5c.solid Waste

Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste Collection (HCS, SCS and route system)
Transfer and Transport Processing & Recovery (5R)
EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
carolinemarajan@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Describe and sketch route collection system
(Hauled Container System and Stationary
Collection System) (CO1:PO2)
Design the required truck volume, number per trip

per day, pick up time per trip (CO1:PO2)
Discuss transfer and transport and on-site

processing techniques. (CO1:PO2)
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG CEW543 ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING

Waste Generation
Waste Handling, Separation &

Processing at the Source
 Collection
Transfer & Separation,

Transport Processing &
Disposal Transformation
of Solid Waste

Waste Collection
MAJOR COST ELEMENT OF SW DISPOSAL 50-70% of total SWM costs
The gathering or picking up of solid wastes from

various sources
COLLECTION Hauling of these wastes to the location where the

contents of the collection vehicles are emptied
Unloading of the collection vehicle

Waste Collection
Poor building layouts - e.g. squatters

Road congestion - time cost, leachate,
transport costs.
Major Problems Physical infrastructure
Old containers used (leaky/ damaged)
Absence of systematic methods (especially at
apartments, markets with large wst. volume)

Waste Collection

Waste Collection
Mechanically loaded collection vehicles - the container
used for the onsite storage of waste must be brought to the
curb. Typically, 90 gal containers are used in conjunction
with mechanized collection vehicles.


Waste Collection
The generator separates the waste as opposed to commingled
wastes or mixed waste
Curbside collection using standard or specially

designed vehicles
Standard vehicles can be used to pick up just

newspaper or just can on some kind of appropriate
time cycle; perhaps every other week or the third
Thursday of the month for glass.

Waste Collection
Specially designed vehicles include - closed body

recycling trucks recycling trailers
• modified flatbed trucks
• open-bin recycling trucks
• compartmentalized trailers

Waste Collection
Source-separated materials are
usually collected by private
haulers.
The wastes to be recycled are
stored in separate containers.
In some cities, cardboard is bundled
and left at curbside where it is
collected separately.
In large commercial facilities, baling
equipment may be used for the paper
and cardboard, and can crushers are
used for aluminum cans.

Waste Collection
Both manual and mechanical
means are used.
To avoid traffic congestion during
the day, wastes are collected in
the late evening and early morning
hours.
Wastes are put into disposable
containers that are placed at the
curb for collection.
The crew of collection waste
consists of driver and two or three
collectors who load the wastes from
the curbside into the collection
vehicle.
Waste Collection
( > 12 m3 )
Large movable and stationary containers
Large stationary compactors (to form bales)

Waste Collection
Collection of un-separated waste

from low and medium rise apartments
Collection of wastes separated at the

source/Residential curbside
collection
Collection of solid waste from high-

rise apartments

• Residential areas : everyday/ once in 2 days
• Communal/ commercial : daily
• Food waste - max. period should not exceed :
– the normal time for the accumulation of waste to
fill a container
– the time for fresh garbage to putrefy and emit
fouls odor
– the length of fly-breeding cycle ( < 7 days)

CEW543
FACULTY ENVIRONMENTAL
OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGINFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)


HCS is suited for the removal of wastes from sources
where the rate of generation is high because relatively
large containers are used
Reduces the handling time, unsightly accumulations and
unsanitary conditions associated with the use of numerous
smaller containers)
HCS is flexible : containers of
many different sizes and shapes
are available for the collection of
all types of waste
Because containers used in this

system usually must be filled
manually, the use of very large
containers often leads to low
volume utilization unless loading
aids are provided
2 crew/vehicle
Driver & Helper
Responsible for attaching
and detaching any chains or
cables used in loading and
unloading containers on and
off the collection vehicle.
A driver and helper should always be used where hazardous

waste are to be handled.

3 4
Container Location 1 2 N
Container
Container
Loaded
Empty
t1 t2
Truck FROM Truck TO
dispatch station dispatch station
s
Transfer Station, processing
station, or disposal site
(contents of container emptied)

Deposit empty container
Container Location 1 2 3
from previous location and
pick up loaded container
n
Container
Container
Loaded
Empty
t1
Truck with Haul empty
EMPTY container container originally
from dispatch at location 1 to
station – location 2
beginning of
daily route
Haul loaded
container from
location 1
Truck with empty container

t2 to dispatch station – end of
daily route
s Transfer Station or disposal site


Container used to store
waste remain at the point of
generation.
The waste is unloaded into a
bigger truck. A large
container is an integral part
of the truck.
When fully loaded from multiple
waste containers, the truck
travels to and from the landfill as
opposed to the waste container;
except when moved to curb or
other location to be emptied.
2-3 crew/vehicle
Driver & Helpers
Labor requirements for
mechanically loaded stationary
container systems are
essentially the same as the for
HCS.
For manually loaded collection vehicles, typically, two persons, a

collector and a driver are used for curb and alley service. A multi
person crew is used for backyard carry service
Load contents from
1 2 container(s) at pickup 3 Drive to next pickup 4 n
location into collection location
Solid wastes vehicle
pickup location Container
Container
Container
Container
Container
Container
Container
Container
Container
Container
Loaded
Loaded
Empty
Loaded
Loaded
Loaded
Empty
Empty
Empty
Empty
t1
Empty collection
vehicle from
dispatch station
– beginning of
daily route (s)
Collection Route
Drive empty collection vehicle to Drive loaded

beginning of the next collection collection vehicle to
route or return to dispatch station – location where
end of route contents of vehicle
will be emptied
Transfer Station or
disposal site


• Estimates of the costs per km and per hour to move
the waste after collection from the end of collection
route to the various facility locations in the study.
• Unit transport cost (RM/km) for various types of
vehicles :
• i. Collection vehicle
• ii. Transfer vehicles
• iii. Residue and/or ash vehicles
• Labor costs (driver + crew in RM/hr unit cost) only for (i)
and (iii).
• For (ii) - labor costs should be included as part of the
annual labor cost of the transfer station

Must be optimized to save collection time and costs
Important to determine vehicle and labor

requirements for the various collection systems
and method, the unit time required to perform
each task must be determined.

The activities involved in the collection of the solids wastes
can be resolved into four unit operation:

Time spent picking up the loaded container, the time required to redeposit the
container after its contents have been emptied and the time spent driving to the
next container
OR
Time spent driving to the next container after an empty container has been
deposited, time spent in picking up the loaded container and the time required
to redeposit the container after its contents have been emptied

PHCS PHCS
PHCS PHCS
PHCS PHCS

Time spent loading the collection vehicle, beginning with the stopping of the
vehicle prior to loading the contents of the first container and ending when the
contents of the last container to be emptied have been loaded
OR
Time spent loading the collection vehicle from first to last container

PSCS PSCS
PSCS PSCS
PSCS

2. SCS
Time required to reach the disposal site, starting after a container whose
contents are to be emptied has been loaded on the truck, plus the time after
leaving the disposal site until the truck arrives at the location where the empty
container is to be redeposit. Time spent at disposal site is not included
OR
Time required to reach the location where the waste will be emptied, starting
when the container has been loaded on the truck and continuing through
unloading until the truck arrives at the location where the empty container is to
be redeposit.

(h) (HCS)

Time required to reach the disposal site, starting after the last container on the
route has been emptied or the collection vehicle is filled, plus the time after leaving
the disposal site until the truck arrives at the location of the first container to be
emptied on the next collection route. Time spent at the disposal site is not included
OR
Time required to reach the location where the full vehicle will be emptied and
continuing until the truck arrives at the location where the first container will be
emptied for the next route.

The time spent at the disposal site, including the time spent waiting to
unload as well as the time spent unloading

• The unit operation off route includes all time spent on
activities that are nonproductive from the point of view
of the overall collection operation. Many of the
activities associated with off routes
• The time spent on off route activities may be
subdivided into two categories necessary and
unnecessary.
• Necessary off route time includes
• Time spent checking in and out in the morning and at the end of
the day
• Time lost due to unavoidable congestion
• Time spent on equipment repairs and maintenance

• Unnecessary off route time
• Time spent for lunch in excess of the state lunch period
• Time spent on taking unauthorized coffee breaks
• Talking to the friends and the like
• Non-productive activities
• Necessary - Check in, check out, meeting, breaks.
• Unnecessary - Personal errands, extended coffee
breaks
• Typically 15%


Thcs: time per trip for hauled container systems, h/trip
Phcs: pick up time per trip for hauled container system, h/trip
S : at site time per trip, h/trip
h : haul time per trip, h/trip
Phcs: pick up time per trip, h/trip

pc : time required to pick up loaded container, h/trip
uc : time required to unload empty container, h/trip
dbc : time required to drive between container locations, h/trip
Nd = number of trips per day, trip/d

W = off-route factor, expressed as fraction
H = length of workday, h/d
t1 = time from garage to first container, h
t2 = time from last container location to garage, h
Table 1: Typical values for haul constant coefficients a and b
Speed km/h Limit (mi/h) a, (h/trip) b, (h/km) (h/mi)
88 55 0.016 0.011 0.018

72 45 0.022 0.014 0.022
56 35 0.034 0.018 0.029
40 25 0.050 0.025 0.040
Table 2: Typical data for computing equipment and labor requirements for
hauled and stationary container collection systems
Collection Pick up loaded Empty At- site time
container and contents of ,s
Vehicle Loading Compaction
deposit empty loaded (h/trip)
method ratio, r
container, h/trip* container,
h/container
HCS
system Mechanical 0.4 0.127
Tilt-frame Mechanical 2.0 – 4.0 0.4 0.133
Tilt-frame
SCS
system Mechanical 2.0 – 4.0 0.050 0.10
Compactor Manual 2.0 – 4.0 0.10
Compactor
Solid waste from a new industrial park is to be collected
in large containers (drop boxes), some of which will be
used in conjunction with stationary compactors. Based
on traffic studies at similar parks, it is estimated that the
average time to drive from the garage to the first
container and from last container to the garage each day
will be 15 and 20 minute, respectively. If the average time
required to drive between containers is 6 min and the
one- way distance to the disposal site is 25 km (speed
limit: 88 km/h), determine the number of containers that
can be emptied per day, based on an 8-h workday

1. Determine the pick up time per trip
Phcs  pc  uc  dbc Use: pc + uc = 0.4 h/trip (Table 2) PHCS= 0.5h/trip
Phcs  0.4  0.1  0.5h/trip dbc = 0.1 h/trip (Given 6 minutes)
Table 2: Typical data for computing equipment and labor requirements for hauled & stationary container collection systems
Collection Pick up loaded Empty contents At- site time

container and of loaded ,s
deposit empty container, (h/trip)
method ratio, r
container, h/trip* h/container
pc+uc
HCS system
Tilt-frame Mechanical 0.4 0.127
Tilt-frame Mechanical 2.0 – 4.0 0.4 0.133
SCS system
Compactor Mechanical 2.0 – 4.0 0.050 0.10

2. Determine the time per trip
Thcs  Phcs  s  a  bx  Phcs = 0.5 h/trip (from No.1) THCS= 1.20h/trip
s = 0.133 (see Table 2)
Thcs  0.5  0.133  0.016  0.011(50) h/trip a = 0.016 (see Table 1)
 1.20h/trip b = 0.011 (see Table 1)
88 55 0.016 0.011 0.018

72 45 0.022 0.014 0.022
56 35 0.034 0.018 0.029
40 25 0.050 0.025 0.040
Collection Pick up loaded Empty contents At- site time
container and of loaded ,s
method ratio, r
pc+uc
HCS system
Tilt-frame Mechanical 0.4 0.127
Tilt-frame Manual 2.0 – 4.0 0.4 0.133

3. Determine the number of trips that can be made per day
Nd 
 (1  W)H  (t1  t 2 ) Nd(actual) = 5 trip/d
Phcs  s  a  bx  W = 0.15 (assume if not given)
t1 = 0.25h (Given 15 mins)
Nd 
1  0.158  0.25  0.33 t2 = 0.33h (Given 20 mins)
1.2 H = 8 h/d (Given)

6.8  0.58  5.18trip/d THCS = 1.20 h/trip (from No. 2)
1.2
4. Determine the actual length of the day
H (actual) = 8 h/d
Nd 
1  W H  t1  t 2  W = 0.15 (assume if not given)
Phcs  s  a  bx  t1 = 0.25h (Given 15 mins)
t2 = 0.33h (Given 20 mins)
5 
1  0.15H  0.58 Nd (actual) = 5 trip/day
1.2 THCS = 1.20 h/trip (from No. 2)
H  7.74 h/d (essentially 8 h) H=?

Comment: Where fractional equipment and labor requirements
are obtained, the use of large containers and reduced collection
frequency should be investigated. If it is assumed that no off-route
activities occur during times t1 and t2, then theoretically 5.21
trips/d could be made. Again, only 5 tips/d would be made in an
actual operation. If, however, the number of trips per day that
could be made were 5.8, for example, if may be cost-effective to
pay the driver for the overtime and make 6 trips/d.


Tscs = time per trip for hauled container systems, h/trip
Pscs = pick up time per trip for hauled container system, h/trip
S = at site time per trip, h/trip
H = haul time per trip, h/trip = (a + bx)
Pscs = Pick up time per trip for SCS system, h/trip

Ct = Number of containers emptied per trip, container/trip
uc = average unloading time per container for SCS system, h/container
np = number of container pickup locations per trip, locations/trip
dbc = average time spent driving between container locations, h/location (determined locally)
Ct = number of containers emptied per trip, container/trip

v = volume of collection vehicle, m3/trip
r = compaction ratio, m3/container
C = container volume, m3/container
f = weighted container utilization factor
Nd = number of collection trips required per day, trips/d

Vd = daily waste generation rate, m3/d
Solid waste from a commercial area are to be collected using SCS having
4m3 containers. Determine the appropriate truck capacity for the following
conditions:
Containers size, C = 4 m3
Container utilization factor, f = 0.75
Average number of containers at each location, Nd or Np = 2
Collection - vehicle compaction ratio, r = 2.5
Container unloading time, uc = 0.1 h/container
Average drive time between container locations, dbc = 0.1 h
One-way haul distance, x = 30 km
Speed limit = 88 km/h
Time for garage to first container location, t1 = 0.33 h
Time from last container location to garage, t2 = 0.25 h
Number of trips to disposal site per day = 2
Length of workday, H = 8 h

1. Determine the time per trip, TSCS
TsCS= 3.10 h/trip
t  t   N d PSCS  s  a  bx 
H 1 2 TSCS = time/trip ?
1 W H = 8 h (Given)
t  t   N dTSCS 
 1 2
t1 = 0.33 h (Given)
t2 = 0.25 h (given)
1 W Nd = 2.0 (Given)
TSCS 
1  0.15 8  0.33  0.25 W = 0.15 (Assume if not given)
2
 3.1h

2. Determine the pick up time per trip, PSCS
TSCS = 3.10 h/trip (from No.1)
TSCS  Pscs  s  a  bx  s = 0.1 h/trip (Table 2) PSCS= 2.32 h/trip
Pscs  TSCS  s  a  bx  a = 0.016 (Table 1)
b = 0.011 (Table 1)
 3.1  0.1  0.016  0.011(60) x = 60 km (round trip, 30km x 2)
 2.32 h/trip Speed km/h Limit (mi/h) a, (h/trip) b, (h/km) (h/mi)
88 55 0.016 0.011 0.018
72 45 0.022 0.014 0.022
56 35 0.034 0.018 0.029
40 25 0.050 0.025 0.040
Collection Pick up loaded Empty contents At- site time ,
container and of loaded s
method ratio, r
pc+uc
SCS system
Compactor Mechanical 2.0 – 4.0 0.050 0.10

3. Determine the number of containers emptied per trip
PSCS  C t uc  n p  1 dbc PSCS = 2.32 h/ trip (from no.2) Ct= 16 containers

uc = 0.1 h/container (given)
C t (0.1)  (0.5Ct  1)0.1  2.32 np = Ct/2 (2 containers/ location) (given)
dbc = 0.1 h (given)
0.15Ct  2.42
C t  16.13 use16
4. Determine the volume of collection vehicle, m3/trip

vr Ct
vr Ct = 16 (from No.3) Truck Capacity, v = 20m3
Ct cf r = 2.5 (Given)
cf c = 4 m3 (Given)
16(4)0.74 f = 0.75 (Given)
v
2.5
 19.2 use 20 m 3
Determine haul – speed constants ‘a’ & ‘b’ and round – trip haul time for a
disposal site located 11 km away. Use the following data.
Round trip distance (x)
3.0 7.5 12 18 24 30 37.5
(km/trip)
Aug. haul speed (y)
25.5 42 48 54 60 63 67.5
(km/hr)
Travel time
3.0/25.5
(h = x/y) 0.18 0.25 0.33 0.4 0.48 0.56
= 0.12
(h/trip)
h = a + bx
= haul time = distance / speed
=x/y

b= slope
h
h = a + bx
Round trip distance (x) = 2 x 11 = 22 km
a = h/trip Round haul time = a + 22 b = (h/trip)
x
Design a solid waste curb collection system to service a
residential area with 1000 single-family dwellings. Two
manually loaded collection systems are to be evaluated.
The first involves the use of a side-loaded collection vehicle
with a one person crew; the second involves the use of a
rear-loaded collection vehicle with a two person crew.
Determine the
(i) size of collection vehicle required
(ii) compare the labor requirements for each collection
system

Design of residential collection system: Assume the following data are applicable:
Average number of residents per service = 3.5
Solid waste generation rate per capita = 2.5 lb/capita/day = 1.134kg/capita/day
Density of solid wastes (at containers) = 200 lb/yd3 = 118.65 kg/m3
Containers per service = two 32-gal containers plus 1.5 cardboard containers (20 gal on average)
Collection frequency = once per week
Collection vehicle compaction ratio, r = 2.5
Round-trip haul distance, h = 35 mi
Nominal length of workday, H = 8 h/d
Trips per day, Nd = 2 trips/d
Travel time to first pickup location, t1 = 0.3 h
Travel time from last pickup location, t2 = 0.4 h
Off-route factor, W = 0.15
Haul-time constants: a = 0.016 h/trip and b = 0.018 mi/h
At-site time per trip, s = 0.10 h/trip
Average number of containers at each location, Cn = 3.5 containers
1. Determine the pick up time per trip, PSCS
t  t   N d PSCS  s  a  bx 
H 1 2
PSCS= 2.30 h/trip
1 W t1 = 0.3 h (given)
t  t   N dTSCS 
 1 2
t2 = 0.4 h (given)
H = 8 h/d (given)
1 W W = 0.15 assume
[H(1  W)  (t1  t 2 )] Nd = 2 trips/day (given)
PSCS 
N d  (s  a  bx) s = 0.1 h/trip (Table 2)
[8 (1  0.15)  (0.3  0.4)] a = 0.016 h/trip (Table 1)
 b = 0.018 h/mi (Table 1)
2  [0.10  0.016  0.018(35)] x = 35mi
 2.30h/trip
88 55 0.016 0.011 0.018
72 45 0.022 0.014 0.022
56 35 0.034 0.018 0.029
40 25 0.050 0.025 0.040

2. Determine the pickup time required per pickup location
(a) One person crew tp= 0.92 min/location
tp = 0.92 min/location
(b) Two person crew Cn = 3.5containers/location (given) tp= 1.35 min/location
tp = 0.72 + 0.18 (Cn)

= 0.72 + 0.18 (3.5)
= 1.35 collector-min/location

3. Determine the number of pickup locations (Np) from which wastes can be collected
(a) One person crew Np= 150 location/trip
Np = 60 Pscs n / tp
= (60 min/h)(2.30 h/trip)(1 collector) tp = 0.92 containers/location (from no.2)
(0.92 collector-min/location) n = 1 person crew
= 150 locations/trip PSCS= 2.30 h/trip (fom no. 1)
(b) Two person crew Np= 204 location/trip
Np = 60 Pscsn / tp tp = 1.35 containers/location (from no.2)

= (60 min/h)(2.30 h/trip)(2 collector) n = 2 person crew
(1.35 collector-min/location) PSCS= 2.30 h/trip (fom no. 1)
= 204 locations/trip

4. Determine the volume of wastes generated per pickup location per week
Vp = 0.306 yd3/location
Average number of residents per service = 3.5 persons/pickup location (given)

Solid waste generation rate per capita = 2.5 lb/capita/day = 1.134kg/capita/day (given)
Density of solid wastes (at containers) = 200 lb/yd3 = 118.65 kg/m3 (given)
Volume per week per location, Vp

= (2.5 lb/person/day) (3.5 persons/pickup location) (7 days/wk)
(200 lb/yd3)(1/wk)
= 0.306 yd3/location

5. Determine the required truck volume
(a) One person crew v = 18 yd3 collective vehicle
v = Vp Np / r Vp = 0.306 yd3 location (from no.4)

= (0.306 yd3/location)(150 locations/trip) Np = 150 locations/trip (from no.3)
2.5 r = 2.5 given
= 18.4 yd3/trip (use an 18 yd3 collection vehicle)
(b) Two person crew v = 25 yd3 collective vehicle
Vp = 0.306 yd3 location (from no.4)

v = Vp Np / r Np = 204 locations/trip (from no.3)
= (0.306 yd3/location)(204 locations/trip) r = 2.5 given
2.5
= 25.0 yd3/trip (use an 25.0 yd3 collection vehicle or nearest standard size, if
available)
6. Determine the number of trips required per week, Nw
(a) One person crew Nw = 6.67 trips/wk
Nw = (1000 locations) (1/wk) 1000 single-family dwellings

150 locations/trip Np = 150 locations/trip (from no.3)
= 6.67 trips/wk
(b) Two person crew Nw = 4.90 trips/wk
Nw = (1000 locations) (1/wk) 1000 single-family dwellings

204 locations/trip Np = 204 locations/trip (from no.3)
= 4.90 trips/wk

7. Determine the labour requirements
(a) One person crew 3 collector - day/wk
Note that even though a partial trip is computed, a full trip will have to be made to the
location where the contents of the collection vehicle will be unloaded.
Nw = 6.67 trips/week ; Nw (actual) = 7 trips/week (from no.6)
PSCS= 2.30 h/trip
s =0.10 h/trip (Table 2)
a = 0.016 h/trip (Table 1)
b = 0.018 h/mi (Table 1)
x = 35mi/trip (given)
W = 0.15 (assume)
H = 8h/d
( {[1.0 collector{(6.67 trips/wk)(2.3 h/trip)] + (7 trips/wk)[0.10 h/trip + 0.016 h/trip +

(0.018 h/mi) (35 mi/trip)]} / (1 – 0.15)(8 h/day)
= 3.02 collector-day/wk

7. Determine the labour requirements
(b) Two person crew 4 collector - day/wk
Note that even though a partial trip is computed, a full trip will have to be made to the
location where the contents of the collection vehicle will be unloaded.
Nw = 4.90 trips/week ; Nw (actual) = 5 trips/week (from no.6)
PSCS= 2.30 h/trip
s =0.10 h/trip (Table 2)
a = 0.016 h/trip (Table 1)
b = 0.018 h/mi (Table 1)
x = 35mi/trip (given)
W = 0.15 (assume)
H = 8h/d
( {[2.0 collector{(4.90 trips/wk)(2.3 h/trip)] + (5 trips/wk)[0.10 h/trip + 0.016 h/trip +

(0.018 h/mi) (35 mi/trip)]} / (1 – 0.15)(8 h/day)
= 4.41 collector-day/wk

Comments: As determined in this problem, the
labor requirements for the one-person crew are
approximately 25 percent less than corresponding
requirements for the two-person collection crew.
The results of this example illustrate why the trend
in collection is towards the use of curb collection
with one collector-driver and collection vehicles
that are either manually or mechanically loaded.


affected by the
Amount of waste per stop
Crew size selection
Number and location of collection
points
Type of storage containers
Haul time to unloading point
Wage rates
Labor preference
Management
In high-density population areas, the larger quantity of waste at a given

stop makes larger trucks with three-man crews economically competitive
with smaller crew sizes.

Busy roads and heavy traffic
Rough and sharp edged containers
Injury from loading machinery
Back injury from heavy containers
Bites by wild or stray animals feed on wastes
Dangers from Household hazardous wastes
Herbicides/Pesticides/Batteries/Solvents/Chemicals
Provide Training and Safety devices


Once the equipment and labor requirements have been
determined, collection routes must be laid out so both the
work force and equipment are used effectively.
In general, the layout of collection routes is a trial-and-error
process. There are no fixed rules that can be applied to all
situation.
Route established by Trial and error
Computer
Heuristic methods (common sense)

Prepare layout of collection route as location given
using the following data:
• Occupants per resident = 3.5
• Solid waste generation rate = 1.6 kg/person/day
• Type of collection service = curb
• Collection crew size = one person
• Collection vehicle capacity = 20 m3
• Compacted density of solid waste in collection
vehicles = 325 kg/m3
• No U-turn
LOCATION MAP
6 6 6 6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6 6
6 6 6 6
2 2
6
12 12 12 12 12 12
6
2 2
6 6 6 6
12 6 6
2 2 2
2
12 6
12 12
6 6 6
2 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6 6
1. Determine the number of residences
332 residences
Number of residences 6
16 2 2 10
= (10)(16) + (4)(36) + (1)(28) 6
= 332 residences
6
36 12 12 4
12
28 2 2 1
12

2. Determine the solid waste generated per week
13014.4 kg/week
Mass solid waste generation per week
= (number of residences)*(occupant per residence)*

(solid waste generated per resident)*(days in a week)
= (332)*(3.5)*(1.6)*(7)
= 13014.4 kg/week
Volume of solid waste generated 40.044 m3/week
= (mass)/(density)
= 13014.4/325
= 40.044 m3/week

3. Determine the number of trips
Number of trip 2 trips

= (volume of solid waste generated, Vd)
(volume of collection vehicles per trip, v)
= 40/20
= 2 trips
4. Determine the number of residences (waste collected/day)
Average number of residence from which waste 166 residences/trip
are to be collected each day

= residences/trip
= 332 residences / 2 trip
= 166 residences/trip
Equal and
Routes should not
consistent Equalized work
be fragmented
servicing of all load per route
/overlapped
streets
Lean hour
Start close to collection for Start at upper end
garage heavy traffic and work down
streets
Large quantities
Minimise left turns
first

LOCATION MAP
6 6 6 6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
6 6 6 6
6 6 6 6
2 2
6
12 12 12 12 12 1
2 6
2 2
6 6 6 6
12 6 6
2 2 2
2
12 6
12 12
6 6 6
2 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6
6
1st trip = (6)(16) + (2)(36) = 168 residences
2st trip = (4)(16) + (2)(36) + (1)(28) = 164 residences

Waste Generation

Collection

Transport  Disposal
Processing &
Transformation
of Solid Waste

More common as the distance of landfill sites becomes greater
Most common in larger metropolitan areas
Variance in types, size, and degree of sophistication

open-air stations or enclosed in a building (newer stations)

Type of transfer operation to be used
Capacity requirement
Equipment and accessory requirement
Environment requirements

Direct Discharge 1
Waste from the collection vehicle are emptied directly into
the vehicle used for final disposal
Storage Discharge 2
Waste are emptied either into a storage pit or onto a
platform from which they are loaded into transport vehicles
by various types of auxiliary equipment
Combined Direct & Storage Discharge 3

Both direct-discharge and storage- discharge methods are
used

Near the collection area served (to minimize collection crew time for
haul to the transfer station)
Accessible to major haul routes (public acceptance and economics -

lower transfer haul cost)
Adequate land area to provide isolation (to handle traffic flow)
Suitable Zoning (commercial or industrial)
Served by utilities (water, sanitary sewer, storm drainage, electricity)
( Size vs. station capacity)

A Compactors
Collection vehicles unloaded

wastes into a large pit.
Wastes are then pushed to an
open-top transfer trailer by a
tractor.
The pit - as storage during peak
periods.
Compaction of bulk items made by
the tractor in the pit.

B Direct Dump
Collection vehicles dump directly

into open-top transfer trailer
Large hoppers direct the waste into
the transfer trailers.
Very large transfer trailers are used
(due to minimal compaction).
Efficient - no intermediate handling
required (direct from vehicle to
transfer trailer).

Hopper type compaction
station : waste drop by
gravity into a compactor -
packs the waste into the
trailers.
Push pit compactor station:

a large hydraulically operated
blade moves the waste to the
stationary packer - then packs
the waste into the trailers.

Option Advantages Disadvantages
1. Tipping floor, open-top Little site work Not as eff. as other
trailer investigation. system.
Large tipping floor where Low building cost. For large volume of
collection vehicles unload. Can separate waste.
Dozers organize and push recyclables
waste into open-top
trailers.
2. Pit, Open-top Trailer Reduced transfer time Requires 3-level facility
Collection vehicle unload (collection vehicle unload (considerable amount of
directly into a large pit. while loading & transfer site work & capital
operations still going on). investment.
Tractor w/ dozer or l/fill- Pit serves as a storage.
type blade organizes the Efficient system for high
waste & pushes loads into volumes of waste.
open-top transfer trailers. Can separate recyclables.
3. Direct dump, open-top 1. Can be used to distribute 1. May require separate
trailer the waste in trailer. trailer-packing machines
Collection vehicle dump 2. No intermediate handling (in case of large
loads directly into open- of the waste involve uncompact waste)
top trailers via large 3. Increasing efficiency 2. Require additional tipping
hoppers. 4. Facility shutdown rare floor /storage space.
Stationary or mobile 5. No complicated 3. Collection vehicle not
clamshell equipment. equipment involve. independent of transfer
vehicle loading).
4. Hopper-type 1. Efficient for small 1. Trucks may line up
Compaction capacity demand waiting to unload
Waste is gravity-fed via 2. If compactor fails, no because of limited
hopper into stationary alternative method of hopper size.
compactors that loading ·
compacts the waste
before or while entering
the trailer.
5. Push-pit Compaction 1. Large compactor can 1. Large capital
Collection vehicle dump loads usually handle all investment.
into large steel or concrete pits. types of waste and 2. Facility operations
Large hydraulic blade moves the large bulky waste. dep. on operation of
waste to compactor charging box. 2. Pit acts storage area the compactor.
Compactor packs the waste into during peak arrival.
trailer.
6. Stationary Compactor, roll-off Container may be 1. Bulky and large
container equipped with materials - create
Low-vol. operations (e.g. rural compactor to handle problem w. small
drop-off centers). lighter materials. compactor.
Refuse unloaded directly into 2. Operation dep. on
container. functioning
compactor
7. Track and top-load. Efficient for larger
Tracked compactor followed by
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
facilities EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)
loading in open-top trailers. (> 300 t/d) carolinemarajan@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
To prepare waste for transfer haul and subsequent disposal
Baling
Shredding

• Reduces haul cost
• a more controlled operation at the landfill
• require lower cover material
• density 1500-2000 lb/yd3
• may have wire ties or may not be tied.
• Requires little or no separation of wastes.

• Shredders are used.
• Handles bulky wastes (furniture, tree
limbs, etc.)
• Transport - use enclosed transfer trailers.
• Wastes have good compaction
characteristics
• Requires small trailers

Means used to transport solid waste
Motor vehicles Railroads
Ocean-going vessels Pneumatic system
Hydraulic system


Waste Generation

Collection

Transport Processing &
Disposal  Transformation
of Solid Waste

1 Improve the efficiency 2
of solid waste disposal
system
3
To recover resources
(usable materials)
To prepare materials for the recovery of

conversion products and energy

Compaction/Mechanical Volume Reduction
Vehicles equipped with compaction mechanisms are used
,To increase the useful life of landfills
Thermal Volume
Reduction – the volume of MSW can be reduced by more
than 90% by incineration
Manual Component Separation

Reduce waste,
Reuse items
Recycle
Recover materials
Residual disposal
The next most cost effective means
of minimizing waste is to reuse
waste material in its same form.
It also means that you don't have to

Reusing an item means it doesn't
buy a new product and so you are
go in the rubbish and end up in the
saving the energy and resources
landfill.
that would have been used to make
the new product.
Recycling involves some form of Main products that can be recycled
reprocessing of waste materials to are paper and cardboard, glass,
produce another product. For example, aluminum, tin and plastic containers.
recycling plastic bottles to make Recycling turns materials that would
buckets. otherwise become waste into
valuable resources and generates a
host of environmental, financial, and
social benefits.

• Recovery is a means of recovering energy or
materials, without any pre-processing, from
wastes that cannot be used for something else.
• For example, waste oils that cannot be refined for
reuse are used in furnaces. Recovering the
energy from waste oil reduces our dependence
on coal and imported oil.

• Residual management is the final
treatment and/or disposal of a
waste that cannot be used in any
other way
• Residual management of solid
waste is normally disposal within a
landfill.
• Residual disposal of liquid waste is
normally into a sewer or septic
tank


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Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Transfer and Transport Processing & Recovery (5R)

EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

Design the required truck volume, number per trip

Discuss transfer and transport and on-site

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

Waste Handling, Separation &

Transfer & Separation,

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

MAJOR COST ELEMENT OF SW DISPOSAL 50-70% of total SWM costs

The gathering or picking up of solid wastes from

COLLECTION Hauling of these wastes to the location where the

Unloading of the collection vehicle

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

Poor building layouts - e.g. squatters

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

Curbside collection using standard or specially

Standard vehicles can be used to pick up just

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

Specially designed vehicles include - closed body

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

Collection of un-separated waste

Collection of wastes separated at the

Collection of solid waste from high-

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

Because containers used in this

A driver and helper should always be used where hazardous

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

Truck with empty container

s Transfer Station or disposal site

EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

For manually loaded collection vehicles, typically, two persons, a

Drive empty collection vehicle to Drive loaded

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

Important to determine vehicle and labor

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

EC221 BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS.) CIVIL (INFRASTRUCTURE)

Phcs: pick up time per trip, h/trip

= (number of residences)(occupant per residence)