1 > crnþGKÁisnI I = 2 A qøgkat;GgÁFatucmøgGUmmYyElmanersIusþg; R = 100Ω .

KNnaplsgb:Utg;EsülénGgÁFatucmøgGUm .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaplsgb:Utg;EsülénGgÁFatucmøgGUm ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ V = RI eday ³ I = 2 A , R = 100Ω

eyIg)n ³ V = 2 × 100 = 200V

dUcenH ³ V = 200V
2 > ExScmøgmYymanRbEvg l = 100m muxkat; A = 250mm manersIusÞIvIet ρ = 2.5×10 Ωm .
2 −8

KNnaersIusþg;énExScmøgenH .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaplsgb:Utg;EsülrvagcMNuc A nig B ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ R=ρ
l
A
eday ³ ρ = 2.5 ×10 Ωm , l = 100m , A = 250mm = 250×10 m
−8 2 −6 2

eyIg)n ³ R = 2.5 × 10 ×
100
−8

250 × 10 −6
−2
= 10 Ω

dUcenH ³ R = 10 Ω−2

3 > ExScmøgmYymanersIusþg; R = 50Ω enAsIutuNðPaB 0 C . KNnaersIusþg;énExScmøg

0
0

enHenAsItuNðPaB 50 C ebIExScmøgmanemKuNkemþA α = 0.005 / C .

0 0

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaersIusþg;énExScmøg ³
1 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I
tamrUbmnþ ³ R = R0 (1 + αt )

eday ³ α = 0.005 / 0 C , t = 50 0 C , R0 = 50Ω

eyIg)n ³ R = 50[1 + (0.005 × 50)] = 62.5Ω

dUcenH ³ R = 62.5Ω

4 > KNnaRbEvgExScmøgmYyEdlmanersIusþg; R = 2Ω manmuxkat; 0.1cm nigman 2

ersIusÞIvIet ρ = 2.5 × 10 Ωm .
−8

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaRbEvgExScmøg ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ R=ρ
A
l
naM [ ³ l=
RA
ρ
eday ³ ρ = 2.5 × 10 Ωm , R = 2Ω , A = 0.1cm = 0.1 × 10 m
−8 2 −4 2

−4
2 × 0.1 × 10
eyIg)n ³ l= −8
2.5 × 10
= 800m

dUcenH ³ l = 800m

5 > m:UT½rGKÁisnImYymankmøaMgRcasGKÁisnIclkr E ' = 24V nigersIusþg;kñúg r ' = 2Ω eRbI

eRkamtg;süúg V = 48V .
KNnaGanuPaBemkanikbeBa©jedaym:UT½r .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaGanuPaBemkanikbeBa©jedaym:UT½r ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ UP = E' I

m:üageTot ³ V = E '+ Ir ' $ I = V −r ' E '

⎛ V − E' ⎞
eyIg)n ³ UP = E'⎜
⎝ r' ⎠
⎟

eday ³ V = 48V , E ' = 24V , r ' = 2Ω

2 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

 ⎛ 48 − 24 ⎞
eyIg)n ³ PU = 24⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟ = 288W

dUcenH ³ PU = 288W

6>tg;süúgrvagb:UlTaMgBIrénCnitamYymantémø V = 10V kalNavabeB©ajcrnþ I

1 1 = 3A

ehIyvamantg;süúg V = 8.8V kalNavabeB©ajcrnþ I = 5 A .

2 2

KNnakmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr E nigersIusþg;kñúg r rbs;Cnita .

dMeNaHRsay
KNnakmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr E nigersIusþg;kñúg r ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ V = E − Ir
-eBl V = 10V enaH I = 3 A eyIg)n ³ 10 = E − 3r (1)
1 1

-eBl V = 10V enaH I = 3 A eyIg)n ³

2 2 8.8 = E − 5r (2)

(1) – (2) eyIg)n ³ 1.2 = 0 + 2r naM[ ³ 1.2

r= = 0.6Ω
2
(1) eyIg)n ³ E = 10 + (3 × 0.6) = 11.8V

dUcenH ³ E = 11.8V , r = 0.6Ω

7 >eKP¢ab;b:UlTaMgBIrénCnitamYyEdlmankmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr E = 12V nigmanersIusþg;

kñúg r = 1Ω eTA[m:UT½rGKÁisnImYyEdlmankmøaMgRcasGKÁisnIclkr E ' = 3V nigersIusþg;
kñúg r ' = 2Ω .
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþEdlqøgkat;esoKVI .
x > KNnatg;süúgénCnita .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþEdlqøgkat;esoKVI ³
tamc,ab;GUmTUeTA ³ E − E ' = ∑ IR smmUl ³ E − E ' = I (r + r ' )
E − E'
naM[ ³ I=
r + r'
3 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I
eday ³ E = 12V , E ' = 3V , r = 1Ω , r ' = 2Ω
12 − 3
eyIg)n ³ I=
1+ 2
= 3A

dUcenH ³ I = 3A

8 > eKeFVI[crnþGKÁisnI I = 2 A qøgkat;muxkat;énExScmøgmYykñúgry³eBl t = 30s .

k > KNnabrimaNbnÞúkGKÁisnIEdlqøgkat;ExScmøg .
x > KNnacMnYneGLicRtugEdlqøgkat;ExScmøg ebI − e = 1.6 × 10 C . −19

dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnabrimaNbnÞúkGKÁisnIEdlqøgkat;ExScmøg ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ q = It

eday ³ I = 2 A , t = 30 s

eyIg)n ³ q = 2 × 30 = 60C

dUcenH ³ q = 60C

x > KNnacMnYneGLicRtugEdlqøgkat;ExScmøg ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ q = n−e naM[ ³ n=
q
−e

eday ³ − e = 1.6 × 10 −19 C , q = 60C

eyIg)n ³ n=
60C
−19
1.6 × 10 C
= 3.75 × 10 20

dUcenH ³ n = 3.75 × 10 20

9 > KNnael,ÓneGLicRtugrt;kñúgExSTg;EdgEdlmanmuxkat; 2mm qøgkat;edaycrnþ

2

2 A . eK[m:asm:UlénExSTg;Edg 63.5 g / mol / m:asmaDTg;Edg ρ = 8.9 × 10 kg / m nig3 3

cMnYnGav:UkaRdU N = 6.02 × 10 ebIGatUmnImYy²maneGLicRtugesrIcMnYnmYy .

23

dMeNaHRsay
KNnael,ÓneGLicRtugrt;kñúgExSTg;Edg ³
4 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I
tamrUbmnþ ³ I = nAve naM[ ³ v=
I
nAe
(*)

-m:asGatUmnImYy² ³ m = mN = 6.0263×.510g = 1.05 × 10 g = 1.05 × 10 kg

atom
mol
23
− 22 − 25

-cMnYnGatUmkñúgmYyxñatépÞ ³ n = mρ = 81.9.05× 10× 10kg /kgm = 8.47 × 10 atoms / m

3 3
28 3
atom / m 3 − 25
atom

-GatUmnImYy²maneGLicRtugesrImYy eyIg)n ³ n = n = 8.47 × 10 e / m atom / m 3

28 − 3

eday ³ −6
I = 2 A , A = 2mm = 2 × 10 m , e = 1.6 × 10 C
2 2 −19

(*)eyIg)n ³ 2 −5
v= −6
= 7.37 × 10 m / s
−19
8.47 × 10 × 2 × 10 × 1.6 × 10
28

dUcenH ³ −5
v = 7.37 × 10 m / s

10 > ersIusþg;mYyqøgkat;edaycrnþ I = 0.5 A manplsgb:Utg;Esül V = 12V . KNna

témøersIusþg;enH .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaersIusþg; ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ V = RI $ R = VI
eday ³ V = 12V , I = 5 A
eyIg)n ³ R=
12
0.5
= 24Ω

dUcenH ³ R = 24Ω

11 > ExScmøgmYymanGgát;p©it d = 1mm manRbEvg l = 314m ehIymanersIusÞIvIet

ρ = 1.6 × 10 Ωm . KNnaersIusþg;énExScmøgenH .
−8

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaersIusþg;énExScmøg ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ R=ρ
l
A
eday ³ ρ = 1.6 × 10 Ωm , l = 314m
−8

5 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

 π d2 π (10 −3 ) 2
A= = = π 2.5 × 10 −7 m 2 ( d = 1mm = 10 −3 m )
4 4
eyIg)n ³ R = 1.6 × 10 −8 ×
314
π 2.5 × 10 −7
= 6.4Ω

dUcenH ³ R = 6 .4 Ω

12 > bUb‘ÍnmYymanGgát;p©it D = 5cm rMunwgExScmøgmYyEdlmanGgát;p©it d = 0.8mm man

ersIusÞIvIet ρ = 1.6 × 10 Ωm nigmancMnYnes<ór 1000 es<ór . KNnaersIusþg;énbUb‘ÍnenH .
−8

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaersIusþg;énbUb‘Ín ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ R=ρ
l
A
πd 2
eday ³ l = πDN , A =
4
πDN 4 ρDN
eyIg)n ³ R=ρ
πd
= 2
d 2

4
eday ³ ρ = 1.6 × 10 −8 Ωm , d = 0.8mm = 0.8 × 10 −3 m 2 , D = 5cm = 5 × 10 −2 m

N = 1000
4 × 1.6 × 10 −8 × 5 × 10 −2 × 1000
eyIg)n ³ R= −2 2
(0.8 × 10 )
= 5 × 10 − 2 Ω

dUcenH ³ R = 5 × 10 −2 Ω

13 > ExScmøgmYymanersIusþg; R = 10Ω enAsItuNðPaB 40 C hIymanersIusþg; R = 40Ω

0
0

enAsItuNðPaB 15 C . KNnaemKuNkemþA α .
0

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaemKuNkemþA α ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ R = R (1 + α t )
0

R
−1
R − R0
naM[ ³ α=
R0
t
=
R0 t
6 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I
eday ³ R0 = 10Ω , R = 40Ω , t = 40 0 C
40 − 10
eyIg)n ³ α=
10 × 40
= 7.5 × 10 − 2 / 0 C

dUcenH ³ α = 7.5 × 10 −2 / 0 C

14 > ExScmøgmYymanersIusþg; R = 20Ω enAsItuNðPaB 40 C . KNnaersIusþg;énExS

1
0

cmøgenAsItuNðPaB t = 60 C ebIExSmanemKuNkemþA α = 0.002 / C .

0 0

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaersIusþg;énExS cmøg ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ R = R (1 + α t )
0

-enAsItuNðPaB t = 40 C ³ R = R (1 + α t )
1
0
1 0 1

-enAsItuNðPaB t = 60 C ³ R = R (1 + α t )
2
0
2 0 2

R (1 + α t ) (1 + α t )
eyIg)n ³ R
R
=
2 0

R (1 + α t )
naM [ ³
2
R =
(1 + α t )
R 2
2
1
1 0 1 1

eday ³ α = 0.002 / C , t = 40 C , t = 60 C , R = 20Ω

0
1
0
2
0
1

1 + (0.002 × 60)
eyIg)n ³ R =2
1 + (0.002 × 40)
× 20 = 20.74Ω

dUcenH ³ R = 20.74Ω
2

15 > eKP¢ab;b:UlTaMgBIrénCnitamYyEdlmankmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr E = 12V nigersIusþg;

r = 1Ω eTAesoKVIeRkAEdlmankMesovGKÁisnImYymanersIusþg; R = 200Ω .

k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;esoKVI nigtg;süúgrvagb:UlénCnita .

x > KNnafamBlGKÁisnIsIuedaykMesovkñúgry³eBl 30mn .
cemøIy
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;esoKVI nigtg;süúgrvagb:UlénCnita ³
tamc,ab;GUmTUeTA ³ E = ∑ RI ( E ' = 0) smmUl ³ E = (R + r)I

naM[ ³ I=
E
R+r
7 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I
eday ³ E = 12V , R = 200Ω , r = 1Ω

eyIg)n ³ I=
12
200 + 1
−2
= 5.97 × 10 A

dUcenH ³ I = 5.97 × 10 A−2

x > KNnafamBlGKÁisnIsIuedaykMesov ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ W = VIt = RI t 2

eday ³ −2
R = 200Ω , I = 5.97 × 10 A , t = 30mn = 1800s

eyIg)n ³ W = 200 × (5.97 × 10 ) × 1800 = 1283J

−2 2

dUcenH ³ W = 1283J
16 > m:UT½rGKÁisnImYymankmøaMgRcasGKÁisnIclkr E ' = 15V pþl;kmμnþemkanikW U = 420 J

kñúgry³eBl t = 9mn20s .
k > KNnaGanuPaBemkanik nigGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;m:UT½r .
x > KNnaersIusþg;kñúgrbs;m:UT½r ebIm:UT½rpþl;Tinñpl 60% .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaGanuPaBemkanik nigGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;m:UT½r ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ W = P t naM[ ³
U U U P =
W
t
U

eday ³ W = 420 J , t = 9mn20s = 560s

U

eyIg)n ³ U P =
420
560
= 0.75W

dUcenH ³ U P = 0.75W

m:üageTot ³ W = E ' It naM[ ³

U I=
W
U

E't
eday ³ E ' = 15V , W = 420W , t = 560s
U

eyIg)n ³ I=
420
15 × 560
= 0.05 A

dUcenH ³ I = 0.05 A

8 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

x > KNnaersIusþg;kñúgrbs;m:UT½r ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P = rI
J
2
naM[ ³ r=
P
I
J
2

edayTinñiplm:UT½resμI 60% enaHkMhattamkemþA 40% eyI)nGanuPaBkemþA ³

PU × 40 0.75 × 40
PJ = = = 0.5W
60 60
m:üageTot ³ I = 0.05 A

eyIg)n ³ r=
0.5
(0.05) 2
= 200Ω

dUcenH ³ r = 200Ω

17 > eK[esoKVImYymanCnitaEdlmankmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr E = 12V nigersIusþg;kñúg

r = 1Ω GgÁFatucmøgGUm R = 5Ω nigm:UT½rEdlmankmøaMgRcasGKÁisnIclkr E ' = 10V nig

ersIusþg;kñúg r ' = 2Ω . E ,r

k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþkñúgesoKVI . R
x > KNnaGanuPaBkemþAEdlPayecjBIersIusþg; R. E', r'

K > KNnaGanuPaBGKÁisnIsIuedaym:UT½r .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþkñúgesoKVI ³
tamc,ab;GUmTUeTA ³ E − E ' = ∑ RI smmUl ³ E − E ' = ( R + r '+ r ) I
E − E'
naM[ ³ I=
R + r '+ r
eday ³ E = 12V , E ' = 10V , R = 5Ω , r ' = 2Ω , r = 1Ω
12 − 10
eyIg)n ³ I=
5 + 2 +1
= 0.25 A

dUcenH ³ I = 0.25 A

x > KNnaGanuPaBkemþAEdlPayecjBIersIusþg; R ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P = RI
eR
2

9 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

eday ³ R = 5Ω , I = 0.25 A

eyIg)n ³ P = 5 × (0.25) = 0.3125 J

eR
2

dUcenH ³ P = 0.3125 J
eR

K > KNnaGanuPaBsIuedaym:UT½r ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P = V I = ( E '+ r ' I ) I
eM M

eday ³ E ' = 10V , r ' = 2Ω , I = 0.25 A

eyIg)n ³ P = [10 + (2 × 0.25)]0.25 = 2.625W

eM

dUcenH ³ P = 2.625W
eM

18 > ExScmøgmYymanGgát;p©it 0.20mm qøgkat;edaycrnþ I = 2 A kñúgry³eBl 20s .

k > KNnabrimaNbnÞúkGKÁisnIqøgkat;ExScmøg .
x > KNnacMnYneGLicRtugqøgkat;ExScmøg .
K > KNnadg;sIuetcrnþeFobnwgépÞmuxkat;ExScmøg .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnabrimaNbnÞúkGKÁisnIqøgkat;ExScmøg ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ q = It

eday ³ I = 2 A , t = 20s

eyIg)n ³ q = 2 × 20 = 40C

dUcenH ³ q = 2 × 20 = 40C

x > KNnacMnYneGLicRtugqøgkat;ExScmøg ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ q = n−e naM[ ³ n=
q
−e

eday ³ q = 40C , − e = −1.6 × 10 −19 C

eyIg)n ³ n=
40C
−19
1.6 × 10 C
= 2.5 × 10 20

10 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

dUcenH ³ n = 2.5 × 10 20

K > KNnadg;sIuetcrnþeFobnwgépÞmuxkat;ExScmøg ³
πd 2
ebI J Cadg;sIuetcrnþ eyIg)n ³ J=
I
A
eday ³ A=
4
eyIg)n ³ J=
πd
I
=
4I
πd 2 2

4
eday ³ I = 2 A , d = 0.20mm = 0.20 × 10 −3 m
4× 2
eyIg)n ³ J=
π × (0.20 × 10 )
−3 2
= 6.36 × 10 7 A / m 2

dUcenH ³ J = 6.36 × 10 7 A / m 2

19 > eKmanersIusþg;bYn R = 9Ω , R = 15Ω , R = 40Ω , R = 60Ω pÁúMdUcerUbEdlP¢ab;

1 2 3 4

eTAtg;süúg V = 12V .
R
k > KNnaersIusþg;smmUlénbgÁúM . V R R
1

3 4
R
x > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;ersIusþg;nImYy ² . 2

dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaersIusþg;smmUlénbgÁúM ³
40 × 60
- R , R pÁúMCaExñg eyIg)n ³
3 4 R =
RR
R +R
=
40 + 60
3, 4 = 24Ω
3 4

3 4

- R , R , R pÁúMCaes‘rI eyIg)n ³
1 2 3, 4 R = R + R + R = 9 + 15 + 24 = 48Ω
1 2 3, 4

dUcenH ³ R = 48Ω
R
x > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;ersIusþg;nImYy ² ³ V R R
1

3 4

tamrUbmnþ ³ V = RI $ I = VR I R I 2 1

I
eday ³ V = 12V , R = 48Ω 2

eyIg)n ³ I=
12
48
= 0.25 A

dUcenHcrnþqøgkat; R , R KW ³
1 2 I = 0.25 A

11 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

 V3, 4
m:üageTot ³ V3, 4 = R3 I 1 naM[ ³ I1 =
R3
eday ³ V3, 4 = V − V1 − V2 = V − I ( R1 + R2 ) = 12 − 0.25(9 + 15) = 6V

R3 40Ω

eyIg)n ³ I1 =
6
40
= 0.15 A

eday ³ I =I +I 1 2 naM[ ³ I 2 = I − I 1 = 0.25 A − 0.15 A = 0.10 A

dUcenHcrnþqøgkat; R , R KW ³
3 4 I 1 = 0.15 A , I 2 = 0.10 A

20 > eKmanbgÁúMdUcrUbEdlCnitanImYy²manersIusþg;Gacecal R1

)n nigmankmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr E = 6.0V , E = 10.0V .

1 2 E1 R2
E2
eKdwgfacrnþqøgkat;ersIusþg; R manGaMgtg;sIuet I = 2.0 A nig
2 2

R = 2.0Ω . KNna R nigKNnacrnþqøgkat; R .

1 2 1

dMeNaHRsay A R2
I2
KNna R ³ 2
I 3
E1
I1
R1
E2
kMNt;TisedAcrnþdUcrUbeyIg)n ³
B
-tg;süúgrvageKal E , R ³ V = E − R I = 10.0 − R I (2)
2 1 AB 2 2 2 2 2

-tg;süúgrvageKal E ³ V = E = 6.0V $ V = −6.0V

1 BA 1 AB

10.0 + 6.0
eyIg)n ³ − 6.0 = 10.0 − R I naM[ ³ R =
2 2
2
= 8.0Ω 2

-tg;süúgrvageKal R ³ V = R I = 2.0I naM[ ³ I = VR = 2−.60 = −3.0 A

1 AB 1 1 1 1
AB

dUcenH ³ R = 8.0Ω , I = −3.0 A

2 1

sBaØadkmann½yfa TisedABiténcrnþpÞúyBITisedAEdl)ntagxagelI .
21 > GaKuymYymanersIusþg;kñúg r = 0.5Ω RtUv)nsakeRkamtg;süúg V = 13.5V . eKsegát
eXIjmancrnþqøgkat; 3A . KNnakmøaMgGKÁisnIclkrrbs;GaKuy .

12 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

 dMeNaHRsay
KNnakmøaMgGKÁisnIclkrrbs;GaKuy ³
eBlsakGaKuyCaeRKÓgTTYl¬epIgviPaK¦ eyIg)n ³ V = E + Ir

naM[ ³ E = V − Ir

eday ³ V = 13.5V , I = 3 A , r = 0.5Ω

eyIg)n ³ E = 13.5 − (0.5 × 3) = 12V

dUcenH ³ E = 12V

22 > CnitaGKÁisnImYymankmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr E = 12.2V nigersIusþg;kñúg r = 2.5Ω RtUv)n

teTAGMBUl ersIusþg;EdlmanersIusþg; R = 150Ω .
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;esoKVI .
x > KNnaGanuPaBGKÁisnIsIuedayGMBUl .
K > KNnaGanuPaBKImIrbs;Cnita .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;esoKVI ³
tamc,ab;GUmTUeTA ³ E = ∑ RI smmUl ³ E = (R + r)I

naM[ ³ I=
E
R+r
eday ³ E = 12.2V , r = 2.5Ω , R = 150Ω

eyIg)n ³ I=
12.2
150 + 2.5
= 0.08 A

dUcenH ³ I = 0.08 A

x > KNnaGanuPaBGKÁisnIsIuedayGMBUl ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P = VI = RI
e
2

eday ³ R = 150Ω , I = 0.08 A

13 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

eyIg)n ³ P = 150 × (0.08) = 0.96W
e
2

dUcenH ³ P = 0.96W
e

K > KNnaGanuPaBKImIrbs;Cnita ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P = EI
g

eday ³ E = 12.2V , I = 0.08 A

eyIg)n ³ P = 12.2 × 0.08 = 0.976W

g

dUcenH ³ P = 0.976W
g

23 > eKmanGaKuyGal;kaLaMgmYyEdlmanersIusþg;kñúgGacecal)n mankmøaMgGKÁisnI

clkr E = 12V .
k > etIeKGacehAGaKuuyCaRbPBdUcemþc ?
x > eKtGaKuyeTAGMBUlkemþAmYyEdlmanersIusþg; R = 12Ω . KNnaGaMgtg;sIuet
crnþqøgkat;GMBUlkemþA rYcKUsRkaPictagGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþCaGnuKmn_éneBl .
dMeNaHRsay
k > GaKuymanersIusþg;Gacecal)n eyIg)ntg;süúgrvagb:UlTaMgBIrmantémøefrCanic© .
eKGacehAGaKuyfaCaRbPBGIuedGal;éntg;süúg .
x > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;GMBUl ³
tamc,ab;GUmTUeTA ³ E = ∑ RI smmUl ³ E = RI (r = 0)

naM[ ³ I=
E
R
eday ³ E = 12V , R = 12Ω

eyIg)n ³ I=
12
12
= 1A

dUcenH ³ I = 1A

14 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

 24 > fμBilmYymankmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr E = 1.8V nigersIusþg;kñúg r = 2 Ω . eKteKalTaMg
BIrénfμBileTAExS cmøgEdlmanersIusþg;Gacecal)n .
KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;esoKVI .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;esoKVI ³
tamc,ab;GUmTUeTA ³ E = ∑ RI smmUl ³ E = (R + r)I

naM[ ³ I=
E
R+r r
=
E
( R = 0)

eday ³ E = 1.8V , r = 2Ω

eyIg)n ³ I=
1.8
2
= 0.9 A

dUcenH ³ I = I = 0.9 A CacrnþGtibrmaEdlehAfa)tuPUtqøgePøIg .

CC

25 > eKmanCnitaBIrEdlmankmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr E = 12.5 V , E = 13.5V nigersIusþg;kñúg

1 2

r = r = 1Ω . eKP¢ab;eKalTaMgBIrénCnitaCamYyKña rYcteTAesoKVIeRkAEdlmanersIusþg;
1 2
R
R = 200Ω .
E ,r
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;ersIusþg; R . 2 2

E ,r
x > KNnatg;süúgrvageKalCnitanImYy² . 1 1

dMeNaHRsay R

k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;ersIusþg; R ³ E ,r I 2 I 2 2

-kMNt;TisedAcrnþdUcrUb eyIg)n ³ I = I + I (1)

1
B2
E ,r I A1 1 1

-tg;süúgrvageKalCnita E ³ V = E − r I = 12.5 − I (2)

1 AB 1 1 1 1

-tg;süúgrvageKalCnita E ³ V = E − r I = 13.5 − I (3)

2 AB 2 2 2 2

-tg;süúgrvageKalCnita R ³ V = RI = 200I (4)

AB

(2) = (4) eyIg)n ³ 12.5 − I = 200I $ I = 12.5 − 200I

1 1

15 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

 eyIg)n ³ 13.5 − I = 200I $ I = 13.5 − 200I
(3) = (4) 2 2

(1) eyIg)n ³ I = 12.5 − 200 I + 13.5 − 200 I = 26 − 400 I

naM[ ³ I=
26
401
= 0.065 A

dUcenH ³ I = 0.065 A

x > KNnatg;süúgrvageKalCnitanImYy² ³
eyIgman ³ V = 200I AB

eday ³ I = 0.065 A

eyIg)n ³ V = 200 × 0.065 = 13V

AB

dUcenH ³ V = 13VAB

26 > eKmanfμBilBIrNat;Edl mankmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr E = 1.5 V , E = 1.8V nigersIusþg;

1 2

kñúg r = r = 1.5Ω. eKpÁ¿úfμBilTaMgBIrCaes‘rIrYcteTAm:UT½rEdlmankmøaMgRcasGKÁisnIclkr

1 2

E' = 2.3V nigersIusþg;kñúg r' = 1Ω .

k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;m:UT½r .
x > KNnaGanuPaBemkanicrbs;m:UT½r .
K > KNnaGanuPaBGKÁisnIbeB©ajedayCnitaTaMgBIrrYmKña .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;m:UT½r ³
tamc,ab;GUmTUeTA ³ ∑ E − E ' = ∑ RI

smmUl ³ 1 E + E − E = (r + r + r ' ) I
2 1 2

E +E −E
naM[ ³ I=1 2

r +r +r
1 2

eday ³ 1 E = 1.5V , E = 1.8V , E ' = 2.3V , r = r = 1.5Ω , r ' = 1Ω

2 1 2

1.5 + 1.8 − 2.3

eyIg)n ³ I=
1.5 + 1.5 + 1
= 0.25 A

16 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

dUcenH ³ I = 0.25 A

x > KNnaGanuPaBemkanicrbs;m:UT½r ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P = E' I
U

eday ³ E ' = 2.3V , I = 0.25 A

eyIg)n ³ P = 2.3 × 0.25 = 0.575W

U

dUcenH ³ P = 0.575W
U

K > KNnaGanuPaBGKÁisnIbeB©ajedayCnitaTaMgBIrrYmKña ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P = VI
e

eday ³ V = E '+ Ir ' = 2.3 + (0.25 × 1) = 2.55V

I = 0.25 A
eyIg)n ³ Pe = 2.55 × 0.25 = 0.637W

dUcenH ³ Pe = 0.637W

27 > lkçN³sMKal;rbs;fμBilmYyCabnÞat;kat;tamBIrcMNuc ³ A(0.3A , 1.5V ) nigcMNuc

( 0.6A , 1.2V ) . tamRkab cUrkMNt;kmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr nigersIusþg;kñúgrbs;Cnita .

dMeNaHRsay V (V )
2.0
kMNt;kmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr nigersIusþg;kñúgrbs;Cnita ³ 1.5
1.2
düaRkamtag V = f (I ) manragCabnÞat; eyIg)n ³
0.5

V = aI + b O 0.3 0.6 I (A)

ΔV V2 − V1 1.2 − 1.5
eday ³ a=
ΔI
= =
I 2 − I 1 0 .6 − 0 .3
= −1Ω

eyIg)n ³ V = − I + b
-eBl V = 1.5V enaH I = 0.3 A eyIg)n ³ 1.5 = −0.3 + b $ b = 1.5 + 0.3 = 1.8V

eyIg)n ³ V = − I + 1.8 = 1.8 − I

17 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

manrag ³ V = E − Ir

dUcenH ³ E = 1.8V , r = 1Ω

28 > CnitamanGanuPaBKImI 60WehIIybEmøgCaGanuPaBGKÁisnI 57W pþl;eTAesoKVI eRkA .

KNnaTinñplrbs;CnitaenH .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaTinñplrbs;CnitaenH ³
tamTinñplCnita ³ R =
P
d
P
e

eday ³ Pe = 57W , Pg = 60W

eyIg)n ³ Rd =
57
60
= 0.95 = 95%

dUcenH ³ Rd = 95%

29 > eKmanGaKuyBIr GaKuyTImYymankmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr E = 12V manersIusþg;kñúg

1

r = 1.5Ω ÉGaKuyTIBIr mankmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr E = 6V manersIusþg;kñúg r = 0.5Ω . eK

1 2 2

ykGaKuyTaMgBIreTApÁúMdUcrUb Edl GgÁFatucmøgGUm manersIusþg; R = 58Ω .

k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;GgÁFatucmøgGUm .
x > KNnatg;süúgrvageKalCnitanImYy² .
K > KNnatg;süúgrvageKalGgÁFatucmøgGUm .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;GgÁFatucmøgGUm ³
A B
tamc,ab;GUmTUeTA ³ ∑ E = ∑ RI I

kMNt;TisedAtamrUb eyIg)n ³ E − E = I (R + r + r )
1 2 1
M
2

E −E
naM[ ³ I= 1

R+r +r
2

1 2

eday ³ E = 12V , E = 6V , R = 58Ω , r = 1.5Ω , r = 0.5Ω

1 2 1 2

18 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

 12 − 6
eyIg)n ³ I=
58 + 1.5 + 0.5
= 0.1A

dUcenH ³ I = 0 .1 A

x > KNnatg;süúgrvageKalCnitanImYy² ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ V = E − r I
AM 1 1

eday ³ E = 12V , r = 1.5Ω , I = 0.1A

1 1

eyIg)n ³ V = 12 − (1.5 × 0.1) = 11.85V

AM

m:üageTot ³ V = E + r I ¬Cnita E CaeRKÓgTTYleRBaHcrnþcUlxagb:Ul + ¦

BM 2 2 2

eday ³ E = 6V , r = 0.5Ω , I = 0.1A

2 2

eyIg)n ³ V = 6 + (0.5 × 0.1) = 6.05V $ V = −V = −6.05V

BM MB BM

dUcenH ³ V = 11.85V , V = −6.05V

1 2

K > KNnatg;süúgrvageKalGgÁFatucmøgGUm ³
eyIg)n ³ V = V + V = 11.85V − 6.05V = 5.80V
1 2

dUcenH ³ V = 5.80V
30 > eKmanbgÁ¿údUcrUbEdl ³ E = 12V , E =12.4V , E = 12V ,
1 2 3

r = r = 1Ω ,r = 0.5Ω , E' = 20V nig r' = 2Ω .

1 2 3

k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;m:UT½rnigtg;;süúg
rvageKalm:UT½r .
x > KNnaplsgb:Utg;EsülrvageKalCnitanImYy² .
I
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;m:UT½r³
I
kMNt;TisedAcrnþdUcrUb eyIg)n ³ I = I + I (1) 1 2
1

I
-tg;süuúgrvageKalCnita ³ V = V + V AB AC CB
2

smmUl ³ V = E − I r + E − Ir = 12 − I + 12 − 0.5I
AB 1 1 1 3 3 1 (2)

19 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

m:üageTot ³ V = E − I r + E − Ir = 12.4 − I + 12 − 0.5I (3)
AB 2 2 2 3 3 2

-tg;süúgrvageKalm:UT½r ³ V = E '+ Ir ' = 20 + 2I (4)AB

(2) + (3) eyIg)n ³ 2V = 12 − I + 12 − 0.5 I + 12.4 − I + 12 − 0.5 I = 48.4 − I − ( I + I )

AB 1 2 1 2

smmUl ³ 2V = 48.5 − I − I = 48.4 naM[ ³

AB V =
48.4
2
= 24.2V AB

V − 20 24.2 − 20
(4) eyIg)n ³ I= =AB
= 2 .1 A
2 2
dUcenH ³ V = 24V , I = 2.1A
AB

x> KNnaplsgb:Utg;EsülrvageKalCnitanImYy² ³
-plsgb:Utg;EsülrvageKal E ³ V = V = E − Ir = 12 − (2.1× 0.5) = 10.95V
3 3 CB 3 3

-plsgb:Utg;EsülrvageKal E nig E ³ 1 2

V1 = V2 = V AC = V AB − VCB = 24.2 − 10.95V = 13.25V

dUcenH ³ V3 = 10.95V , V1 = V2 = 13.25V

31 > GaKuymYymankmøaMgGKÁisnIclkr E = 6VbeBa©jcrnþpþl;eTAGMBUlGKÁisnIEdlman

GaMgtg;sIuet I = 0.6A . tg;süúgrvageKalGMBUlKW V = 5.4V .
1 > KNnaersIusþg;kñúgrbs;fμBil nigersIusþg;rbs;GMBUlGKÁisnI .
2 > KNnaTinñplrbs;GaKuykñúgdMeNIrkarenH .
dMeNaHRsay
1 > KNnaersIusþg;kñúgrbs;fμBil nigersIusþg;rbs;GMBUlGKÁisnI ³
E −V
tamrUbmnþ ³ V = E − Ir naM[ ³ r=
I
eyIg)n ³ E = 6V , V = 5.4V , I = 0.6 A
6 − 5.4
eyIg)n ³ r=
0.6
= 1Ω

m:üageTot ³ V = RI $ R = VI = 50..46 = 9Ω
dUcenH ³ r = 1Ω , R = 9Ω

20 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

2 > KNnaTinñplrbs;GaKuy ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ R =
P
P
d
e
=
V 5.4
E
=
6
= 0.9 = 90%
g

dUcenH ³ Rd = 90%

37 > eKmanesoKVIGKÁisnIdUcrUbEdlman ³ E = 18V , r = 1Ω , R = 5Ω nigkMhattamv:ulEm:t

nigGMEBEm:RtGacecal)n .
k > etIv:ulEm:Rtcg¥úlb:unμanv:uleBlkugtak; K cMh ?
x > eBlbiTkugtak; K ebIeKTb;m:UT½rmin[vileKeXIjcrnþ
qøgkat;GMEBEm:Rt 2A EtebIeK[m:UT½rvilFmμtaeKeXIjGMEBEm:Rtcg¥úl 1.5A . KNna
ersIusþg;kñúg nigkmøaMgGKÁisnIclkrrbs;m:UT½r .
K > krNIm:UT½rvilFmμta KNnaGanuPaBGKÁisnIbeBa©jedayCnita GanuPaBGKÁisnI
TTYledaym:UT½r nigGanuPaBGKÁisnITTYledayGgÁFatucmøgGUm .
dMeNaHRsay
1 > bgðajkMNt;cg¥úlrbs;v:ulEm:t
v:ulEm:Rtvas;plsgb:Utg;Esülrbs;eKalCnita eyIg)n ³
V = E − Ir = E = 18V ( I = 0)
dUcenH ³ V = 18V

2 > k> KNna r ' ³

tamc,ab;GUmTUeTA ³ E − E ' = ∑ RI $ E − E ' = (r '+r + R ) I0

smmUl ³ r' =
E
I
− r − R0 ¬m:UT½rKaMg E ' = 0 ¦
eday ³ E = 18V , I = 2 A , r = 1Ω , R0 = 5Ω

eyIg)n ³ r' =
18
2
− 1 − 5 = 3Ω

dUcenH ³ r ' = 3Ω

21 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

x > KNnakmøaMgRcasGKÁisnIclkrbs;m:UT½r ³
tamc,ab;GUmTUeTA ³ E − E ' = ∑ RI $ E − E ' = (r '+ r + R ) I0

naM[ ³ E ' = E − (r '+ r + R ) I

0

eday ³ E = 18V , I = 0.5 A , r = 1Ω , r ' = 3Ω , R = 5Ω 0

eyIg)n ³ E ' = 18 − (3 + 1 + 5) × 0.5 = 13.5V

dUcenH ³ E ' = 13.5V

K > KNnaGanuPaBGKÁisnIbeBa©jedayCnita ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P = VI = ( E − Ir ) I
e

eday ³ E = 18V , I = 0.5 A , r = 1Ω

eyIg)n ³ P = [18 − (1 × 0.5)]× 0.5 = 8.75W

e

dUcenH ³ P = 8.75W
e

* GanuPaBGKÁisnI TTYledaym:UT½r ³

tamrUbmnþ ³ P = V I = ( E '+ Ir ' ) I

eM M

eday ³ E ' = 13.5V , I = 0.5 A , r ' = 3Ω

eyIg)n ³ P = [13.5 − (3 × 0.5)]× 0.5 = 7.50W

eM

dUcenH ³ P = 7.50W
eM

* GanuPaBGKÁisnITTYledayGgÁFatucmøgGUm ³

tamtulüPaB ³ P =P +P
e eM eR naM[ ³ P =P −P
eR e eM

smmUl ³ P = 8.75W − 7.50W = 1.25W

eR

dUcenH ³ P = 1.25W
eR

22 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

 33 > eK[esoKVIdUcrUbEdl E =12V , r = 1Ω , R = 2Ω , R CaersIusþg;ERbRbYl nigGMBUl
1 x

GKÁisnI L EdlmankMNt;cg¥úl ( 3V-3W ) .

1 > KNnaersIusþg; R énGMBUl nigGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;GMBUleBlPøWFmμta .
2

2 > KNnaersIusþg; R edIm,I[GMBUlPøWFmμta .

x

3 > KNnatg;süúgrvageKalrbs;Cnita .
4 > KNnaGanuPaBGKÁisnIbeBa©jedayCnita .

dMeNaHRsay
1 > KNnaersIusþg; R énGMBUl nigGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;GMBUl ³
2

GMBUlPøWFmμta eyIg)ntg;süúgGMBUl ³ V = R I naM[ ³ 2 2 2 R2 =

V2
I2

m:üageTot ³ P2 = V2 I 2 naM[ ³ I2 =
P2 3
= = 1A
V2 3

eyIg)n ³ R =2
V
I
3
= = 3Ω
1
2

dUcenH ³ R = 3Ω , I = 1A
2 2

2 > KNnaersIusþg; R edIm,I[GMBUlPøWFmμta ³

x

tamrUbmnþ ³ V = V = R I = R ( I − I )
x 2 x 1 (I = I − I
x 2 1 2 )

naM[ ³ R =x
V
I −I
2

-tg;süúgrvageKalCnita ³ V = E − rI
-tg;süúgénesoKVIeRkA ³ V = V +V = R I +V 1 2 1 2

E −V
eyIg)n ³ R I + V = E − rI
1 2 naM[ ³ I=
R +r
2

eday ³ E = 12V , V = 3V , R = 2Ω , r = 1Ω
2 1

12 − 3
eyIg)n ³ I=
2 +1
= 3A

eday ³ V = 3V , I = 1A
2 2

23 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

eyIg)n ³ R =
3
3 −1
x = 1.5Ω

dUcenH ³ R = 1.5Ω
x

3 > KNnatg;süúgrvageKalrbs;Cnita ³
eyIgman ³ V = E − rI
eday ³ E = 12V , r = 1Ω , I = 3 A

eyIg)n ³ V = 12 − (1× 3) = 9V
dUcenH ³ V = 9V
4 > KNnaGanuPaBGKÁisnIbeBa©jedayCnita ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P = VI e

eday ³ V = 9V , I = 3 A
eyIg)n ³ P = 9 × 3 = 27W
e

dUcenH ³ P = 27We

34 > eKtemøIgesoKVIGKÁisnIdUcrUbEdlman ³ E = 12V , E' = 10V

r = 0.5Ω , r' = 1.5Ω nig R = 18Ω .

k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþkñúgesoKVI .
x > KNnafamBlGKÁisnIsIuedayersIusþr nigm:UT½rkñúgry³eBlmYyem:ag .
K > KNnafamBl)nkarénm:UT½rkñúgry³eBlxagelI nigTinñplrbs;m:UT½r .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþkñúgesoKVI ³
tamc,ab;GUmTUeTA ³ E − E ' = ∑ RI smmUl ³ E − E' = (R + r + r' )I
E − E'
naM[ ³ I=
R + r + r'
eday ³ E = 12V , E ' = 10V , R = 18Ω , r = 0.5Ω , r ' = 1.5Ω

24 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

 12 − 10
eyIg)n ³ I=
18 + 0.5 + 1.5
= 0.1A

dUcenH ³ I = 0 .1 A

x > KNnafamBlGKÁisnIsIuedayersIusþr nigm:UT½r ³

-GanuPaBGKÁisnIsIuedayersIusþr ³ W = V It = RI t
eR R
2

eday ³ R = 18Ω , I = 0.1A , t = 1h

eyIg)n ³ W = 18 × (0.1) × 1 = 0.18Wh

eR
2

dUcenH ³ W = 0.18Wh
eR

-GanuPaBGKÁisnIsIuedayersIusþr ³ W = V It = ( E '+ Ir ' ) It

eM M

eday ³ E ' = 10V , r ' = 1.5Ω , I = 0.1A , t = 1h

eyIg)n ³ W = [10 + (0.1× 1.5)]× 0.1× 1 = 1.015Wh

eM

dUcenH ³ W = 1.015Wh
eM

K > KNnafamBl)nkarbeBa©jedaym:UT½r ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ W = E ' ItU

eday ³ E ' = 10V , I = 0.1A , t = 1h

eyIg)n ³ W = 10 × 0.1× 1 = 1Wh

U

dUcenH ³ W = 1WhU

* KNnaTinñplrbs;m:UT½r ³

tamrUbmnþ ³ R =
d
UW
W
=
1
1.015
= 0.98 = 98%
eM

dUcenH ³ R = 98%
d

25 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

35 > fμBilmYymanGanuPaBGKÁisnI P = 4 W pþl;[GgÁFatucmøgGUm R . fμBilmankmøaMg
e

GKÁisnIclkr E = 3V nigersIusþg;kñúg r = 0.5Ω .

k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþEdlbB©ajedayfμBilnigKNnarktémøersIusþg;Edl
smRsb .
x > KNnaTinñplénfμBil .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P = VI = RI
e
2

m:üageTot ³ E = ∑ RI = ( R + r ) I naM[ ³ E
R = −r
I
⎛ ⎞
eyIg)n ³ e
⎝I
E
P = ⎜ − r ⎟I
⎠
2

eday ³ P = 4W , E = 3V , r = 0.5Ω
e

⎛3 ⎞ 3 − 0.5I
eyIg)n ³ 4 = ⎜ − 0.5 ⎟ I
⎝I
2

⎠
smmU l ³ 4=(
I
2
)I

smmUl ³ 4 = 3I − 0.5I
2
smmUl ³ 2
I − 6I + 8 = 0

smmUl ³ I ( I − 2) − 4( I − 2) = 0 $ ( I − 4)(I − 2) = 0
dUcenH ³ I = 4A $ I = 2A

*KNnarktémøersIusþg;EdlsmRsb ³

tamrUbmnþ ³ P = VI = RI
e
2
naM[ ³ R= e
2
P
I
= 2
I
4

-ebI I = 4 A eyIg)n ³ R=
2
I
4
2
=
4
4
= 0.25Ω < r minsmRsb

-ebI I = 2 A eyIg)n ³ R=
2
I
4
2
=
2
4
= 1Ω

dUcenHtémø R smRsbKW ³ R = 1Ω

x > KNnaTinñplénfμBil ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ R =
d
e

P
P
=
e P
EI
g

26 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

eday ³ E = 3V , I = 2 A

eyIg)n ³ Rd =
4
3 ×1
= 0.75 = 75%

dUcenH ³ Rd = 75%

36 > eKtemøIgesoKVIGKÁisnIdUcrUbEdlman ³ E = 12V , E' = 10V, r = 0.5Ω , r' = 1.5Ω nig

R = 20Ω .

k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþbeB©ajedayCnita .
x > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;ersIusþr nigm:UT½r .
K > KNnatg;süúgrvageKalCnita .
dMeNaHRsay I
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþbeB©ajedayCnita ³ I 1

kMNt;TisedAcrnþdUcrUb eyIg)n ³ I = I + I (1)

1 2
I 2

-tg;süúgrvageKal R ³ V = RI = 20I (2)

AB 1 1

-tg;süúgrvageKalm:UT½r ³ V = E '+r ' I = 10 + 1.5I (3)

AB 2 2

-tg;süúgrvageKalCnita ³ V = E − rI = 12 − 0.5I (4)

AB

2 − 0.5I
(3) = (4) eyIg)n ³ 10 + 1.5I = 12 − 0.5I
2 naM[ ³ I = 2
1.5
12 − 0.5 I
(2) = (4) eyIg)n ³ 20 I = 12 − 0.5 I
1 naM[ ³ I = 1
20
12 − 0.5 I 2 − 0.5I 12 − 0.5 I 20 − 5I
(1) eyIg)n ³ I= + $ I = 20 + 15
20 1.5
smmUl ³ 60 I = 36 − 1.5 I + 80 − 20 I
36 + 80
naM[ ³ I=
60 + 1.5 + 20
= 1.423 A

dUcenH ³ I = 1.423 A

x > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;ersIusþr nigm:UT½r ³

12 − 0.5 I
eyIgman ³ I =
1
20
eday ³ I = 1.423 A

27 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

 12 − (0.5 × 1.423)
eyIg)n ³ I = 1
20
= 0.564 A

m:üageTot ³ I = I − I = 1.423 A − 0.564 A = 0.859 A

2 1

dUcenH ³ I = 0.564 A , I = 0.859 A

1 2

K > KNnatg;süúgrvageKalCnita ³
eyIg)n ³ V = 20I = 20 × 0.564 = 11.28V
AB 1

dUcenH ³ V = 11.28V AB

37 > eK[esoKVIGKÁisnIdUcrUbEdlman ³ E = 5V , E = 3V , 1 2

R = R = 1Ω , R = 4Ω nig r = r = 1Ω .
1 2 1 2

k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat; E , E nig R . 1 2

x > KNnatg;süúg V . AB

dMeNaHRsay I M 1

k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat; E , E nig R ³ 1 2

I
kMNt;TisedAcrnþdUcrUb eyIg)n ³ I = I + I (1) 1 2

-tg;süúgrvageKal R ³ V = RI = 4I (2) I
AB
N 2

-tg;süúgrvageKal E , R ³ V = V + V = E − r I − RI = 5 − I − I = 5 − 2I (3)
1 1 AB AM MB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

-tg;süúgrvageKal E , R ³ V = V + V = RI − (E − r I ) = I − 3 + I = 2I − 3 (4)
2 2 AB AN NB 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

(3) + (4) eyIg)n ³ 2V = 5 − 2 I + 2 I − 3 $ 2V = 2 − 2( I − I )

AB 1 2 AB 1 2

smmUl ³ 2 × 4I = 2 − 2I (I = I − I ) 1 2

naM[ ³ I=
2
10
= 0.2 A

5 −V 5 − 4I
(3) eyIg)n ³ V = 5 − 2 I naM[ ³
AB 1 I = = 1
AB

2 2
5 − (4 × 0.2)
smmUl ³ I =
1
2
= 2.1A

(1) eyIg)n ³ I = I + I = 2 .1 A − 0 .2 A = 1 .9 A
2 1

28 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

dUcenH ³ I = 0 .2 A , I = 2 .1 A , I = 1 .9 A
1 2

x > KNnatg;süúg V ³ AB

eyIgman ³ V = 4I = 4 × 0.2 = 0.8V

AB

dUcenH ³ V = 0.8V AB

39 > eK[esoKVIdUcrUbEdlman ³
E1 = 100V , E 2 = 80V , R1 = 10Ω , R2 = 10Ω , R3 = 85Ω .
KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;ersIusþg;nImYy² .

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;ersIusþg;nImYy² ³
tamrUb eyIg)n ³ I + I = I (1) 1 2 3

-tg;süúgrvageKal R 3 ³ V = R I = 85I (2) MN 3 3 3

-tg;süúgrvageKal E , R ³ V = − R I + E = 100 − 10I (3)

1 1 MN 1 3 1 1

-tg;süúgrvageKal E , R ³ V = E − R I = 80 − 10I (4)

2 2 MN 2 2 2 2

(3) – (4) eyIg)n ³ 2V = 100 − 10 I + 80 − 10 I

MN 1 2

smmUl ³ 2 × 85I = 180 − 10( I + I ) = 180 − 10 I

3 1 2 3

naM[ ³ I =
180
3
180
= 1A
100 − V
(3) eyIg)n ³ V = 100 − 10 I
MN naM[ ³ I =1 1
MN

10
100 − 85 I 100 − (85 × 1)
smmUl ³ I = 1
10
=
10
= 1 .5 A
3

(1) eyIg)n ³ I = I − I = 1 − 1.5 = −0.5 A

2 3 1

dUcenH ³ I = 1.5 A , I = −0.5 A , I = 1A

1 2 3

29 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I

 40 > eKmanbgÁúMdUcrUbEdlman ³ E1 = 24V , E 2 = 16V , E3 = 16V , R1 = 3Ω , R2 = 5Ω
E3
.
R3 = R5 = 4Ω , R4 = 2Ω , R6 = 6Ω E 1 R2 R4
E2
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;ersIusþg; R , R nig R . 2 3 6 R1 R3
R6

x > KNnaGanuPaBGKÁisnIpþl;edayRbPB E . 1
R5

dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;ersIusþg; R , R nig R ³ 2 3 6

tamrUb eyIg)n ³ I 1 = I 2 + I 3 (1)

I1 M E3
-tg;süúgrvageKal R , E , R
2 1 1 ³ E1 R2 I2 R4 I3
E2
VMN = − R2 I 1 + E1 − R1 I 1 R6
smmUl ³ V = −5I + 24 − 3I
MN 1 1 = 24 − 8 I 1 (2) R1 R3
R5
-tg;süúgrvageKal E , R ³
2 3 N

VMN = − E 2 + R3 I 2 = −16 + 4 I 2 (3)

-tg;süúgrvageKal R , E , R , R ³
4 3 6 5

VMN = R4 I 3 − E3 + R6 I 3 + R5 I 3 = 2 I 3 − 16 + 6 I 3 + 4 I 3 = 12 I 3 − 16 (4)
40 − 8 I 1
(2) = (3) eyIg)n ³ 24 − 8 I 1 = −16 + 4 I 2 $ I2 =
4
= 10 − 2 I 1 (5)

40 − 8 I 1 10 − 2 I 1
(1) = (4) eyIg)n ³ 24 − 8 I 1 = 12 I 3 − 16 $ I3 = =
12 3
10 − 2 I 1
(1) eyIg)n ³ I 1 = 10 − 2 I 1 + $ 3I 1 = 30 − 6 I 1 + 10 − 2 I 1
3
30 + 10
naM[ ³ I1 =
3+6+ 2
= 3.63 A

(5) eyIg)n ³ I 2 = 10 − (2 × 3.63) = 2.74 A

(1) eyIg)n ³ I 3 = I 1 − I 2 = 3.63 A − 2.74 A = 0.89 A

dUcenH ³ I 1 = 3.63 A , I 2 = 2.74 A , I 3 = 0.89 A

rrrknnksss

30 eroberogeday ³ hg; sIum hak; kusl esg vuT§I