check on this by looking through your displacement report and
checking for nearzero displacement occurring over several nodes. Also
check the axial load in the pipeline at that location and compare to the
theoretical fully restrained load. Alternatively, just model up to the
virtual anchor and place a physical anchor there after the buried
modeller has done its work this should overpredict the expansion.

Re: Pressure elongation [Re: the_dude] #29963 09/11/09 03:09 PM
Dave Diehl
For those who have not yet purchased the new Peng book, his argument
here was first published in an ASME paper. That paper is available on

Member the web at Pressure Elongation.

There's a picture in that document (and not in the book) that settles
Registered:
what I believe to be misunderstanding here. I am referring to the phrase
12/14/99

Posts: 2354 "pressure elongation generates a displacement that is a selflimiting
Loc: Houston, TX, load". He is NOT saying that pressure is selflimiting. He is saying that it
USA generates a DISPLACEMENT that is selflimiting. The illustration shows a
small diameter branch coming off a long, large diameter run. The long
run exends along its axis due to the force of pressure. This pressure
based deflection of the header is the selflimiting load on the branch
piping. The branch must have sufficient flexibility to safely accept this
pressure displacement.

Pressure is NOT selflimiting. If it was, expansion joints would not need
tie rods.

I might suggest the following approach to address this load in a
CAESAR II analysis. Again this is a LONG run with branch piping and
we're concerned about branch stress.

1) turn on Bourdon (translation only) to see where the header moves
due to pressure alone

2) enter this deflection as a length of header pipe in the proper side of
and close to the branch and call it a CUT LONG

3) with Bourdon turned off, sustained stress will come from W+P
4) expansion stress range will come from (T+W+P+CS)(W+P)

Of course there can be several other ways of doing it. (I didn't run this
so let me know if it works.)

Edited by Dave Diehl (09/11/09 03:09 PM)
_________________________
Dave Diehl


CraigB
Member I think the whole issue here (and the fact that I didn't see when I made

my first post) is that there is no rational piping geometry where
Registered:
05/16/06 pressure can cause gross axial displacement without first producing a
Posts: 378 hoop stress failure.
Loc: Denver, CO
So it seems that axial pressure stress can be considered to be self
limiting. And your methodology would be correct.

It looks like you are going to have to do a lot of hand calculations in
order to perform this analysis effectively. If I was forced to choose
between the CAESAR II "Bourdon case" and an analysis where the axial
elongation was modeled as a synthetic temperature increment, I am not
sure which way I would go.
_________________________
CraigB

sillyman
Member Dear Members,

Registered:
06/06/09
12â€ Sch 40 Carbon steel pipe,
Posts: 128 Design Pressure â€“ 47.5 barg
Loc: Australia Design Temp â€“ 84 deg C

Approximate length 3000 meter

Please clarify the following query,

Is the pressure stiffening effect and Bourdon effect shall be considered
simultaneously?

In case of ASME B31.4, the pressure stiffening effect is applicable, and
can I also activate the bourdon effect at the same time.

As the bourdon and pressure stiffening effects are related to the
displacement due to pressure.

Please clarify...

_________________________

Knowledge is nothing unless it is shared

Re: Pressure elongation [Re: sillyman] #39823 01/02/11 09:05 AM
Richard Ay
The pressure stiffening effect (on bends) is not the same as the Bourdon

Member pressure effect. There are a number of good earlier posts in this forum

on Bourdon, which explain how it is calculated. The pressure stiffening
Registered:
12/13/99 effect is shown in the SIF table.

Posts: 5910
Loc: Houston, _________________________
Texas, USA Regards,

Richard Ay

Hexagon PPM (CAS)


Re: Pressure elongation [Re: Richard Ay] #40017 01/09/11 10:31 PM
dclarkfive
Member There seems like there may still be some confusion on axial pressure

stress and axial elongation due to pressure.
Registered:
01/11/07
Posts: 64 Sresses directly caused by the internal pressure are primary and not
Loc: Calgary, selflimiting, these are the hoop stress and axial pressure stress. If
Alberta, Canada either of these cause yielding, failure is imminent. Of course, a pipe
would always fail due to hoop stress before axial pressure stress.

The axial elongation due to pressure is a displacement that is constant
for a given pressure, in the same way that axial elongation due to
temperature is a displacement that is constant for a given temperature
change. The stresses that these displacements may cause, such as
bending stresses around elbows and tees, are selflimiting, as the
displacement will not increase if yielding occurs.

The pressure elongation effect is usually overshadowed by temperature
elongation effects, but one place it can be significant is large diameter,
high pressure, low temperature pipelines in stiff layouts.
_________________________
Regards,

Dave Clark

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