viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 -1- CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03

1 > KNnakmμnþEdlbMeBjedayRbB½n§mYy ebIfamBlkñúgRbB½n§fycuH 500 J .

dMeNaHRsay
KNnakmμnþEdlbMeBjedayRbB½n§ ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ W = −ΔU
eday ³ ΔU = −500 J < 0 ¬famBlkñúgfycuH¦

eyIg)n ³ W = −(500 J ) = 500 J

dUcenH ³ W = 500 J
2 > m:asIueRbIkemþAmYymanTinñpl e = 0.240 )nbMeBjkmμnþ 1250 J . edaysnμt;m:asIun
enHCam:asIunGIuedGal; .
k > KNnabrimaNkemþAEdlm:asIunRsUbBIFugkemþA .
x > KNnabrimaNkemþAEdlm:asIunpþl;[FugRtCak; .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnabrimaNkemþAEdlm:asIunRsUbBIFugkemþA ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ e=
W
Q
naM [ ³ Q =
h
W
e
h

eday ³ e = 0.240 , W = 1250 J

eyIg)n ³ Q = h
1250
0.240
= 5208 J

dUcenH ³ Q = 5208 J
h

x > KNnabrimaNkemþAEdlm:asIunpþl;[FugRtCak; ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ W = Q − Q h C naM[ ³ Q = Q −W
C h

eday ³ Q = 5208 J , W = 1250 J

h

RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre

Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 -2- CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
eyIg)n ³ Q = 5208 J − 1250 J = 3950 J
C

dUcenH ³ Q = 3950 J
C

3 > kmμnþEdleFVIelI]sμ½nkñúgry³eBlénlMnaMdüa)TicKW 140 J . KNnakMeNInfamBl

kñúgénRbB½n§KitCakaLÚrI .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnakMeNInfamBlkñúg ³
tamrUbmnþdüa):Tic ³ W = −ΔU ( ΔQ = 0 ) $ ΔU = −W
eday ³ W = −140 J < 0
eyIg)n ³ ΔU = −(−140 J ) = 140 J

dUcenH ³ ΔU = 140 J

4 > m:asIunGIuedGal;mYy)nbMeBjkmμnþ 300 J . eyIgdwgfam:asIun)nbeBa©jkemþAeTA

mCÄdæaneRkA 600 J . KNnaTinñplrbs;m:asIun .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaTinñplrbs;m:asIun ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ e=
W
Q
eday ³ W = Q − Q $ Q = W − Q
h C h C
h

eyIg)n ³ e=
W
W −Q C

eday ³ W = 300 J > 0 , Q = −600 JC

eyIg)n ³ e=
300 J
300 J − (−600 J )
= 0.33 = 33.3%

dUcenH ³ e = 33.3%

5 > m:asIunkakNUmYyRsUbkemþA 1200cal kñúgry³eBlmYyvdþ¬siuk¦ nigdMeNIrkarenA

cenøaHsItuNðPaB 500K nig 300K .
k > KNnaTinñplénm:asIun .
RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre
Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 -3- CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
x > KNnakemþAEdlbeBa©jedaym:asIun .
K > KNnakmμnþEdl)neFVIkñúgry³eBlmYyvdþKitCas‘Ul .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaTinñplénm:asIun ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ e = 1−
T
T
C

eday ³ T = 300 K , T = 500 K

C h

eyIg)n ³ e = 1−
300 K
500 K
= 0.40 = 40%

dUcenH ³ e = 40%

x > KNnakemþAEdlbeBa©jedaym:asIun ³
Q −Q
tamrUbmnþ ³ e=
Q
h
naM[ ³
C
Q = Q − eQ C h h
h

eday ³ Q = 1200Cal , e = 0.40

h

eyIg)n ³ Q = 1200 − (0.40 × 1200) = 720Cal

C

smmUl ³ Q = 720Cal
C

K > KNnakmμnþEdl)neFVIkñúgry³eBlmYyvdþ ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ W = Q − Q h C

eday ³ Q = 1200Cal , Q = 720Cal

h C

eyIg)n ³ W = 1200Cal − 720Cal = 480Cal = 480 × 4.19 = 2011J

dUcenH ³ W = 2011J
6 > m:asIunkakNUmYydMeNIrkarenAcenøaHsIutuNðPaB T = 850K nig T = 300K .kñúgvdþ
h C

nImYy²m:asIun)nbMeBjkmμnþ 1200 J kñúgry³eBl 0.25s .

k > KNnaTinñplénm:asIun .
x > KNnatémøGanuPaBmFüménm:asIun .
RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre
Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 -4- CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
K > KNnabrimaNkemþAEdlpþl;edaym:asIunenAsItuNðPaBx<s;bMput .
X> KNnabrimaNkemþAEdlpþl;edaym:asIunenAsItuNðPaBTabbMput .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaTinñplénm:asIun ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ e = 1−
T
T
C

eday ³ T = 300 K , T = 850 K

C h

eyIg)n ³ e = 1−
300 K
850 K
= 0.647 = 64.7%

dUcenH ³ e = 64.7%

x > KNnatémøGanuPaBmFüménm:asIun ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P=
W
Δt
eday ³ W = 1200J , Δt = 0.25s
eyIg)n ³ P=
1200 J
0.25s
= 4800W

dUcenH ³ P = 4800W

K > KNnabrimaNkemþAEdlpþl;edaym:asIunenAsItuNðPaBx<s;bMput ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ e=
W
Q
naM [ ³ Q =
W
e
h
h

eday ³ W = 1200J , e = 0.647

eyIg)n ³ Q =
1200 J
h
0.647
= 1855 J

dUcenH ³ Q = 1855 J h

X> KNnabrimaNkemþAEdlpþl;edaym:asIunenAsItuNðPaBTabbMput ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ W = Q − Q h naM[ ³
C Q = Q −W C h

eday ³ Q = 1855 J , W = 1200 J

h

eyIg)n ³ Q = 1855 J − 1200 J = 655 J

C

RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre

Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 -5- CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
dUcenH ³ Q = 655 JC

7 > kñúglMnaMGadüa)TicénbEmøgETm:UDINamicmYy famBlkñúgén]sμ½nfycuH 3.4 J . cUr

kMNt;famBlEdlbEmøgCakemþA nigkmμnþeFVIeTAelI]sμ½n .
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;famBlEdlbEmøgCakemþA nigkmμnþ ³
kñúglMnaMGadüa)TicfamBlkemþAminbþÚrCamYymCÄdæaneRkAeT eyIg)n ³
Q = 0J
eyIg)n ³ W = −ΔU
edayfamBlkñúgfycuH eyIg)n ³ ΔU = −3.4 J

eyIg)n ³ W = −(−3.4 J ) = 3.4 J

dUcenH ³ W = 3 .4 J
8 > eKeFVIkmμnþsrub 135 J elI]sμ½nmYy . KNnabrimaNkemþA ebIkñúgeBlbEmøgfamBl
kñúgfycuH 104 J .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnabrimaNkemþA ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ W = Q − ΔU naM[ ³ Q = W + ΔU

eday ³ W = 135J , ΔU = −104 J

eyIg)n ³ Q = 135 J − 104 J = −31J

dUcenH ³ Q = −31J

9 > BIsþúgkñúgsIuLaMgmYymanmuxkat; 0.010m . eRkamsm<aFefr 7.5 × 10 Pa BIsþúgpøas;TI

2 5

)nRbEvg 0.040m . KNnakmμnþEdlbMeBjedayBIsþúg .

dMeNaHRsay
RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre
Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 -6- CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
KNnakmμnþEdlbMeBjedayBIsþúg
kmμnþbMeBjedayBIsþúg ³ W = Fd
m:üageTot ³ P=
F
A
naM[ ³ F = PA

eyIg)n ³ W = PAd
eday ³ P = 7.5 × 10 Pa , A = 0.010m , d = 0.040m
5 2

eyIg)n ³ W = 7.5 × 10 × 0.010 × 0.040 = 3.0 × 10 J

5 2

dUcenH ³ W = 3.0 × 10 J 2

10 > kñúgm:asIunmYycMhay)npøas;TIcUleTAkñúgsIuLaMgmYyedayrkSasm<aFefr nig)n

eFVIkmμnþelIBIsþúg 0.84 J . BIsþúgmanGgát;p©it 1.6cm nigpøas;TI)n 2.1cm . KNnasm<aF
efrrbs;m:asIun .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnasm<aF efrrbs;m:asIun ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P=
F
A
eday ³ F=
W
d
eyIg)n ³ P=
W
dA
eday ³ W = 0.84 J , d = 2.1cm = 2.1× 10 m −2

d2 (1.6 × 10 −2 ) 2
A=π =π = 2.0 × 10 − 4 m 2
4 4
eyIg)n ³ P=
0.84
2.1 × 10 − 2 × 2.0 × 10 − 4
= 2.0 × 10 5 Pa

dUcenH ³ P = 2.0 × 10 Pa 5

11 > m:UT½rsaMgénrfynþerNUl)nTTYlkemþA 2.1× 10 J / s edIm,IeFVI[manbnÞúHsIuLaMg

5

\n§n³. va)nbeBa©jkemþA 1.3 × 10 J / s eTAmCÄdæaneRkA .

5

k > KNnakmμnþEdleFVIedayBIsþúgkñúgry³eBlmYyvinaTI .
x > KNnaTinñplkemþAénm:UT½r .
RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre
Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 -7- CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
K > eKdwgfam:UT½rmanTinñplemkanik 0.85 . KNnakmμnþEdlePøAm:UT½r)nTTYl
kñúgry³eBlmYyvinaTI .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnakmμnþEdleFVIedayBIsþúgkñúgry³eBlmYyvinaTI ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ W = Q − Q M h C

eday ³ Q = 2.1 × 10 J , Q = 1.3 × 10 J

h
5
C
5

eyIg)n ³ W = 2.1× 10 J − 1.3 × 10 J = 0.8 × 10 J

M
5 5 5

dUcenH ³ W = 0.8 × 10 J
M
5

x > KNnaTinñplkemþAénm:UT½r ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ e =
W
Q
C
M

eday ³ W = 0.8 × 10 J , Q = 2.1× 10 J

M
5
h
5

0.8 × 10 J 5
eyIg)n ³ e =
2.1 × 10 J
C = 0.38 = 38%
5

dUcenH ³ e = 38%C

K > KNnakmμnþEdlePøAm:UT½r)nTTYl ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ e=
W
W
U
naM[ ³ W = e × W U M
M

eday ³ e = 0.85 , W = 0.8 × 10 J

M
5

eyIg)n ³ W = 0.85 × 0.8 × 10 J = 6.8 × 10P J T Q

U
5 4
2

lMnaMGadüa)Tik
2

dUcenH ³ W = 6.8 × 10 J
U
4
a

12 > bgðaj[eXIjfavdþkaNUkñúgrUbeyIg)n QQ = TT . 2
b
2

T 1 1
1

snμt;fa 1mol én]sμ½nbrisuT§KWCasarFatuEdleFVIkmμnþ

d
edayykmantémøviC¢man . c
V
Q1

RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre

Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 -8- CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
dMeNaHRsay
bgðaj[eXIjfa QQ = TT ³ 2 2

1 1

-kñúglMnaM a − b ]sμ½nrIkmaDtamlMnaMGIusUETm eyIg)nfamBlkñúgminmankarpøas;bþÚr .

eyIg)nfamBlkemþA Q EdlRsUbBIFugkemþA T esμInwgkmμnþEdlbMeBj .
2 2

eyIg)n ³ W = Q − ΔU = Q ab 2 2

⎛V ⎞
smmUl ³ Q = W = nRT ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (1)
2 ab 2
b

V ⎝ a ⎠
⎛V ⎞
-dUcKñaEdrcMeBaHlMnaMpøÚv c − d eyIg)n ³ Q1 = Wcd = nRT1 ln⎜⎜ d ⎟⎟
⎝ Vc ⎠
-kñúglMnaMpøÚv b − c CalMnaMGadüa)Tik eyIg)n ³ Vb Vc
=
T2 T1
$ T1Vb = T2Vc

-kñúglMnaMpøÚv d − a CalMnaMGadüa)Tik eyIg)n ³ Vd Va

=
T1 T2
$ T1Va = T2Vd

eyIg)n ³ T1Vb T2Vc

=
T1Va T2Vd
smmUl ³ Vb Vc
=
Va Vd
⎛V ⎞
eyIg)n ³ Q1 = Wcd = nRT1 ln⎜⎜ b ⎟⎟ (2)
⎝ Va ⎠
⎛V ⎞
nRT2 ln⎜⎜ b ⎟⎟
(1) / (2) eyIg)n ³ Q2
= ⎝ Va ⎠ = T2
Q1 ⎛ V ⎞ T1
nRT1 ln⎜⎜ b ⎟⎟
⎝ Va ⎠
dUcenH ³ Q2 T2
=
Q1 T1
13 > m:asIunkaNUmYydMeNIrkarrvagsItuNðPaB 317 C nig 67 C . o o

KNnaTinñplkemþAénm:asIun .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaTinñplkemþAénm:asIun ³
T −T
tamrUbmnþ ³ e=
T
h c

RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre

Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 -9- CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
eday ³ T = 317 C = 317 + 273 = 590 K , T = 67 C = 67 + 273 = 340 K
h
o
c
o

590 K − 340 K
eyIg)n ³ e=
590 K
= 0.42 = 42%

dUcenH ³ e = 42%

14 > RbePTm:asIunkaNUmYyRtUv)nerobcMeLIgedaydMeNIrkarrvagsItuNðPaB 480K nig

300 K . edaysnμt;fam:asIunplitfamBlemkanik 1.2kJ eBlRsUbkemþA 1kCal .

cUreRbobeFob TinñplGtibrma¬kemþA¦ nigTinñplBit¬)nkar¦.

dMeNaHRsay
eRbobeFob TinñplGtibrma¬kemþA¦ nigTinñplBit¬)nkar¦³
T −T
-TinñplkemþA ³ e =
T
H
h c

eday ³ T = 480 K , T = 300 K

h c

480 K − 300 K
eyIg)n ³ e = H
480 K
= 0.375 = 37.5%

-Tinñpl)nkar ³ e =
W
W
U
U

eday ³ W = 1.2kJ = 1.2 × 10 J , W = Q = 1kCal = 1× 4.184 × 10 J

U
3
M h
3

1.2 × 10 J 3
eyIg)n ³ e =
4.184 × 10 J
U = 0.287 = 28.7% 3

eyIg)n ³ e
e
=
37.5%
H

28.7%
= 1.30
U

dUcenH ³ e
e
= 1.30H
¬Tinñpl)nkartUcCagfamBlkemþA 1.30 dg¦
U

15 > KNnakmμnþGtibrmaEdlm:asIunkaNUmYyGacbegáIteLIgeBlTTYlkemþA 1kCal

ebIvaRsUbkemþAenAsItuNðPaB 427 C nigenARtwm 177 C .
o o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnakmμnþGtibrma ³
Q −Q T −T
tamrUbmnþ ³ e=
Q
= h

T
c h c

h h

RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre

Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 - 10 - CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
eday ³ Qh = 1kCal = 4.184 × 10 3 J , Th = 427 o C = 427 + 273 = 700 K

Tc = 177 o C = 177 + 273 = 450 K

Q h − Qc 700 K − 450 K
eyIg)n ³ 4.184 × 10 3
=
700 K
⎛ − 450 K ⎞
smmUl ³ Q h − Qc = ⎜
⎝
700 K
700 K
⎟4.184 × 10 = 1.49 × 10 J
⎠
3 3

dUcenH ³ W = Q − Q = 1.49 × 10 J h c
3

16 > m:asIunkaNUbrisuT§mYyTTYlkemþABIRbPBEdlmansItuNðPaB
317 C bMeBjkmμnþxøH nigpþl;famBlEdlenAsl;eTA[FugkemþAmYyenAsItuNðPaB
o

117 C . KNnakmμnþEdlm:asIun)nbMeBj nigkemþAEdl)npþl;eTA[FugkemþA

o

ebIm:asIunTTYlkemþABIRbPB 500kCal .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnakmμnþEdlm:asIun)nbMeBj nigkemþAEdl)npþl;eTA[FugkemþA ³
Q −Q T −T
tamrUbmnþ ³ e=
Q
=
T
h c h c

h h

eday ³ Q = 500kCal , T = 317 C = 317 + 273 = 590 K

h h
o

Tc = 117 o C = 117 + 273 = 390 K

500kCal − Q 590 K − 390 K
eyIg)n ³ 500kCal
=
590 K
c

⎛ 590 K − 390 K ⎞
smmUl ³ Q = 500kCal − ⎜
c
⎝ 590 K
⎟500kCal = 331kCal
⎠
m:üageTot ³ W = Q − Q = 500kCal − 331kCal = 169kCal = 169 × 4.184kJ = 707kJ
h c

dUcenH ³ W = 707kJ , Q = 331kCal c

17 > m:asIuneRbIcMhayTwkmYYycab;epþImdMeNIrkarrvagsItuNðPaBcMhay 220 C o

nigsItuNðPaBRtCak; 35 C edaypþl;nUvGanuPaB 8hp ¬esH¦. KNnakemþARsUbkñúgmYy

o

vinaTIedayRbdab;cMhay nigkemþAbeBa©jkñúgmYyvinaTIKitCakaLÚrI .

RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre

Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 - 11 - CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
ebIm:asIunkaNUdMeNIrkarrvag sItuNðPaBkMNt;TaMgenHmanTinñpl 30% énTinñplkemþA
.
dMeNaHRsay
KNnakemþARsUbkñúgmYyvinaTIedayRbdab;cMhay nig nigkemþAbeBa©jkñúgmYyvinaTI ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ e=
W
W
=
W
Q
U
naM [ ³ Q =U W
e
h
U

M h

smmUl ³ W /s
Qh / s = U
e
T −T
tamTinñpl)nkar ³ e = 30%e = 0.3 ×
T
H
h c

eday ³ T = 35 C = 35 + 273 = 308K , T = 220 C = 220 + 273 = 493K

c
o
h
o

493K − 308K
eyIg)n ³ e = 0.3 ×
493K
= 0.113

m:üageTot ³ W / s = 8hp / s = 8 × 746 J / s = 5968J / s

U

eyIg)n ³ Q / s = 5968 h
J /s
0.113
= 52841.16 J / s =
52841.16Cal / s
4.184
= 12.62 × 10 Cal / s 3

dUcenH ³ Q / s = 12.62 × 10 Cal / s

h
3

Q −Q
Et ³ e=
Q
h
naM[ ³
c
Q = Q − eQ c h h
h

smmUl ³ Q / s = [Q (1 − e)] / s
c h

eday ³ Q / s = 12.62 × 10 Cal / s , e = 0.113

h
3

eyIg)n ³ Q / s = 12.62 × 10 Cal / s (1 − 0.113) = 11.19 × 10 Cal / s

c
3 3

dUcenH ³ Q / s = 11.19 × 10 Cal / s

c
3

18 > düaRkam p − T kñúgrUbtag[vd þénm:asIuneRbI]sμ½nmYy . enATItaMgmYy]sμ½nmansm<aF

p =1atm manmaD V = 10l nigsItuNðPaB t = 27 C .
1 1 1
o

k > cUrbBa¢ak;eQμaHlMnaMnI mYy²kñúgvKÁTaMgbYnénvdþdMeNIrkar .

x > tamdüaRkam nigkarKNnacUrkMNt;sm<aF
RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre
Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 - 12 - CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
maD nigsItuNðPaBRtg;TItaMg 2 , 3, 4 . P (atm)

K > cUrKUsdüaRkam p − V nigdüaRkam V − T . 3

2 3

1
4
dMeNaHRsay 1

0
k > bBa¢ak;eQμaHlMnaMnI mYy²kñúgvKÁTaMgbYnénvdþdMeNIrkar ³ 300 T (K )

-lMnaMpøÚv 1 − 2 lMnaMmansItuNðPaBefrCalMnaMGIusUETm .
-lMnaMpøÚv 2 − 3 lMnaMmansm<aFefrCalMnaMGIu)r .
-lMnaMpøÚv 3 − 4 lMnaMmansItuNðPaBefrCalMnaMGIusUETm .
-lMnaMpøÚv 4 − 1 lMnaMmansm<aFefrCalMnaMGIu)r .
x > tamdüaRkam nigkarKNnacUrkMNt;sm<aF maD nigsItuNðPaBRtg;TItaMg 2 , 3, 4 ³
-tamdüaRkam eyIg)n ³ p = p = 1atm , p = p = 3atm
1 4 2 3

-düaRkamlMnaM 1 − 3 sm<aFERbRbYltamsItuNðPaB eyIg)n ³ V = V = 10l 1 3

eyIg)n ³ p
T
=
p
T
1 3
naM [ ³ T =
Tp
p
3
1 3

1 3 1

eday ³ T = 27 = 27 + 273 = 300 K , p = 3atm , p = 1atm

1
o
3 1

300 K × 3atm
eyIg)n ³ T = 3
1atm
= 900 K

tamdüaRkameyIg)n ³ T = T = 300 K , T = T = 300 K

1 2 3 3

-düaRkamlMnaM 1 − 2 sItuNðPaBefr eyIg)n ³ p V = pV 2 2 1 1

naM[ ³ V = ppV 2
1 1

eday ³ V = 10l , p = 1atm , p = 3atm

1 1 2

× 10l 10
eyIg)n ³ V = 1atm3atm 2 = l
3
-düaRkamlMnaM 3 − 4 sItuNðPaBefr eyIg)n ³ pV = pV 3 3 4 4

RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre

Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 - 13 - CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
naM[ ³ V = ppV 4
3 3

eday ³ V = 10l , p = 3atm , p = 1atm

3 3 4

× 10l
eyIg)n ³ V = 3atm 1atm
= 30l
3

dUcenH ³ V = 10l , V = 103 l , V = 10l , V

1 2 3 4 = 30l

K > KUsdüaRkam p − V nigdüaRkam V − T ³

P
V

2 3
4

1
3
1 4
2
0 0
V T

19 > k > cUrsresrTMnak;TMngRKwHETm:UDINamicén]sμ½nrvagmaD sm<aF nigsItuNðPaB

kñúglMnaMERbRbYlPaBén]sμ½nedaybBa¢ak;eQμaHlMnaMnImYy²kñúgkrNI ³
- sItuNðPaBefr - maDefr - sm<aFefr
x > cUrKUsdüaRkamtag p − V , p − T nig V − T kñúglMnaMnImYy²xagelI .
dMeNaHRsay
sresrTMnak;TMngRKwHén]sμ½n ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ pV
T
=
pV
T
1 1 2 2

1 2

- sItuNðPaBefr ( T = T ) CalMnaMGIusUkr ¬c,ab;sal¦ ³ p V = p V

1 2 1 1 2 2

- maDefr (V = V ) CalMnaMGIusUETm ¬c,ab;b‘y-m:ar:üÚt¦ ³ Tp = Tp

1 2
1 2

1 2

- sm<aFefr ( p 1 = p2 ) CalMnaMGIusU)r¬c,ab;ekluysak; ¦ ³ V1 V2
=
T1 T2

RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre

Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 - 14 - CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
x > KUsdüaRkamtag p − V , p − T nig V − T kñúglMnaMnImYy²xagelI ³
-lMnaMGIusUEmr ³
P V
P

1 1 2

2 1
2
0 0 0
V T T

-lMnaMGIusUkr ³
P V
P
2 2

1 2
1
1
0 0 0
V T T

-lMnaMGIusU)r ³
V
P P
2

1 2 1 2 1

0 0 0
V T T

RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre

Noey kuslBlog
viTüasa®sþrUbviTüafñak;TI12 - 15 - CMBUkTI01 emeronTI03
20 > cUrbMElgBIdüaRkam p − V eTACadüaRkam P − T
nig V − T ¬rUbTI1¦ BIdüaRkam p − T eTACadüaRkam p − V nigdüaRkam V − T .
P P

2 3 4

2
1 1
3
0
dMeNaHRsay0
V T

-bMElgBIdüaRkam p − V eTACadüaRkam P − T nig V − T ³

P V
2 3

1 3 1 2
0 0
-bMElgBIdüaRkam p − T eTACadüaRkam p − V nigdüaRkam V − T ³
T T

P
V

3 1
4

2
4
2 1
3
0 0
V T

rrrnnnnnsss
nnnn
nn
n

RTwsþIsIuenTicén]sμ½n - 15- hak; Tre

Noey kuslBlog