Chandan Internship Report

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELGAUM-590018
An Internship Report
“BASIC TELECOM TECHNOLOGY”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
During the Academic year 2018-2019

Submitted by
CHANDAN KUMAR K
USN: 4GH15EC011
Under the Guidance of
Internal guide External guide
P Subramanya
1
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE HASSAN- 573201
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the Internship work entitled in Internship report “BASIC
TELECOM TECHNOLOGY” is confide work carried out by CHANDAN KUMAR K
(4GH15EC011), in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree, Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of the Visvesvaraya
rd th
Technological University, Belgaum during the period of 23 July to august 17 during
the academic year 2018-2019. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for
Internal Assessment from External guide have been incorporated in the report. Seal and
signature. The report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of Internship work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.
Internal Guide External Guide HOD

Dr. Paramesha
Professor
Name of Examiner Signature with Date
1)
2)
2
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE HASSAN- 573201
DECLARATION
I, Mr. Chandan Kumar K[USN: 4GH15EC011], student of VII Semester BE, in Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Government Engineering College Hassan, here by declare that
the Internship Report entitled “BASIC TELECOM TECHNOLOGY” has been carried out by me
and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the VII Semester degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belgaum during academic year 2017-2018.
Place: Bangalore CHANDAN KUMAR K

Date: 4GH15EC011
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any
task would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible,
whose constant guidance and encouragement crowned the efforts with success.
First and foremost I ought to pay my due regards to this institute, which provided
me a platform and gave an opportunity to display my skills through the medium of
Internship work. I express my heartfelt thanks to our beloved principal Dr. K.C
Ravishankar, Government Engineering College, Hassan for his encouragement all
through my graduation life and providing us with the infrastructure, without which could
have demonstrated this Seminar.
I express my deep sense of gratitude and thanks to Dr. Paramesha, Professor &
Head of the Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering for extending his
valuable insight and suggestions offered during the course of this Internship.
It is my utmost pleasure to acknowledge the kind help extended by my internal

guide Ms. Bhagyalakshmi.R , Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, for her excellent guidance and cooperation which
consequently resulted in getting the seminar work completed successfully.
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ABSTRACT
As a part my study, I was interested in internship related to the subjects of Electronics

and communication, it was a great opportunity for me to undergo 4 week internship
program at BSNL Mysore. This is one of Regional telecom training center of BSNL .
Here the internship was concentrated on Digital Switching Systems, Fiber optics,
Computer Communication Network, Cellular mobile communication.
At the beginning of the internship I had set several goals regarding the improvement of
knowledge and skills on telecommication services and operation méthodologies. So, I
did participante in 4 communication topics during training period.
Next, I performed some tasks which were assigned by them.The major activities
were drive Test, OTDR and router configurations.
In reflection notes I have done the assessment myself. This intershio was extremely useful and
a new experience for me. I was able to achieve the goals I set during the beginning of program.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER

1 INTRODUCTION 6 -7
2 CELLULAR WIRELESS NETWORK

DEFINITIONS 8-9
3 CONCEPT OF CELL AND FREQUENCY

REUSE 9-10
4 INTERFERENCE
4.1 TYPES OF INTERFERENCE 10
4.2 STEPS TO REDUCE INTERFERNCE 11-12
5 GSM AIR INTERFACE 12-13
6 CHANNEL CONCEPT 14-16
7 GENERATION
7.1 1-G TECHNOLOGY 16
7.3 2.5-G TECHNOLOGY 17
7.6 COMPARISON BETWEEN 18
3G AND 4G TECHNOLOGY
8 ANTENNA
8.1 SECTOR ANTENNA 19
8.2 PARABOLIC ANTENNA 20
9 TYPES OF TOWERS
9.1 GROUND BASED TOWER 21
9.2 ROOF TOP TOWER 21
10 CDMA INTRODUCTION 22
10.1 CDMA ARCHITECTURE 23-26
11 CALL HANDOFF 26
12 EVOLUTION OF 3G CDMA 27
13 EDGE CONCEPT 28
13.1 GPRS NETWORK INTERFACES 29
13.2 SGSN NETWORK INTERFACES 30
CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION
1.Introduction
The ability to communicate with people on move has evolved remarkably since
radio’s ability to provide continuous contact with movement of the object.
Particularly during past 10 years, mobile radio communication industry has grown
rapidly and it includes digital and RF circuit fabrication improvements, new large scale
circuit integration and various miniaturization technologies which made radio
equipment portable, smaller, cheaper and more reliable to use.
Digital switching techniques have fabricated large scale affordable, easy to

use wireless radio communication networks.
Eg: A number of mobile radio communication systems are used nowadays like
cordless phones, pagers, handheld walike-talkies, remote controllers, for home
entertainment equipments and cellular telephones rely on mobile radio communication.
The cost, complexity, performance offered by all above mobile systems are different.
The term ‘mobile’ is used to classify any radio teminal that could be moved during operation.
Fig.1 shows various components involved in mobile communication.
Mobile radio transmission systems sre classified into 3 types. They are
1. Simplex
2. Half duplex
3. Full duplex
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1. Simplex: In simplex systems, communication is possible in only one
direction. Eg- Pagers
2. Half duplex: This system allows two way communication but use the
same channel for transmission
and reception. So at any given time, a user can eithet send or receive
information. Eg- Walkie-talkie
3. Full duplex: This system allows for simultanious transmission and reception
by providing two simultaneous but seperate channels.
Fig.1
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2. Wireless communcation network definitions
Fig.2 below shows a basic wireless cellular communication network.
Fig.2
Base station: A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication.
Mobile station: A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while
in motion at unspecified locations.
Control channel: It is radio channel used for transmission of call setup, csll request,
call initiation and other control purposes.
Forward channel: It is a radio channel used for tranmission of information from
the base station to the mobile.
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Reverse channel: It is radio channel used for transmission of information

from mobile to base station.
Mobile Switching Center: It is a switching centre which co-ordinate rooing of calls in a large
service area.In a cellular system, MSC connects cellular base station
and mobile.
Handoff: The process of tranferring a mobile station from one channel or base station to another.
Roaming: A mobile station which operates in a service area other than that
from which the service has has been subscribed, is called roaming.
3.Concept of cell and frequency reuse
Fig.3 shows a cellular system consisting a cluster of cells.
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A cell is the basic building block of the cellular communication. Hexagonal cell
shape is the simplistic model showing radio coverage for each base station and
also the hexagonal model provides easy analytics of the system.
Modern cellular system rely on intelligent allocation and reuse of channels

throughout coverage area.
In the fig.3 consider a cellular base station is allocated with ‘n’ number of frequencies.
The designed process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all base
stations and reusing the same set of frequencies or channels within a system is
known as frequency reuse or frequency planning.
The frequency reuse helps in more effecient use of existing frequencies, over a system.
4. Interference
4.1 There are two types of interference occurs in a cell.
1. Co-channel interference
2.Adjacent channel interference
1. Co-channel interference- The interference occurs between the cells which use
same set of frequency is called as co-channel interference.
2. Adjacent channel interference- The interference that occurs from signals which are adjacent in
desired signal is called adjacent channel interference.
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4.2 Steps to reduce interference and increase effeciency
1. Cell splitting
2. Cell sectoring
3. Micro cell zone
Fig.4 shows cell splitting and cell sectoring.
Fig.4
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1. Cell splitting: Cell splitting is defined as process of subdividing a congested cell into small cell.
New cells have half the radius than the original cell.
Splitting increases the number of base stations in order to increase capacity
also it increases the number of times the channels are reused thereby increasing the
capacity and improving the coverage.
2. Cell sectoring: Cell sectoring is one of major techniques used to improve coverage
and increase capacity in cellular systems.
The technique of decreasing co-channel interference and increasing

system performance by using directional antennas is called cell sectoring.
A cell is normally partitioned into three 120 degrees sectors or six 60 degrees sectors.
5. GSM AIR INTERFACE- PHYSICAL LAYER
Fig.5 shows the basic architecture of GSM layer.
Figure shows the standard interfaces used in GSM network for communication
between components
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Fig.5
.‘A’
interface between BSC and MSC used for data transfer, mobility management
and connection control.
‘B’ interface between MSC and VLR, MSC requests data from VLR about
current location of user. ‘C’ interface between MSC and HLR.
MSC requests routing information from HLR during call setup.
‘D’ interface between VLR and HLR. VLR consists of current location of user and
that location update is done by VLR and HLR through this interface.
‘E’ interface between MSC in one area to MSC in another area.
‘F’ interface is between MSC and EIR, Identity of the equipment or subsciber stored
in EIR is requested by MSC for verification.
’G’ interface between new VLR and oid VLR.

During a conversation of mobile user goes from one area to another then
‘connection handover’ is performed by MSCs of that area.The combined traffic of
users is roted through a switch, called Mobile Switching Center.
Calls originated by or terminating in the fixed network are handled by a dedicated Gateway
MSC. Connection to other mobile international networks are typically roted over the
International Switching Center. User carries a Mobile Station. It communicate over air with
Base Tranceiver Station in GSM. Several BTSs are controlled by one BSC.
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6. Channel concept
Logical channels: There are two types of logical channels.
1. Traffic channels
2. Signalling channels/ Control channels
1. Traffic channels: TCHs are used for transmission of payload
data. TCH don’t carry any control information.
a.TCH/F
b. TCH/H
TCH/F: This is a bidirectional channel between MS and BSS.
This is also called as Bm channel.Graphic channel, i.e, a TCH can br fully used, hence
it is called Full rate traffic channel.
TCH/H: This is also a bidirectional channel.
A TCH can be fully used or can be split into two half rate channels,
hence the name Half rate traffic channels.
2. Signalling channels: Contral and management of cellular network is carried out by
the signalling channels. These are also called as Dm channels.
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Types of signalling channels are-
a. Braodcast channel: This is a unidirectional channel.
Direction is from MS to BSS. It is further divided to 3 types.
1 BCCH
2 FCCH
3 SCH
i BCCH: This is Broadcast Control Channel. It is unidirectional from BSS to MS.
This channel broadcasts information such as radio channel configuraton,
organization of network, synchronization information to mobile station.
ii FCCH: This is Frequency Correction Channel. This is unidirectional from
BSS to MS. This channel broadcasts information about transmission
frequency correction to mobile station.
iii SCH: This is synchronization channel. The direction is from BSS to MS.
This channel broadcasts information to identify a base station.
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b. Common Control Channel: This channel contains access management functions like
channel assignment to mobile stations. It is of 4 types
i RACH
ii AGCH iii
PCH iv
NCH
i. RACH: This is random access channel. Direction is from MS to BSS.
It is accessed from MS to ask for dedicated channel.
ii. AGCH: This is Access Grant Channel. The direction is from BSS to MS.
It is downlink part of CCCH used to assign dedicated channel to mobile station.
iii. PCH: Paging Channel. The direction is from BSS to MS.
It is downlink part of CCCH used for finding specific mobile mobile station.
iv. NCH: It is Notification Channel. The direction is from BSS to MS. It
is used for informing mobile station about incoming calls.
7. GENERATION
7.1 1G TECHNOLOGY : 1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone

technology, mobile telecommunications which was first introduced in 1980s and
completed in early 1990s. It's Speed was upto 2.4kbps. It allows the voice calls in 1
country. 1G network use Analog Signal. AMPS was first launched in USA in 1G mobile
systems.
DRAWBACKS OF 1G Poor Voice Quality Poor Battery Life Large Phone Size No
Security Limited Capacity Poor Handoff Reliability 1G Wireless System
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7.2 2G TECHNOLOGY : 2G technology refers to the 2nd generation which is based on

GSM. It was launched in Finland in the year 1991. 2G network use digital signals. It’s data
speed was upto 64kbps. Features Includes: It enables services such as text messages,
picture messages and MMS (multi media message). It provides better quality and capacity .
DRAWBACKS OF 2G : 2G requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If

there is no network coverage in any specific area , digital signals would weak. These
systems are unable to handle complex data such as Videos.
7.3 2.5G TECHNOLOGY: 2.5G is a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G)
generation of mobile telephony. 2.5G is sometimes described as 2G Cellular Technology
combined with GPRS. Features Includes: Phone Calls , Send/Receive E-mail Messages, Web
Browsing , Speed : 64-144 kbps , Camera Phones , Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3
mins.
7.4 3G TECHNOLOGY: 3G technology refer to third generation which was introduced in

year 2000s. Data Transmission speed increased from 144kbps- 2Mbps. Typically called
Smart Phones and features increased its bandwidth and data transfer rates to
accommodate web-based applications and audio and video files.
FEATURES OF 3G TECHNOLOGY: Providing Faster Communication , Send/Receive

Large Email Messages High Speed Web / More Security Video Conferencing / 3D
Gaming, TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls, Large Capacities and Broadband
Capabilities, 11 sec – 1.5 min. time to download a 3 min Mp3 song.
DRAWBACKS OF 3G TECHNOLOGY: Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services, It

was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G , High Bandwidth Requirement,
Expensive 3G Phones.
7.5 4G TECHNOLOGY (Anytime ,Anywhere): 4G technology refer to or short name of

fourth Generation which was started from late 2000s. Capable of providing 100Mbps –
1Gbps speed. One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC. MAGIC: Mobile
Multimedia Anytime Anywhere Global Mobility Support Integrated Wireless Solution
Customized Personal Services Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere.
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(Anytime, Anywhere) The next generations of wireless technology that promises higher data
rates and expanded multimedia services. Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps. High
QOS and High Security Provide any kind of service at any time as per user requirements,
anywhere. Features Include: More Security , High Speed, High Capacity, Low Cost Per-bit etc.
DRAWBACKS OF 4G: Battery uses is more Hard to implement Need complicated
hardware Expensive equipment required to implement next generation network.
7.6 COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G Vs 4G: The basic difference between 3G and 4G is in data
transfer and signal quality. 3G 4G Data Transfer Rate 3.1 MB/sec 100 MB/sec Internet Services
Broadband Ultra Broadband Low High Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100MHz Frequency 1.6-2 GHz 2-8
GHz Download and upload 5.8 Mbps 14 Mbps Technology Mobile - TV Resolution
Countries Have 4-G Except for the Scandinavian Countries (Northern Europe that includes
Denmark and two of the nations of Scandinavian , Norway and Sweden. ), a few countries
have started the 4G commercially. In the US, Sprint Nextel and Others Germany , Spain,
China , Japan and England are also using the 4G services and mobiles .
7.7 5G TECHNOLOGY: 5G technology refer to short name of fifth Generation which

was started from late 2010s. Complete wireless communication with almost no
limitations. It is highly supportable to WWWW (Wireless World Wide Web).
BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY: High Speed, High Capacity 5G technology providing large

broadcasting of data in Gbps . Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with the clarity
as to that of an HD Quality. Faster data transmission that of the previous generations. Large
Phone Memory, Dialing Speed, clarity in Audio/Video. Support interactive multimedia , voice,
streaming video, Internet and other 5G is More Effective and More Attractive.
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8. Antenna
Fig.6 shows an antenna installed in a tower for mobile communication.
Fig.6.
An antenna in the communication system behaves like an interpreter between the

transmitter and free space as well as the free space and the receiver. Antennas are
metallic structures designed for radiating and receiving Electro Magnetic waves. Antennas
transform wire-propagated waves into space-propagated waves. A receiving antenna
receives electromagnetic waves and passes them onto a receiver. A transmitting antenna
transmits electromagnetic waves in to space. One side of the antenna is connected to RF
cable and the other side it is the environment, therefore the surroundings of the antenna
have a strong influence on the antennas electrical features.
8.1 Sector antenna:
A sector antenna is a type of directional microwave antenna with a sector-shaped

radiation pattern. The word "sector" is used in the geometric sense; some portion of the
circumference of a circle measured in degrees of arc. 60°, 90° and 120° designs are
typical, often with a few degrees 'extra' to ensure overlap and mounted in multiples
when wider or full-circle coverage is required.
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Polarization
+45°/-45° It is also possible to use dipoles at +45°/-45° instead of horizontally and

vertically (0°/90°) placed.
Fig.7
Fig.7 shows the polarization inside an antenna.
8.2 Parabolic antenna:
A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the cross-
sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The most common form is shaped like
a dish and is popularly called a dish antenna or parabolic dish. The main advantage of a
parabolic antenna is that it has high directivity. It functions similarly to a searchlight or
flashlight reflector to direct the radio waves in a narrow beam, or receive radio waves
from one particular direction only. Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gains,
meaning that they can produce the narrowest beamwidths, of any antenna type. In
order to achieve narrow beamwidths, the parabolic reflector must be much larger than
[2]
the wavelength of the radio waves used, so parabolic antennas are used in the high
frequency part of the radio spectrum, at UHF and microwave (SHF) frequencies, at
which the wavelengths are small enough that conveniently-sized reflectors can be used.
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9. TYPES OF TOWERS
Telecom towers are broadly classified on the basis of their placement as Ground-based
and Roof-top.
9.1 Ground-Based Tower:
Erected on the ground, ground-based towers (GBTs) are taller (typically 200 to 400 feet) and are
mostly used in rural and semi-urban areas because of the easy availability of real-estate space
there. GBTs involve a capital expendi-ture in the range of Rs. 2.4 to 2.8 million,
depending on the height of the tower.
Fig.8
Fig.8 shows the ground based tower having several antennas.
9.2 Roof-Top Tower (RTT):
Roof-top towers (RTTs), which are generally placed on the roofs of high-rise buildings, are
shorter (than GBTs) and more common in urban and highly populated areas, where there is
paucity of real-estate space. These involve a capital of Rs. 1.5 to 2 million. It is the height of a
telecom tower that determines the number of antennas that can be accommodated, which in
turn determines the capacity of the towers, apart from factors such as location and geographical
conditions Hence, typically, whille GBTs can accommodate up to six tenants, RTTs can
accommodate 2/3 tenants.
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10. CDMA introduction
CDMA is a multiple-access technology that is based on use of wide band spectrum digital
techniques that enable the seperation of signals that are concurrent in both time and frequency.
All signals in this system system share the same frequency spectrum simultaneously. The
signals transmitted by the mobile stations and base stations within the cell are spraed over the
entire bandwidth of a radio channel and encoded in such a way as to appear as broadband
noise signals to every other mobile or base station recevier.The identification and subsequent
demodulation of individual siganls occur at a receiver through the use of a copy of the code
used to originally spread the signal at the transmitter. This process code used to originally
spread the signal at the transmitter. This process has the net effect of demodulating the signal
intended for the receiver while rejecting all other signals as broadband noise. Difference beteen
FDMA and CDMA is, in FDMA the available radio spectrum is divided into narrowband
channels and each user is given a particular channel for his or her use.
The user confines maximum transmitted signal signal power ithin this channel and selective filters
are occuring simultaneously on many different channels. The frequency allocation can only be
reused at a distance far enough away that the resulting interference is negligeble. The TDMA
sequence goes one step further by dividing up the spectral allocations into timeslots.
In CDMA, each mobile has continuous use of entire bandwidth of allocation. Using a unique
code for each transmitted signal, the mobile and base stations are able to distinguish
between signals transmitted simultaneously over the same frequency allocation.
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10.1 CDMA architecture
Fig.9 shows an architecture and interfaces of CDMA technology
Fig,9
Um interface (air interface):
Um interface (air interface) is defined as the communication interface between a mobile station
and a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and used for the interconnection between a mobile
station and the fixed parts of a CDMA system. The physical link is implemented by mean of a
radio link. This interface transfers such information as radio resource management, mobility
management, connection management, etc.
Abis interface:
Abis interface carries signaling & services between BTS and BSC.
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A1 interface:
A1 interface carries call control signaling between MSC and BSC.
A2 interface
A2 interface provides 64kbit/s PCM speech channels between MSC and BSC.
A3 interface:
A3 interface has two functions: Signaling and traffic. A3 signaling is used to control and
allocate the transmission channels for user traffic.
A5 interface:
A5 interface is used for supporting IWF service
A7 interface:
A7 interface carries signaling between source BSC and target BSC.
A8 interface:
A8 interface carries user traffic between BSC and PCF.
A9 interface:
A9 interface carries signaling between BSC and PCF.
A10 interface:
A10 interface carries user traffic between PCF and PDSN.
A11 interface:
A11 interface caries signaling between PCF and PDSN.
B interface:
B interface is defined as the inner interface between a Visitor Location Register (VLR) and a
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) and used for a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) to inquire the
VLR of related information of the current location of a Mobile Station (MS) or inform the VLR of
related location update information of an MS.
C interface:
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C interface is defined as the interface between a Home Visitor Register (HLR) and a A Mobile Switching
Center (MSC) and is used to transfer routing and management information. If the HLR is used as the
charging center, the MSC where the MS establishing or receiving this call should transfer the charging
information the HLR this mobile user currently belong to after a call is completed. Once a call to a mobile
user is to be established, the Gateway MSC (GMSC) should inquire the HLR the called user belongs to
of the roaming number of the called mobile station. The physical link of C interface is that of D interface.
D interface:
D interface is defined as the interface between the HLR and the VLR and used to exchange the
information related to the location of a mobile station and user management. D interface is
mainly used to ensure that a mobile station can establish and receive a call within the whole
service area. A practical CDMA system architecture generally integrates a VLR in an MSC, and
integrates the HLR and the Authentication Center (AC) in the same physical entity. Therefore,
the physical link of D interface is implemented by means of a standard 2.048Mbit/s PCM digital
transmission link between the MSC and the HLR.
Q interface:
Q interface is defined as the interface between the MSC and Short Message Center (SMC).
When a 133 user sends/receives a short message, the MSC of the caller/called should
implement short message signaling interaction with the SMC of the caller/called.
N interface:
N interface is defined as the interface between the HLR and the SMC. When a 133 user receives a
short message, the SMC of the called should inquire the HLR the called belongs to of the user
location so as to obtain the address information of the MSC where the called user is located. Then,
the called SMC fetches the address information of the called 133 user from the called HLR.
M interface:
M interface is defined as the interface between the SMC and the Short Message Entity (SME) or the one
between the caller and called SMC. A short message is sent from the caller SMC to the called SMC.
Ai interface and Di interface:

Ai interface and Di interface are respectively the one with a Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) and the one with Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN).
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T1 interface:
T1 interface is the interface between the Service Control Point (SCP) and Service Switching
Point (MSC/SSP). T2 interface: the interface between the SCP and the HLR.
11. Call handoff
A handoff refers to process of transferring an active call or data session from one cell in a
cellular network to another or from one channel in a cell to another.
There are 2 types of handoffs:
1. Soft handoff : Soft handoff occurs when mobile is able to communicate
simultaneously with several new cells or a new sector of the current cell over a
forward traffic channel while still maintaining communications over the FTC of current cell or
sector. There are 3 types of soft handoff.
i. Softer handoff: the handoff is between two sectors of same cell.
ii. Soft handoff: The handoff occurs between two different cells.
iii. Soft softer handoff: The handoff is divided between two sectors
of same cell and a sector from an adjacent cell.
2. Hard handoff: This will occur in case of intercarrier
handoff. This is basically of two types.
i. Hand-down: The hard handoff two different carriers within the same cell.
ii. Hard handoff: This is between two different carriers in two different cells.
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12. Evolution of 3G CDMA
CDMA2000 is the term used for 3G CDMA systems.
CDMA2000 was one of five proposals the ITU approved for IMT-2000 third generation standards.
A high market demand and continuing advance in the field of microelectronic technology have
motivated the cellular industry to develop numerous wireless standards over past few years.
1) IS-95B: An evolutionary improvement to IS-95A CDMA technology that was adopted in 1998
was IS-95B, which added additional mobile data functionality to earlier standards.
IS-95B features a use of combinative channels. That is, primary channel may be combined
with upto seven supplementary data channels. So, the standard should support packet data
services with upto a maximum transfer throughput rate of 106.8 kbps.
2) CDMA2000: This is considered as one of primary air interface technologies for
implementation of 3G cellular. CDMA2000 consists of two phases

of development. The first phase involves enhancement of IS-95B to CDMA2000
1xRTT with enhanced packet data capacities.
The second phase of 3G evolution, known as CDMA2000 1xEV, uses enhanced
higher level modulation schemes that allow for more data bits per CDMA frame.
3) UMTS: UMTS network architecture defines a core network and a terrestrial radio network and a
terrsstrial radio access network. Together the UMTS terrestrial radio access network is
known as UTRAN. The UTRAN system allows or several radio interface models:
Frequency division multipexing (FDD) or wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) for operation in paired
frequency bands, or time division multipexing(TDD) for operation in unpaired bands.
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13. EDGE concept
Enhanced data for global evolution (EDGE) is a high-speed mobile data standard, intended to
enable second-generation global system for mobile communication (GSM) and time division
multiple access (TDMA) networks to transmit data at up to 384 kilobits per second (Kbps). As
it was initially developed just for GSM systems, it has also been called GSM384. Ericsson
intended the technology for those network operators who failed to win spectrum auctions for
third-generation networks to allow high-speed data transmission.
EDGE provides speed enhancements by changing the type of modulation used and making a
better use of the carrier currently used, for example the 200kHz carrier in GSM systems. EDGE
also provides an evolutionary path to third-generation IMT-2000-compliant systems, such as
universal mobile telephone systems (UMTS), by implementing some of the changes expected
in the later implementation in third-generation systems.
EDGE builds upon enhancements provided by general packet radio service (GPRS) and high-
speed circuit switched data (HSCSD) technologies that are currently being tested and
deployed. It enables a greater data-transmission speed to be achieved in good conditions,
especially near the base stations, by implementing an eight-phase-shift keying (8 PSK)
modulation instead of Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK).
TECHNOLOGY
For EDGE to be effective it should be installed along with the packet-switching upgrades
used for GPRS. This entails the addition of two types of nodes to the network: the gateway
GPRS service node (GGSN) and the serving GPRS service node (SGSN). The GGSN
connects to packet-switched networks such as internet protocol (IP) and X.25, along with
other GPRS networks, while the SGSN provides the packet-switched link to mobile stations.
The additional implementation of EDGE systems requires just one EDGE transceiver unit to be
added to each cell, with the base stations receiving remote software upgrades. EDGE can co-
exist with the existing GSM traffic, switching to EDGE mode automatically.
GPRS is based on a modulation technique called Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK).
This modulation technique does not allow as high a bit rate across the air interfaces as 8 PSK
modulation if introduced into EDGE systems. 8 PSK modulation automatically adapts to local
radio conditions, offering the fastest transfer rates near to the base stations, in good conditions.
It offers up to 48Kbps per channel, compared to 14Kbps per channel with GPRS and 9.6Kbps
per channel for GSM. By also allowing the simultaneous use of multiple channels, the
technology allows rates of up to 384Kbps, using all eight GSM channels.
Because the basic infrastructure interfaces with the existing GPRS, GSM or TDMA
infrastructure, the major vendors are the incumbent GPRS and GSM suppliers such
as Ericsson, Nokia, Motorola and Alcatel.
28
13.1 GPRS network interfaces
Fig.10 shows network interfaces of GPRS network
GPRS BSS—Packet control unit
The GSM BSS requires new software for both the BTS and the BSC and additional hardware for the
BSC to support GPRS. The new piece of hardware is generally termed a packet control unit (PCU).
Each BSC will require at least one PCU. One PCU cannot serve multiple BSCs. The PCU connects
to the SGSN via a physical and logical data interface, i.e., Gb. In most of the implementations, the
PCU is collocated with the BSC, as discussed earlier. However, it is possible that the PCU resides
within the BTS or outside the BSC near the SGSN. Figure 4-2 illustrates the three possible locations.
The channel control unit (CCU), resides in the BTS and is responsible for channel coding, radio
channel measurement, and management functions. It is a software-only implementation.
The Gb interface connects the BSC to the SGSN. This is based on frame relay on the E1/T1
interface. To achieve efficient use of transmission bandwidth, a switched frame relay network is
used between the BSC and the SGSN. The newer implementation deploys Gb over IP.
GPRS support nodes
SGSN. The serving GPRS support node (SGSN) provides packet routing to and from the mobile stations
currently in its coverage area. For establishing data calls, the GPRS users need to attach to the SGSN via
the base station. The SGSN performs functions to support mobility, session, and security management.
The SGSN is also responsible for charging functions. To perform its tasks, it
communicates with other subsystems using G-interfaces .
29
Currently, several vendors supply SGSN with varying performance and capacities. Some of the
network providers prefer several SGSNs of smaller capacity, while others like to consolidate
and implement only a few higher-capacity SGSNs covering the whole network.
Fig.11 PCU location in the BSS.
13.2 SGSN Interfaces
Connection Mandatory/ Interface Common implementation

optional
Frame relay-based, E1/T1 interface, channelized,

SGSN-PCU Mandatory Gb nonchannelized, and fractional. In most of the
implementations, each Gb link consists of n x 64
timeslots, depending on traffic.
SGSN-HLR Mandatory Gr CCS7-based, E1/T1 interface. Multiple timeslots

can be used for signaling, if required
30
SGSN-EIR Optional Gf CCS7-based, E1/T1 interface. Multiple timeslots

SGSN-MSC/ VLR Optional Gs CCS7-based, E1/T1 interface. Multiple timeslots

SGSN-SMS GMSC Optional Gd CCS7-based, E1/T1 interface. Multiple timeslots

SGSN-SMS IWMSC can be used for signaling, if required
IP-based
SGSN-GGSN Mandatory Gn IP over Ethernet/Fast Ethernet IP over ATM IP
over PPP
IP-based
SGSN-external GSNs Optional Gp IP over Ethernet/Fast Ethernet IP over ATM IP
over PPP
Source :
• Theodore Rapport, “Wireless Communications – Principles and Practice”,
Prentice Hall of India , 2nd Edition, 2007, ISBN 978-8-120-32381-0.
• Wikipedia
• Jorg Eberspacher, Hans-Jorg Vogel, Christian Bettstetter,
Christian Hartmann, "GSM– Architecture, Protocols and Services”,
Wiley,3rd Edition, 2009, ISBN-978- 0-470-03070-7.
31

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELGAUM-590018

“BASIC TELECOM TECHNOLOGY”

During the Academic year 2018-2019

Under the Guidance of

Internal guide External guide

Internal Guide External Guide HOD

Place: Bangalore CHANDAN KUMAR K

It is my utmost pleasure to acknowledge the kind help extended by my internal

As a part my study, I was interested in internship related to the subjects of Electronics

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER

2 CELLULAR WIRELESS NETWORK

3 CONCEPT OF CELL AND FREQUENCY

5 GSM AIR INTERFACE 12-13

6 CHANNEL CONCEPT 14-16

Digital switching techniques have fabricated large scale affordable, easy to

Fig.1 shows various components involved in mobile communication.

1. Simplex: In simplex systems, communication is possible in only one

direction. Eg- Pagers

information. Eg- Walkie-talkie

by providing two simultaneous but seperate channels.

2. Wireless communcation network definitions

Fig.2 below shows a basic wireless cellular communication network.

in motion at unspecified locations.

call initiation and other control purposes.

Forward channel: It is a radio channel used for tranmission of information from

the base station to the mobile.

Reverse channel: It is radio channel used for transmission of information

service area.In a cellular system, MSC connects cellular base station

3.Concept of cell and frequency reuse

Fig.3 shows a cellular system consisting a cluster of cells.

Modern cellular system rely on intelligent allocation and reuse of channels

4.1 There are two types of interference occurs in a cell.

2.Adjacent channel interference

same set of frequency is called as co-channel interference.

4.2 Steps to reduce interference and increase effeciency

3. Micro cell zone

Fig.4 shows cell splitting and cell sectoring.

Splitting increases the number of base stations in order to increase capacity

capacity and improving the coverage.

and increase capacity in cellular systems.

The technique of decreasing co-channel interference and increasing

5. GSM AIR INTERFACE- PHYSICAL LAYER

Fig.5 shows the basic architecture of GSM layer.

MSC requests routing information from HLR during call setup.

‘E’ interface between MSC in one area to MSC in another area.

’G’ interface between new VLR and oid VLR.

Logical channels: There are two types of logical channels.

2. Signalling channels/ Control channels

1. Traffic channels: TCHs are used for transmission of payload

data. TCH don’t carry any control information.

TCH/F: This is a bidirectional channel between MS and BSS.

TCH/H: This is also a bidirectional channel.

hence the name Half rate traffic channels.

2. Signalling channels: Contral and management of cellular network is carried out by

the signalling channels. These are also called as Dm channels.

Types of signalling channels are-

a. Braodcast channel: This is a unidirectional channel.

Direction is from MS to BSS. It is further divided to 3 types.

i BCCH: This is Broadcast Control Channel. It is unidirectional from BSS to MS.

This channel broadcasts information such as radio channel configuraton,

organization of network, synchronization information to mobile station.

ii FCCH: This is Frequency Correction Channel. This is unidirectional from