1.

a Define organizational behavior (OB) and explain how it is used in the

organizational setting.

Answer:

A field of study that investigates the impact the individuals, groups and structure
have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such
knowledge toward improving and organization’s effectiveness.

Organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science that is built on

contributions from a number of behavioral disciplines. The predominant areas are
psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology and political science.
Psychology’s contributions have been mainly at the individual or micro level of
analysis, while the other four disciplines have contributed to our understanding of
macro concepts such as group processes and organization.

i. Psychology

Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain and sometimes change
the behavior of human and other animals. Psychologists concern themselves
with studying and attempting to understand individual behavior. Those who have
contributed an continue to add to the knowledge of OB are learning theorists,
personality theorists, counseling psychologists, and most important industrial and
organizational psychologists.

Early, industrial/organizational psychologists concerned themselves with the

problem of fatigue, boredom and others factor relevant to working conditions that
could impede efficient work performance. More recently their contributions have
been expanded to include learning, perception, personality, emotions, training,
leadership effectiveness, needs and motivation forces, job satisfaction, decision
making processes, performance appraisal, attitude measurement, employee
selection techniques, work design an job stress.

ii. Sociology

While psychology focuses on the individual, sociology studies people in relation

to their fellow human beings. Specifically, sociologists have made their greatest
contribution to OB through their study of group behavior in organizations,
particularly formal and complex organizations. Some of the areas within OB that
have received valuable input from sociologists are group dynamics, design of
work teams, organizational culture, formal organization theory and structure,
organization technology, communications, power and conflict.

iii. Social Psychology

Social Psychology blends concepts from both psychology and sociology. It

focuses on the influence of the people on one another. One of the major areas
under considerable investigation by Social Psychology has been change. How to
implement it and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance. In addition we find
Social Psychology making significant contribution in the areas measuring
understanding and changing attitudes, communication patterns, building trust,
the way in which group activities can satisfy individual needs and group decision
making process

iv. Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their
activities. For instance, anthropologists work on culture and environments has
helped us understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes and behavior
between people in different countries and within different organization. Much of
our current understanding of organization cultures, organization environments
and different between national cultures is the result of the work of anthropologists
or those using their materials.

v. Political Science

Although frequently overlooked, the contributions of political scientists are

significantly to the understanding of behavior in organizations. Political science
studies the behavior of individual and group within a political environment.
Specific topics of concern here include the structuring of conflict, allocation of
power and how people manipulate power for individual self interest.
For more understanding of OB, below is an in the direction of an OB
Discipline
Behavioural Contribution Unit of Output
science analysis

Learning
Motivation
Perception
Training
Leadership effectiveness
Job satisfaction
Psychology Individual decision making
Performance appraisal
Attitude measurement
Employee selection
Work design
Work stress
Individual

Group dynamics
Work teams
Communication
Power
Conflict
Intergroup behaviour
Sociology

Formal organization theory Study of

Organizational technology Organizational
Group
Organizational change Behaviour
Organizational culture

Behavioural change
Attitude change
Social psychology Communication
Group processes
Group decision making
Organization
system
Comparative values
Comparative attitudes
Cross-cultural analysis
Anthropology

Organizational culture
Organizational environment

Conflict
Political science Intraorganizational politics
Power
1.b There are a lot of challenges and opportunities today for managers
to use OB concepts. List and explain 3 such challenges and
opportunities for OB.

Answer:

i. Responding to Globaliztion
Organization are no longer constrained by national borders.