Subsea Pipeline and Risers

Dasharatha Achani
 MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions

Pipeline Free span

and VIV Design

13-Aug-16
13-Aug-16 Page 2 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani
 MECHOCEAN
WHAT IS SPAN? Eng. Solutions

• What is a pipeline span?

– Pipeline contact lost over an appreciable distance
– Unsupported length of pipeline
UNSUPPORTED LENGTH

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 MECHOCEAN
HOW DO SPANS OCCUR? Eng. Solutions

Causes of Spans
– Seabed irregularities (rough seabed)
– Subsequent scouring movement
(mobile seabed)
– Sand Waves
– Rock Berm
– Rocks and Boulders

Introduction - Pipeline Loads - Span Analysis - Span Intervention -

Self-burial and Scour - VIV reduction - Lessons Learned -
13-Aug-16
Project Example - Summary
www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani
 MECHOCEAN
SPAN CONFIGURATION AND TYPES Eng. Solutions

Parameters that influence Pipeline configuration on seabed

– Seabed profile
– Type of soil
– Residual tension
– Pipe flexural stiffness
– Submerged weight
Examples of Span Geometry
Types of spans
– Single or multiple (interacting)

Introduction - Pipeline Loads - Span Analysis - Span Intervention -

Self-burial and Scour - VIV reduction - Lessons Learned -
13-Aug-16
Project Example - Summary
www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani
 MECHOCEAN
SPAN PROBLEM Eng. Solutions

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 MECHOCEAN
SPAN PROBLEM Eng. Solutions

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 MECHOCEAN
SPAN ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTION Eng. Solutions

Why is analysis of freespans necessary?

– To meet safety & integrity of submarine pipeline
• Detection of potential pipeline spans along route
• Determine permissible pipeline span lengths
– To assess whether remedial action is required
– To propose corrective measures

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 MECHOCEAN
Vortex induced vibrations Eng. Solutions

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 MECHOCEAN
Vortex induced vibrations Eng. Solutions

Current

Vortex shedding

The cylinder starts to

vibrate, cross-flow and in-
line
13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani
 MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions

Vortex
patterns
behind a
cylinder
for varoius
Reynolds
number

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 Three key parameters, each linked to a MECHOCEAN
frequency Eng. Solutions

Strouhal number
fv  D
St 
Vortex shedding frequency; U
fixed cylinder
U
Reduced velocity
UR 
D  f0
Eigenfrequency, still water;
free oscillation tests
Non-dimensional frequency
ˆf  f osc  D
U
Oscillation (response) frequency
Forced oscillation tests

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 MECHOCEAN

Lock-In:
Eng. Solutions

The vortex shedding frequency and

eigenfrequency lock on to each other,

but:

eigenfrequency will be influenced from change of

added mass

and:

the oscillation itself will influence the vortex

shedding frequency

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 MECHOCEAN
VORTEX INDUCED VIBRATIONS Eng. Solutions

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 MECHOCEAN
Limiting Span Criteria Eng. Solutions

Static Stress (ULS)

– Pipe must not develop stress beyond yield
– Individual & total combined stress  max. % SMYS
Vortex-Induced Vibration
– In-line  in direction of water velocity; small amplitude
– Cross-flow  perpendicular to fluid direction; high amplitude; avoid
Bar (Global) Buckling
– Restrained pipeline  beam mode buckling may occur
Fatigue
– If VIV permitted  check to ensure pipeline has sufficient fatigue life

Introduction - Pipeline Loads - Span Analysis - Span Intervention -

Self-burial and Scour - VIV reduction - Lessons Learned -
13-Aug-16
Project Example - Summary
www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani
 MECHOCEAN
Engineering Guidelines Eng. Solutions

DNV-RP-F105
– Det Norske Veritas, Recommended Practice F105
– Most comprehensive methodology for calculating VIV induced stress
Methodology presented
– VIV screening
– Onset criteria
– Fatigue analysis
• All sources of fatigue loading must be considered
– In-line fatigue
– Cross-flow fatigue
– Direct wave fatigue
– Simplified techniques to determine response & natural frequency
• Marginal spans; detailed FE analysis  natural frequency

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 MECHOCEAN
Static Stress Criteria (ULS) Eng. Solutions

Environmental
& Functional
Loads

Max. bending
moment & stress

Comparison with
yield criteria

Solve critical
span length, LULS

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 MECHOCEAN
Bar Buckling Eng. Solutions

Occurs in restrained pipeline sections

Compressive axial force
Critical buckling load

EI
Pcr  C1 2
L2
– E = Elastic Modulus
– I = Second moment area of pipe
– C = Constant depending on end fixity (RP-F105)
– May account for effect of concrete stiffness  CSF

Introduction - Pipeline Loads - Span Analysis - Span Intervention -

Self-burial and Scour - VIV reduction - Lessons Learned -
13-Aug-16
Project Example - Summary
www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani
 MECHOCEAN
Eng. Solutions

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 MECHOCEAN
Span Assessment – Vertex Shedding Eng. Solutions

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 MECHOCEAN

VIV criteria
Eng. Solutions

Code: DNV-RP-F105
U – "Free-Spanning Pipelines"
fn 
VrD – Screening and onset criteria
eg. span length limited by onset
frequency
– Cross-flow or in-line
– Span natural frequency = onset frequency

fshedding = fnatural

VIV onset Estimate span Frequency Solve critical

frequency frequency comparison span length, LVIV

Introduction - Pipeline Loads - Span Analysis - Span Intervention -

Self-burial and Scour - VIV reduction - Lessons Learned -
13-Aug-16
Project Example - Summary
www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani
 MECHOCEAN

Fatigue Criteria (DNV-RP-F105)

Eng. Solutions

U
Vr 
fn D

Vibration Cycles @ stress

Stress Range Sum all damage
Amplitude range

Estimate span frequency s  amplitude

Apply waves & current

Introduction - Pipeline Loads - Span Analysis - Span Intervention -

Self-burial and Scour - VIV reduction - Lessons Learned -
13-Aug-16
Project Example - Summary
www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani
 MECHOCEAN
SPAN ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTION Eng. Solutions

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 MECHOCEAN
SPAN CORRECTION Eng. Solutions

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 MECHOCEAN
SPAN CORRECTION Eng. Solutions

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 MECHOCEAN
SPAN CORRECTION Eng. Solutions

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 MECHOCEAN
PROBLEM Eng. Solutions

Compute the lowest natural frequency of Vortex induced oscillations and the
corresponding reduced velocity for a span length of 50m with an effective axial
compressive force of 50kN. Consider the steady current velocity of 0.3 m/s.
Assume fixed ends for the span (C=3.5)

Hint: Use the following equation

C F P
N 1 (Natural Frequency)
L2 m PE
U
VR  (Reduced Velocity)
N D

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani

 MECHOCEAN
Questions Eng. Solutions

1. What is freespan and What are the causes of freespan?

2. Why is analysis of freespan necessary? How to mitigate or
reduce the effect of free span and explain?
3. What are the parameters that influence Pipeline or span
configuration on seabed
4. What are 3 key parameters with respect to the assessment
of Vertex induced vibrations
5. Derive the relation between the Reduced Velocity and
Strouhal number for the condition whne vortex shedding
freequency is equal to the natural freequency. For the given
condition, what is the value of reduced velocity for
Strouhal number of 0.2
6. What are the limiting span criteria? Briefly explain them
7. What are the methods generally used for span correction?

13-Aug-16 www.mechocean.com Dasharatha Achani