Chapter3 Electromagnetics

viTüasßanCatiBhubec©keTsénkm<úCa 1 eGLicRtUma:ejTic
CMBUk3
dg;suIetPøúcGKÁisnI c,ab;
GAUSS nig DIVERGENCE
1-dg;sIuetPøúcGKiÁsnI
Faraday )anrkeXIjfa bnÞúksrubenAelIEs‘VxageRkAesIμnwgTMhMbnÞúkedImdak;elIEs‘Vxagkñúg ehIy
enHCakarBit cMeBaHDIeGLicRTicEjkEs‘VTaMgBIr. Kat;snñidæanfavamanRbePTbMlas;TI BIEsV‘xagkñúgeTAEsV‘
xageRkAEdlminGaRsy½mCÄdæaneyIgsMedAeTAPøúcEdlCabMlas;TI RtUv)anehAfa bMlas;TIPøúc rW gayfa
PøúcGKÁisnI. BiesaFn_ Faraday bgðajfa bnÞúkviC¢mankan;EtFMelIEsV‘xagkñúg ehIy bnÞúkGviC¢mankan;Et
eRcInenAEsV‘xageRkA EdlnaMeTAsmamaRtpÞal; rvagPøúcGKiÁsnInigbnÞúkenAelIEs‘Vxagkñúg GaRsy½eTA
RbBn§½xñatTak;Tg ehIyeyIgeRbIxñat SI edaysarefrmanxñat. ebIPøúc GKÁisnIkMnt;eday Φ ehIybnÞúk
srubenAEsV‘xagkñúgKW Q enaHcMeBaHBiesaFn_ Faraday ³
Φ=Q
PøúcGKiÁsnIRtUvKitCaKULMú (C ) .
eyIgGacBinitübEnßmEsV‘kñúgmankaM a nigEsV‘eRkAmankaM b manbnÞúk Q & − Q . dMeNIrénPøúcBRgIkBI
EsV‘kñúgeTAesV‘eRkAedayr)ayExSsIuemRTItamkaMBIExSmYyeTAEs‘VmYyeTot. enAépÞEsV‘kñúg PøúcGKÁisnI
Φ
Φ ¬KULMú¦ begáItedaybnÞúk Q ( = Φ ) rayesμIsac;elIépÞ 4π a ( m ) . dg;suIetPøúcépÞenHKW
2 2
rW
4π a 2
C/m .
Q 2
4π a2
dg;sIuetbnÞúkKitCa C / m rWBN’nacMnYnExSEdnkñúg1m kMnt;eGayGkSr D .

2 2
dg;suIetPøúcGKÁisnI Dr CaviucTr½Edn. Dr manTisedAdUc Er enAkñúgrUbdg;suIetPúøcGKÁisnI enAtamTisra:düal;

ehIymantMél³
r
a
D =
Q r
4π a
2
ar ¬EsV‘kñúg¦
Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

r
D
r =b
=
Q r
4π b 2
ar ¬EsV‘eRkA¦ −Q
ehIyenAcMgay r Edl a < r < b +Q Es‘Velah³

r Q r
D= ar a
4π r 2
ebIEsV‘xagkñúgkøayCatUceTA² b:uEnþenArkSabnÞúk Q b
vakøayCacMnucbnÞúk bu:Enþdg;suIetPøúcGKÁisnIenAcMgay r
BI cMnucbnÞúkeGayeday ³
r Q r
D= ar (1)
4π r 2
EdnGKÁisnIbegáItedaycMnucbnÞúkenAkñúglMhesrI
r Q r
E= ar
4πε 0 r 2
r r
dUcenH D = ε0E ( 2)
cMeBaHr)aybnÞúkmaD³
r ρ dv r
E = ∫ v 2 ar ( 3)
v
4πε 0 R
eyIg)an
r ρ dv r
D = ∫ v 2 ar ( 4)
v
4π R
]TahrN_1³ eyIgcg;rk Dr enAkñúgtMbn;CMuvij ExSbnÞúkÉksNæan 8 nC / m edktamGkS½ z kñúglMhesrI.

cMlIy
r λ r
E= aρ
4πε 0 ρ
]TahrN_2³ eGaycMnucbnÞúk 60μC enAKl;tMruy cUrrkPøúcGKÁisnIsrub Edlqøgkat; ³
k-kMnat;EsV‘ r = 26cm kMnt;RBMEdneday 0 < θ < π2 nig 0 < ϕ < π2
x- épÞbiTkMnt;eday ρ = 26cm & z = ±6cm
K- bøg; z = 26cm
cMelIy

]TahrN_3³ cUrKNna Dr enAkñúgkUGredaenEkgRtg;cMnuc P ( 2; −3;6) begáIteday ³
k-cMnucbnÞúk Q = 55mC enAcMnuc O ( −2;3; −6 )
A
x-ExSbnÞúkÉksNæan λ = 20mC / m enAelIGkS½ x

B
K-dg;suIetbnÞúképÞÉksNæan = 120μC / m enAelIbøg; z = −5m

2
cMelIy
2-c,ab; GAUSS
PøúcGKÁisnIqøgkat;épÞbiTesμInwgbnÞúksrub enAxagkñúgépÞbiT enAcMnuc P mYyRtUv)anBinitükMenInFatu
épÞ ΔS & Dr pÁMú)anmMu θ CamYy ΔSr . PøúcEdlqøgkat; ΔSr KW begáItkMubU:sg;Ekg
S
r
ΔΦ = Pøúcqøgkat; ΔS r
= DS ,normal ΔS = DS .S .cos θ .ΔS ΔS
r r DS .normal
= DS .ΔS
r
DS
θ ΔS
P
Q
r
Pøúcsrubqøgkat;épÞbiT TTYl)anedaybEnß
r
m r)ayDIepr:g;Esül qøgkat;FatuépÞnImYy² ΔS
r
Φ = ∫ dΦ = ∫ D dS S
(S )
lT§plGaMgetRkal KWépÞbiTGaMgetRkal edaysarFatuépÞ dS Tak;TgeTAnwgkUGredaendUcCa

dxdy , ρ dϕ d ρ rW r sin θ dθ dϕ CaGaMgetRkalDub.
2
KUsépÞnimμitCMuvijbnÞúk ehAfaépÞ Gauss .

r r
Φ= ∫ S dS =
D bnÞúksrubxagkñúg = Q (5)
S
Q = ∑ Qn
-bnÞúkbnÞat; Q = ∫ λ dl
-bnÞúképÞ Q = ∫ ρ dS s ¬mincaM)ac;épÞbiTeT¦
S
-r)aybnÞúkmaD Q = ∫ ρ v dv
v
dUcenHc,ab;rGauss
r
³
∫ D .dS = ∫ ρ dv
S v ( 6)
S v
edIm,IBnül;bgðajkarGnuvtþc,ab; Gauss eyIgBinitülT§plBiesaFn_ Faraday edaydak;bnÞúkenAKl;tMruy

énkUGredaenEsV‘. eyIgeRCIsépÞbiTCaEsV‘mankaM a . GaMgtg;suIetEdnGKÁisnIéncMnucbnÞúkRtUv)anrkeXIj ³
r Q r
E= ar
4πε 0 r 2
r r
edaysar D = ε0E
r
BImuneyIg)an D=
Q r
4π r 2
ar z
r
enAépÞEsV‘ DS =
Q r
4π a 2
ar r
DS
FatuDIepr:g;EsülépÞ r
dS
dS = r 2 sin θ dθ dϕ
= a 2 sin θ dθ dϕ
GaMgetRkalKW r=a
r r Q 2 r r θ
DS .dS = a .sin θ .dθ .dϕ .ar .ar
4π a 2 0 y
ϕ
Q
= sin θ dθ dϕ
4π
naMeTAGaMgetRkalépÞbiT x
ϕ = 2π θ =π
∫ ∫ sin θ dθ dϕ = 4π
ϕ =0 θ =0
r r Q
⇒ ∫ S dS = 4π × 4π = Q
(S )
D

]TahrN_1³ eKeGaydg;suIetPøúc Dr = 0,3r .ar nC / m enAkñúglMh
2
r
2
k-cUrrk Er enAcMnuc P ( r = 2;θ = 25 ;ϕ = 90 )

0 0
x-cUrrkbnÞúksrubenAxagkñúgEsV‘ r = 3
K-cUrrkPøúcGKÁisnIsrubEdlecjBIEsV‘ r = 4
cMelIy
]TahrN_2³ cUrrkKNnaPøúcGKÁisnIsrubecjBIKUbénépÞbiTedayRCugTaMg6KW x; y; z = ±5 ebIr)aybnÞúkCa³

k-cMnucbnÞúkBIr 0,1μC enARtg; (1; −2;3) nig 17 μC enARtg; ( −1; 2; −2) .
x-bnÞúkbnÞat; π μC / m enARtg; x = −2 ; y = 3
K-bnÞúképÞ 1μC / m elIbøg; y = 3x
2
cMelIy

3-Gnuvtþn_c,ab; GAUSS r)aybnÞúksIuemRTI
tamRTwsþIbTrGauss
r
Q= ∫ D dS
S
S
eyIgeRCIserIsépÞbiTCamYylkçxNÐBIr
1- Dr enAkEnøgNamYyTaMgEkg rW b:HeTAépÞbiT edIm,IeGay Dr .dSr køayCa D .dS rWsUnü
S S S
2-enAelIkMnt;épÞbiTenaHEdl Dr .dSr minsUnü. D = efr eyIgBinitümþgeTotcMnucbnÞúk Q enAKl;éntMruy

S
pi©tEsV‘ ehIyeRCIserIsépÞbiTtamlkçxNÐxagelI. enARKb;kEnøg Dr EkgnwgépÞEsV‘mankaM r D mantMél

S S
dUcKñaRKb;cMnucenAelIépÞ.
dUcenHeyIg)an
r r
Q= ∫ D dS = ∫ D .dS
S
S
S
S
ϕ = 2π θ =π
= DS
Sph
∫ dS = D ϕ∫ θ∫
S
=0 =0
r 2 sin θ dθ dϕ
= 4π r DS 2
Q
⇒ DS =
4π r 2
dUcenH Dr manTisedAtamkaMmanTisedAecjeTAeRkA.
S
r Q r r Q r
D= a ; E= ar
4π r 2 r
4πε 0 r 2
]TahrN_³ eyIgBinitüeLIgvij nUvExSpÞúkbnÞúkÉksNæan λ edktamGkS½ z ehIysn§wgBI −∞ eTA +∞ .
dMbUgeyIgRtUv TTYl)ancMenHdwgrbs;eyIg enAeBleyIgeqøIeTAsMnYrTI2 ³
1-etIkUGredaenERbRbYlCamYyGVI ?
2-etIkMub:Usg;Na Dr RtUv)anbgðaj ?
bBaðaGaceFVIedayKμankarBicarNaénsuIemRTI vaBi)akxøaMg. kñúgkareRbIc,ab; Gauss vaminEmnsMnYrénkar
eRbIlkçN³suIemRTIeT edIm,IsMrYlcMelIy cMeBaHkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; Gauss GaRsy½elIlkçN³suIemRTI
ehIyebIminGacbgðajlkçN³sIuemRTIekItman dUcenHeyIgminGaceRbIc,ab; Gauss edIm,ITTYl)anlT§pl
enHeT.

BIkarBiPakSaxagelIrbs;eyIgénExSbnÞúkÉksNæanvabBa¢ak;fa manEtkMubU:sg;ra:düal; Dr RtUv)an
begáIt³
r r
D = Dρ .aρ kuMbU:sg;enHCaGnuKmn_én ρ EtmYyKt;KW³
Dρ = f ( ρ )
\LÚvkareRCIserIsépÞsbiTKWgay cMeBaHépÞsuILaMgKWCaépÞEdl D KWEkøgépÞral;kEnøgehIyvaRtUv)anbiT

ρ
edayépÞbiTEkgeTAnwgGkS½ z . suILaMgQr mankaM ρ BRgIkBI z = 0 eTA z = L bgðajdUcrUb.

eyIgGnuvtþc,ab; Gauss
r r
Q= ∫ S .dS
D
cyl z
= DS ∫
sides
dS + 0 ∫ dS + 0
top
∫
bottom
dS
L 2π ρ
= DS ∫ ∫
z =0 ϕ =0
ρ dϕ dz
= DS 2πρ L
λ L
eyIgTTYl D = D = 2πρ
S ρ
Q
2
0
bnÞúksrubenAkñúgépÞbiT ³ y
Q = λL
λ
⇒ Dρ = x
2πρ
λ
Eρ =
2πε 0 ρ
cMeNaTénkUGkS½rbs;kabesÞIrEtÉklkçN_ EdlCaExSpÞúkbnÞúkehIyCa]TahrN_ EdlBi)akedaHRsayedIm,I
edaHRsayBIcMnucénc,ab;KULMu. ]bmaeyIgmankUGkS½suILaMgBIr xagkñúgmankaM a ehIyxageRkAkaM b ehIy
sIuLaMgnImYy²man EvgminkMnt; dUcrUb. eyIgnwgsnμtr)aybnÞúkenAelIépÞxageRkAénExSxagkñúg. karBicar
NasIuemRTIbgðajfa manEtvtþman D CaGnuKmn_én ρ . suILaMgRtg;manRbEvg L mankaM ρ Edl
ρ
a < ρ < b RtUv)aneRCIserIsépÞ Gauss ehIyeyIgKNnaya:gelOn³
Q = DS .2πρ L
bnÞúksrubelIRbEvg L énGgÁFatucMlgxagkñúgKW³

L 2π
Q= ∫ ∫
z =0 ϕ =0
ρ s a dϕ dz = 2π aLλ
eyIg)an a
a ρs r a λ ρs r
DS = , D= aρ ( a < ρ < b) b
ρ ρ ρ
lT§plenHGacsMEdgCabnÞúkkñúgmYYyxñatRbEvg edaysar
GgÁFatucMlgxagkñúgmanbnÞúk 2π aρ KULMúelIRbEvg s
mYyEm:tdUcenH λ = 2π aρ s
r λ r
⇒ D= aρ
2πρ
bnÞúksrubelIépÞ
Qouter cyl = −2π aL ρ s inner cyl
ehIybnÞúképÞelIsuILaMgeRkA)anrkeXIj ³
2π bL ρ s outer cyl = −2π aL ρ s inner cyl
a
ρ s outer cyl = − ρ s inner cyl
b
etImanGVIekIteLIgebIeyIgeRbIsuILaMmankaM ρ , ρ > b cMeBaHépÞ Gauss ?
bnÞúksrubenAkñúgépÞbiTsUnü eRBaHbnÞúkesμIKñaEtsBaØapÞúyKña. dUcenH
0 = DS .2πρ L ( ρ > b)
DS = 0 ( ρ > b)
lT§pl)andUcKñacMeBaH ρ < a
dUcenHkUGkS½kab rW Capacitor KμanEdnenAxageRkA ehIyKμanEdnenAxagkñúgénp©iténGgÁFat;cMlg.
lT§plrbs;eyIgmansar³sMxan; cMeBaHRbEvgkMnt;énkUGkS½kab cMhenAxagcug Edl L FMCageRcIndgénkaM
b edIm,IeGaylkçxNÐminsuIemRTIenAcugTaMgBIrmin)anb:HBal;cMelIy.
]TahrN_³ eyIgeRCIserIskUGkS½kabmanRbEvg 50Cm xagkñúgmankaM 1mm nigxageRkAmankaM 4mm .

lMhrvagGgÁFatucMlgTaMgBIrCaxül;. bnÞúksrubelIGgÁFatucMlgxagkñúg 30nC . eyIgcg;dwg dg;suIetbnÞúk
elI GgÁFatucMlgnImYy² ehIy Er & Dr .

cMelIy
eyIgcab;epþImedaybgðaj dg;suIetbnÞúképÞelIsuILaMgxagkñúg
Qinner 30.10−9
ρ s inner = = = 9,55μ C / m2
2π aL 2π (10 ) ( 0,5 )
−3
dg;suIetbnÞúkGviC¢manenAsuILaMgeRkA
Qouter −30.10−9
ρouter = = = −2,39μ C / m2
2π bL 2π ( 4.10 ) ( 0,5 )
−3
EdnxagkñúgGacKNnaya:ggay
a ρinner 10−3 × ( 9,55 ×10−6 ) 9,55
Dρ = = = nC / m 2
ρ ρ ρ
−9
Dρ 9,55.10 1079
Eρ = = = V /m
ε0 8,854.10 ρ
−12
ρ
kenSamTaMgenHGnuvtþcMeBaHtMbn;Edl1 < ρ < 4mm cMeBaH³ ρ < 1mm rW
r r
ρ > 4mm E & D sUnü.
]TahrN_³ cMnucbnÞúk 0, 25μC dak;enARtg; r = 0 ehIydg;sIuetbnÞúkÉksN§anRtUv)andak;enAdUcteTA³
r
2mc / m enA r = 1cm nig 0, 6mC / m enARtg; r = 1,8cm . cUrKNna D enA
2 2
k- r = 0,5cm
x- r = 1,5cm
K- r = 2,5cm
X- etIdg;sIuetbnÞúképÞesμInwgb:unμan enARtg; r = 3cm EdlbNþaleGay Dr = 0r enA r = 3,5cm ?
cMelIy
k- 796ar μC / m r
2
x- 977ar μC / m r
2
K- 40,8ar μC / m r
2
X- −28,3ar μC / m r
2
4-karGnuvtþn_c,ab; GAUSS DIepr:gEsülFatumaD

eyIgnwgGnuvtþn_viFIsaRsþc,ab; Gauss cMeBaHPaBxusKñatic² EdlKμanlkçN³sIuemRTI. cMeBaHKμan

suIemRTIépÞ Gauss d_samsBaØminGacRtUv)aneRCIserIs EdlkMubU:sg;Ekg Dr efrrWsUnüenARKb;kEnøgelIépÞ.
edayKμanépÞ GaMgetRkalminGaceGaytMél. manEtviFImyY eFVIsMrab;karlM)akTaMgenH ehIyvaeRCIserIsCa
épÞbiTtUc Edl Dr esÞIEtefrenAelIépÞ karbþÚrtUcenAkñúg Dr GacRtUv)antagedayeRbItYTI1énesrIrIk Taylor
cMeBaH Dr . lT§plkøayeTACakan;EtRtwmRtUv CamaDbiTedayépÞ Gauss fycuH ehIyeyIgcg;eGaymaD
enHeTAEk,rsUnü. ]TahrN_enHepSg BI]TahrN_xagelI EdleyIgminGacTTYltMél Dr CacMelIyrbs;
eyIg bu:EnþCMnYskarTTYltMélBt’manBIviFI Dr ERbRbYlenAkñúgépÞd_tUc. enHnaMeTAedaypÞal;viFI Maxwell
cMeBaHsmIkarTaMg4 EdlCamUldæanRTwsþIbTeGLicRtUcma:ejTic.
eyIgBinitücMnuc P NamYydUcrUb sßitenAkñúgRbBn§½edkat. tMél Dr enARtg;cMnuc P GacsMEdgenAkñúgkMbU:sg;
edkat ³ Dr = D ar + D ar + D ar . eyIgeRCIerIsépÞbiTrbs;eyIgragRbGb;EkgtUc Edlmanp©itRtg; P
0 xo x yo y zo z
manRTnug Δrx ,rΔy & Δz ehIyGnuvtþRTwsþIbT Gauss ³

∫ D.dS = Q
S
r r r r r
D = D0 = Dxo ax + Dyo a y + Dzo az
z • P ( x, y , z )
Δz
Δx
Δy
0 y
edIm,IeGaytMélGaM
r
getRkalelIépÞbiT GaMgetRkalRtUvEtbMEbkCa6elImuxnImYy²³
r
∫ D.dS = ∫
S front
+ ∫ +∫ + ∫ +∫ + ∫
back left right top bottom
r
edaysarépÞtUc efr ¬enIelIkMnat;enHénépÞbiTTaMgmUl¦ehIy
D

r
∫
front
= D front .ΔS front
r r
= D front .Δy.Δzax
= Dx , front .ΔyΔz
EdleyIgmanEtRbmaNtMél D enAépÞmuxenH. épÞmuxKWenAcMgay Δ2x BIcMnuc P dUcenH

x
Δx
D =D + × GaRtaénkarbþÚr D CamYy x
x , front xo x
2
Δx ∂Dx
= Dxo + .
2 ∂x
Edl D CatMél D enARtg; P ehIyedrIevedayEpñk RtUvEteRbIedIm,IsMEdg GRtaénkarbþÚr D CamYy x
xo x x
edaysar D enAkñúgGaMgetRkalERbRbYlCamYy y & z . kenSamenHGacTTYl)anCapøÚvkaredayeRbItYefr

x
nigtY Tak;TgnwgedrIevTI1 enAkñúgesrIrIk Taylor cMeBaH D enAEk,r P .

x
\LÚveyIg)an ³
⎛ Δx ∂D ⎞
∫
front
= ⎜ Dxo + . x
⎝ 2 ∂x
⎟Δy.Δz
⎠
\LÚveyIgBinitüGaMgetRkalelImuxeRkay
r r
∫
back
= Dback .ΔSback
r r
= Dback ( −Δy.Δzax )
= − Dx ,back Δy.Δz
Δx ∂Dx
Dx; back = Dxo − .
2 ∂x
⎛ Δx ∂D ⎞
⇒ ∫ = ⎜ − Dxo + . x ⎟ Δy.Δz
back ⎝ 2 ∂x ⎠
ebIeyIgbUkGaMgetRkalTaMgBIreyIg)an ³
∂Dx
∫
front
+ ∫
back
=
∂x
ΔxΔyΔz
lMnaMdUcKñaeyIg)an ³
∂Dy
∫ +∫ =
right left
∂y
ΔxΔyΔz
∂Dz
nig ∫+ ∫ =
∂z
ΔxΔyΔz
top battom

lT§plenHGacnaMeTA
r r ⎛ ∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
⎞
∫ DdS = ⎜⎝
S
∂x
+
∂y
+
⎟ Δx Δ y Δ z
⎠ ∂z
r r ⎛ ∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz ⎞
rW ∫ DdS =⎜ + + ⎟ Δv (7)
S ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
kenSamenHCakarRbmaNEdlkøaykan;Etl¥ eBl Δv køaykan;EttUceTA² GaceTAEk,rsUnü.

cMeBaHxN³enH eyIg)anGnuvtþc,ab; Gauss cMeBaHépÞbiTCuMvijmaD Δv ehIymanlT§pl ( 7 ) sMKal;fa ³
bnÞúkkñúgmaDbiT Δv = ⎜⎛ ∂∂Dx + ∂∂Dy + ∂∂Dz ⎟⎞ × maD Δv
x y z
(8)
⎝ ⎠
]TahrN_³ cUrrktMélRbEhlcMeBaHbnÞúksrubenAkñúgkMenInmaDbiT 10 −9
m3 enARtg;Kl;tMruyebI
r r r r
D = e − x sin yax − e− x cos ya y + 2 zaz C / m 2
cMelIy
dMbUgeyIgeGaytMéledrIevedayEpñkbIkñúg (8)
∂Dx
= −e − x sin y
∂x
∂Dy
= e − x sin y
∂y
∂Dz
=2
∂z
enAKl;tMruymankenSamBIrsUnü ehIyenAsl;Et@ . dUcenHeyIgeXIjfabnÞúk
enAkñúgFatumaDmanRbEhl 2Δv . ebI Δv KW 10 m eyIg)anbnÞúkRbEhl 2nC .
−9 3
]TahrN_³ enAkñúglMhesrI³ Dr = 8xyz ar + 4 x z ar + 16 x yz ρ C / m

4
x
2 4
y
2 3 2
k-cUrrkPøúcGKÁisnIsrubqøgkat;épÞ z = 2 , 0 < x < 2 , 1 < y < 3 enAkñúgTisedA ar . z
x-cUrrk Er enARtg; P ( 2; −1;3)

K-cUrrktMélRbEhlcMeBaHbnÞúksrubmanenAkñúgkMenInesV‘enARtg; P ( 2; −1;3) manmaD10 m −12 3
cMelIy
r r r
1365 ρ c , − 146, 4ax + 146, 4a y − 195, 2azV / m , − 2,38.10−21 C
5-DIEvsg; DIVERGENCE
\LÚveyIgTTYl)anTMnak;TMngBitBI ( 7 ) edayeGaymaD Δv xiteTArksUnü.

eyIgsresrsmIkarenHCa ³
r r
⎛ ∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz ⎞ ∫ DdS
Q
⎜ + + ⎟=
S
=
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ Δv Δv
eFIVlImIt
r r
⎛ ∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
+ +
⎞ ∫ DdS
= ρv (9)
⎜ ⎟ = Δlim
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ v →0 Δv
EdlkarRbmaNRtUvCMnYsedaysmPaB. vabBa¢ak;kan;Etc,as;fatYcugeRkayCadg;suIetbnÞúkmaD ρ dUcenH v

r r
⎛ ∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz ⎞ ∫ DdS
⎜ + + ⎟ = lim
S
(10 )
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ Δv →0 Δv
⎛ ∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz ⎞
nig ⎜ + + ⎟ = ρv (11)
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
smIkar (10) minTak;Tgdg;suIetbnÞúk ehIyviFIsaRsþBImunRtUv)aneRbIelIviucTr½ Ar edIm,Ibgðaj ∫ Ar.dSr cMeBaH

S
épÞbiTtUcnaMeTA ³
r r
⎛ ∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz ⎞ ∫ AdS
⎜ + + ⎟ = Δlim
S
(12 )
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ v →0 Δv
Edl Ar tag el,Ón gradient sItuNðPaBkMlaMrW viucTr½EdnepSg²eTot.

RbmaNviFIenHelceLIgCaeRcIndgenAkñúgrUbviTüa enAstvtScugeRkay EdlmaneQμaH divergence .
r
divergence én A RtUveGayniymny½
r r
∫ AdS
divergence én Ar = divAr = limΔv → 0
S
Δv
(13)
dUcenHeyIg)an³
r ⎛ ∂D ∂Dy ∂Dz ⎞
divD = ⎜ x + + ⎟ ( 4)
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
kenSamenH)aneXIjmþgehIy énTMrg;EdlminTak;Tgdg;suIetbnÞúk. vaCalT§plénkarGnuvtþ niymny½

divergence (13) cMeBaHFatuDIepr:g;EsülenAkñúgkUGredaenedkat.

ebIÉktaFatuDIepr:g;EsülmaD ρ d ρ dϕ dz enAkñúgkUGredaensIuLaMg rW r sin θ drdθ dϕ enAkñúgkUGredaen
2
EsV‘ EdlviucTr½enAkñúgRbBn§½kUGredaenBiess ehIyTak;TgedrIevedayEpñk eFobeTAnwg GefrEdlTak;Tg

eyIgTTYl)an³
r ∂D ∂D ∂D
divD =
∂x
+
x
∂y
+
y
∂z
z
¬edkat¦ (15)
r 1 ∂ 1 ∂Dϕ ∂Dz
divD =
ρ ∂ρ
( ρ Dρ ) +
ρ ∂ϕ
+
∂z
¬sIuLaMg¦ (16 )
r 1 ∂ 2 ∂ 1 ∂Dϕ
divD = 2 ( r Dr ) +
r ∂r
1
r sin θ ∂θ
( sin θ Dθ ) +
r sin θ ∂ϕ
¬EsV‘¦ (17 )
r r
]TahrN_³ cUrrk divD enAKl;tMruyebI r r r
D = e − x sin yax − e − x cos ya y + 2 zaz
cMelIy
eyIgeRbI (14) rW (15) edIm,ITTYl)an ³
r ∂D ∂D ∂D
divD = x + y + z
∂x ∂y ∂z
= −e − x sin y + e − x sin y + 2 = 2
r r
ebIxñat KitCa D enaHxñat KW
C / m2 divD C / m3
r
]TahrN_ enAkñúgEpñknImYy²cUrrkelxcMeBaH enAcMnucBiessdivD
r
k- r
enARtg;cMnuc P ( 2;3; −1)
D = ( 2 xyz − y 2 ) ax + ( x 2 z − xy ) a y + x 2 yaz C / m 2
r r
A
r
x- r r
enARtg; r
D = 2 ρ z 2 sin ϕ aρ + ρ z 2 sin 2ϕ aϕ + 2 ρ 2 z sin 2 ϕ az C / m 2
PB ( ρ = 2; ϕ = 1100 ; z = −1)
r
K- r r r
D = 2r sin θ sin ϕ ar + r cos θ cos ϕ aθ − r sin ϕ aϕ enARtg; P ( r = 1,5;θ = 30 ;ϕ = 50 )
C
0 0
cMelIy
−10 ; 9, 06 ; 2,18
6-smIkarTI1 MAXWELL ¬eGLicRtUsþaTic¦

\lUveyIgcg;KNna divergence Tak;TgeTAnwgdg;suIetPøúcGKÁisnI.
kenSamGacsresr³

r r
r ∫ D.dS
divD = lim S
(18)
Δv → 0 Δv
r ∂D ∂D ∂Dy
divD = x + + z (19 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
r
nig divD = ρ v ( 20 )
smIkarTI1 Caniymn½y divergence smIkarTI2 CalT§plénkarGnuvtþn_nimyn½ycMeBaHFatumaD
DIepr:g;Esül enAkñúgkUGredaenedkat EdleGayeyIgnUvsmIkarEdl divergence énviucTr½ sMEdgenAkñúg
kUGredaenGacRtUvGaytMélehIysmIkarTI3CatYfμI.
cMeBaHc,ab; rGauss
r
∫ AdS = Q
S
kñúgmYyxñatmaD
r r
∫ AdS
Q
S
=
Δv Δv
enAeBlmaDxiteTAEk,rsUnü ³
r r
∫ AdS θ
lim S
= lim
Δv → 0Δv Δ→ 0 Δv
r
eyIgeXIj divD enAGgÁxageqVg nigdg;sIuetbnÞúkmaDenAGgÁxagsþaM
r
divD = ρ v ( 20 )
CasmIkarTI1 Maxwell kñúgcMenamsmIkarTaMgbYn Edl)anGnuvtþcMeBaHeGLicRtUsþaTic nigEdnma:ejTic
ehIyvabBa¢ak;faPøúGKÁisnIkñúgmYyxañtmaDEdlecjBIxñatmaD esμInwgdg;suIetbnÞúkmaDenATIenaH. smIkarenH
ehAfaTMrg;cMnucénc,ab; Gauss . c,ab; Gauss Tak;TgPøúcecjBIépÞbiTNamYyeTAnwgbnÞúképÞbiT.
c,ab; Gauss RtUv)aneKsÁal;CaTMrg;GaMgetRkalénsmIkarTI1 Maxwell .
eyIgBinitü divergence én Dr enAkúñgtMbn;Ek,rcMnucbnÞúk Q EdlsßitenAKl;tMruy.
eyIg)anEdn³
r Q r
D= ar
4π r 2
eRbI (17 ) cMeBaH divergence enAkñúgkUGredaenEsV‘.

r 1 ∂ ∂ 1 ∂Dϕ
divD = 2 ( r 2 Dr ) + ( Dθ sin θ ) +
1
r ∂ r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ
edaysar D & D sUnüeyIg)an
θ ϕ
r 1 d ⎛ 2 Q ⎞
divD = 2 ⎜r ⎟=0
r dr ⎝ 4π r 2 ⎠
¬ebI r ≠ 0 ¦
dUcenH ρ = 0 RKb;kEnøgelIkElgEtenAKl;tMruyEdlvaGnnþ.
v
karI divergence minkMritdg;suIetPøúcGKÁisnIvaGacGnuvtþn_cMeBaHviucTr½EdnNamYy. eyIgnwgGnuvtþn_vacMeBaH

EdneGLicRtUcma:ejTicepSgeTot.
]TahrN_³ cUrkMnt;kenSamcMeBaHdg;suIetbnÞúkmaDbegáItCamYyEdn Dr nImYy²dUcteTA ³
k- Dr = 4zxy ar + 2zx ar − 2 xz y ar
2 2
x y 2 z
x- Dr = z sin ϕ ar + z cos ϕ ar + ρ sin ϕ ar

ρ ϕ ρ
K- Dr = sin θ sin ϕ ar + cosθ cos ϕ ar + cos ϕ ar

r θ ϕ
cMelIy
3 (
x + y 2 ) ; 0 ;0
4y 2
z
7-karIviucTr½ ∇r nigRTwsþIbT DIVERGENCE
eyIgeXIjfa divergence énviucTr½eGaylT§pl)anCasáaEl. divergence énviucTr½ Dr eGay ³
∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
+ +
∂x ∂y ∂z
dUcenHviucTr½ sáaElCamYyakarImYyEdlmaneQμaHfa karI nable ∇r CakarIviucTr½³
r
D
r ∂ r ∂ r ∂ r
∇ = ax + a y + az ( 21)
∂x ∂y ∂z
dUcenH
r r ⎛ ∂ r ∂ r ∂ r ⎞
∇.D = ⎜ ax + a y + az ⎟ . ( Dx ax + Dy a y + Dz az )
r r r
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
∂D ∂Dy ∂Dz
= x+ +
∂x ∂y ∂z
r r r ∂D ∂Dy ∂Dz
dUcenH divD = ∇.D = x +
∂x ∂y
+
∂z
r r r 1 ∂ 1 ∂Dϕ ∂Dz
cMeBaHkUGredaensuILaMg
∇.D = divD =
ρ ∂ρ
( ρ Dρ ) +
ρ ∂ϕ
+
∂z

RTwsþIbTenHGnuvtþn_cMeBaHviucTr½EdnEdledrIev edayEpñkekItmaneTaHbIvaRsYlsMrab;eyIgedIm,IBnøatvasMrab;
dg;suIetPøúcGKÁisnI.
cab;epþImBIcr,ab; rGauss
∫ D.dS = Q
S
nig Q = ∫ ρ v dv
v
CMnYs ρ edaysmPaBrbs;va
v
r r
∇.D = ρ v
r r r r
eyIg)an ∫ DdS = Q = ∫ v ∫ .Ddv
ρ dv = ∇
S v v
kenSamedImrnwgrcug begár Itr )anRTwsþIbT divergence

∫ DdS = ∫ ∇.Ddv ( 22 )
S v
EdlsMKal;eXIjdUcteTA
GaMgetRkalénkuMbU:sg;EkgénviucTr½EdnNamYyelIépÞbiT esμInwgGaMgetRkalén divergence én
viucTr½EdnenHkat;tammaDbiTedayépÞbiT.
]TahrN_ cUreGaytMélGgÁTaMgBIrénRTwsþIbT divergence cMeBaHEdn Dr = 2 xyar + x ar C / m nig x
2
y
2
Rbel BIEb:tEkgekItedaybøg; x = 0 &1 ; y = 0& 2 ; z = 0 & 3

cMelIy
edaysareGaytMélépÞGaMgetRkalTI1eyIgkMnt;fa Dr RsbeTAnwgépÞenARtg;
r r
z = 0 & z = 3 dUcenH D.dS = 0 enATIenaH. cMeBaHkarrkSaépÞ4eToteyIg)an³
r r 32 r 3 2 r 3 1 r 3 1 r
∫ ∫ y =0 ( y) ∫ ∫ Dy =2 ( dxdza y )
r r r r
∫
S
D.dS = ∫ ∫ x =0 (
D
0 0
− dydza x) + ∫ ∫ x=1 (
D dydza
0 0
x) + D − dxdza
0 0
+
0 0
3 2 3 2 3 1 3 1
= − ∫ ∫ ( Dx ) x =0 dydz + ∫ ∫ ( Dx ) x =1 dydz − ∫ ∫ ( Dy ) dxdz + ∫ ∫ ( Dy ) dxdz
y =0 y =2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bu:Enþ ( D ) nig ( D )
x x =0 y y =0
= ( Dy )
y=2
EdlenAsl;Et

r r 32 3 2
∫ D.dS = ( D )
∫ ∫ x x=1 dydz = ∫ ∫ 2 ydydz
S 0 0 0 0
3
= ∫ 4dz = 12
0
edaysar divDr = ∂∂x ( 2 xy ) + ∂∂y ( x ) = 2 y GaMgetRkalmaDkøayCa

2
r 3 2 1 3 2
∫
v
divD .dv = ∫∫∫ 2 ydxdydz
0 0 0
= ∫ ∫ 2 ydydz
0 0
3
= ∫ 4dz = 12
0
edayrMlwkc,ab; Gauss eyIgeXIjfaeyIg)ankMnt;fabnÞúksrub

12C enAkñúgRbelBIEb:tEkgenaH.
]TahrN_³ eKeGayEdn Dr = 6ρ sin 12 ϕ ar + 1,5ρ cos 12 ϕ ar C / m . cUrrktMélGgÁFatuTaMgBIénRTwsþI

ρ ϕ
2
bT divergence cMeBaHtMbn;EdlP¢ab;eday ρ = 2 ; ϕ = 0 ; ϕ = π ; z = 0 & z = 5 .

cMelIy
225 ; 225

lMhat;
1- cMnucbnÞúk12nC dak;enARtg;Kl;tMruy. ExSpÞúkbnÞúkbYndak;enAkñúgbøg; x = 0 dUcteTA³ 80nC
enARtg; y = −1nig −5m , − 50nC enARtg; y = −2 nig −4m .
k-cUrrk Dr enAcMnuc P(0, −3, 2)
x-cUrrkPøúcGKiÁsnIqøgkat;bøg; y = −3 nigTisedArbs;va.
K-cUrrkPøúcecjBIépÞEs‘VmankaM 4m manpi©t C (0, −3, 0) .
2- épÞsIuTaMgmankaM ρ = 8cm mandg;sIuetbnÞúképÞ ρ = 5.e nC / m .
s
−20 z 2
k-KNnasnÞúksrub
x-KNnaPøúcecjBIépÞ ρ = 8cm ,1cm < z < 5cm ,30 < ϕ < 90 . 0 0
3- sIuLaMgeRcInmankaM ρ = 1 , 2 nig 3cm mandg;sIuetbnÞúkÉksNæan 20 , −20 nig 5 nC / m . 2
k-KNnaPøúcqøgkat;épÞbiT ρ = 5cm , 0 < z < 1m .

x-cUrrk Dr enAcMnuc P(1cm, 2cm,3cm) . eKeGay Dr = 4 xy.ar + 2 ( x + z ) ar + 4 yz.ar C / m .
x
2 2
y z
2
cUrrkbnÞúksrubenAkñúgépÞbiTénRbelBIEb:tEkg 0 < x < 2, 0 < y < 3, 0 < z < 5m .

4- ExSBIrpÞúkbnÞúkÉksNæan ehIynImYy²mandg;sIuetbnÞúk 20nC / m Rtg;)andak;enARtg;
y = 1, z = ±1m . cUrrkPøúcsrubecjBIExSmankaM 2m ebIpi©tenARtg;³
k- A(3,1, 0)
x- B(3, 2, 0)
5- dg;sIuetbnÞúkmaDRtUv)andak;enAkñúglMhesrI ρ = 2.e nC / m cMeBaH 0 < r < 1m nig ρ = 0
v
−1000 r 3
v
enA kEnøgepSgeTot.
k-cUrrkbnÞúksrubkñúgépÞbiTmankaM r = 1mm .
x-edayeRbIRTwsIþbT Gauss cUrKNnatMél D elIépÞmankaM r = 1mm .
r

Chapter3 Electromagnetics

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Chapter3 Electromagnetics

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viTüasßanCatiBhubec©keTsénkm<úCa 1 eGLicRtUma:ejTic

dg;sIuetbnÞúkKitCa C / m rWBN’nacMnYnExSEdnkñúg1m kMnt;eGayGkSr D .

dg;suIetPøúcGKÁisnI Dr CaviucTr½Edn. Dr manTisedAdUc Er enAkñúgrUbdg;suIetPúøcGKÁisnI enAtamTisra:düal;

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

ehIyenAcMgay r Edl a < r < b +Q Es‘Velah³

]TahrN_1³ eyIgcg;rk Dr enAkñúgtMbn;CMuvij ExSbnÞúkÉksNæan 8 nC / m edktamGkS½ z kñúglMhesrI.

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

x-ExSbnÞúkÉksNæan λ = 20mC / m enAelIGkS½ x

K-dg;suIetbnÞúképÞÉksNæan = 120μC / m enAelIbøg; z = −5m

lT§plGaMgetRkal KWépÞbiTGaMgetRkal edaysarFatuépÞ dS Tak;TgeTAnwgkUGredaendUcCa

KUsépÞnimμitCMuvijbnÞúk ehAfaépÞ Gauss .

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

edIm,IBnül;bgðajkarGnuvtþc,ab; Gauss eyIgBinitülT§plBiesaFn_ Faraday edaydak;bnÞúkenAKl;tMruy

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

k-cUrrk Er enAcMnuc P ( r = 2;θ = 25 ;ϕ = 90 )

]TahrN_2³ cUrrkKNnaPøúcGKÁisnIsrubecjBIKUbénépÞbiTedayRCugTaMg6KW x; y; z = ±5 ebIr)aybnÞúkCa³

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

2-enAelIkMnt;épÞbiTenaHEdl Dr .dSr minsUnü. D = efr eyIgBinitümþgeTotcMnucbnÞúk Q enAKl;éntMruy

pi©tEsV‘ ehIyeRCIserIsépÞbiTtamlkçxNÐxagelI. enARKb;kEnøg Dr EkgnwgépÞEsV‘mankaM r D mantMél

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

\LÚvkareRCIserIsépÞsbiTKWgay cMeBaHépÞsuILaMgKWCaépÞEdl D KWEkøgépÞral;kEnøgehIyvaRtUv)anbiT

edayépÞbiTEkgeTAnwgGkS½ z . suILaMgQr mankaM ρ BRgIkBI z = 0 eTA z = L bgðajdUcrUb.

a < ρ < b RtUv)aneRCIserIsépÞ Gauss ehIyeyIgKNnaya:gelOn³

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

]TahrN_³ eyIgeRCIserIskUGkS½kabmanRbEvg 50Cm xagkñúgmankaM 1mm nigxageRkAmankaM 4mm .

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

4-karGnuvtþn_c,ab; GAUSS DIepr:gEsülFatumaD

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

manRTnug Δrx ,rΔy & Δz ehIyGnuvtþRTwsþIbT Gauss ³

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

EdleyIgmanEtRbmaNtMél D enAépÞmuxenH. épÞmuxKWenAcMgay Δ2x BIcMnuc P dUcenH

edaysar D enAkñúgGaMgetRkalERbRbYlCamYy y & z . kenSamenHGacTTYl)anCapøÚvkaredayeRbItYefr

nigtY Tak;TgnwgedrIevTI1 enAkñúgesrIrIk Taylor cMeBaH D enAEk,r P .

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

kenSamenHCakarRbmaNEdlkøaykan;Etl¥ eBl Δv køaykan;EttUceTA² GaceTAEk,rsUnü.

]TahrN_³ enAkñúglMhesrI³ Dr = 8xyz ar + 4 x z ar + 16 x yz ρ C / m

k-cUrrkPøúcGKÁisnIsrubqøgkat;épÞ z = 2 , 0 < x < 2 , 1 < y < 3 enAkñúgTisedA ar . z

x-cUrrk Er enARtg; P ( 2; −1;3)

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

EdlkarRbmaNRtUvCMnYsedaysmPaB. vabBa¢ak;kan;Etc,as;fatYcugeRkayCadg;suIetbnÞúkmaD ρ dUcenH v

smIkar (10) minTak;Tgdg;suIetbnÞúk ehIyviFIsaRsþBImunRtUv)aneRbIelIviucTr½ Ar edIm,Ibgðaj ∫ Ar.dSr cMeBaH

Edl Ar tag el,Ón gradient sItuNðPaBkMlaMrW viucTr½EdnepSg²eTot.

kenSamenH)aneXIjmþgehIy énTMrg;EdlminTak;Tgdg;suIetbnÞúk. vaCalT§plénkarGnuvtþ niymny½

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

EsV‘ EdlviucTr½enAkñúgRbBn§½kUGredaenBiess ehIyTak;TgedrIevedayEpñk eFobeTAnwg GefrEdlTak;Tg

6-smIkarTI1 MAXWELL ¬eGLicRtUsþaTic¦

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

karI divergence minkMritdg;suIetPøúcGKÁisnIvaGacGnuvtþn_cMeBaHviucTr½EdnNamYy. eyIgnwgGnuvtþn_vacMeBaH

x- Dr = z sin ϕ ar + z cos ϕ ar + ρ sin ϕ ar

K- Dr = sin θ sin ϕ ar + cosθ cos ϕ ar + cos ϕ ar

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

kenSamedImrnwgrcug begár Itr )anRTwsþIbT divergence

Rbel BIEb:tEkgekItedaybøg; x = 0 &1 ; y = 0& 2 ; z = 0 & 3

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

edaysar divDr = ∂∂x ( 2 xy ) + ∂∂y ( x ) = 2 y GaMgetRkalmaDkøayCa

edayrMlwkc,ab; Gauss eyIgeXIjfaeyIg)ankMnt;fabnÞúksrub

]TahrN_³ eKeGayEdn Dr = 6ρ sin 12 ϕ ar + 1,5ρ cos 12 ϕ ar C / m . cUrrktMélGgÁFatuTaMgBIénRTwsþI

bT divergence cMeBaHtMbn;EdlP¢ab;eday ρ = 2 ; ϕ = 0 ; ϕ = π ; z = 0 & z = 5 .

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering

3- sIuLaMgeRcInmankaM ρ = 1 , 2 nig 3cm mandg;sIuetbnÞúkÉksNæan 20 , −20 nig 5 nC / m . 2

k-KNnaPøúcqøgkat;épÞbiT ρ = 5cm , 0 < z < 1m .

cUrrkbnÞúksrubenAkñúgépÞbiTénRbelBIEb:tEkg 0 < x < 2, 0 < y < 3, 0 < z < 5m .

Hang Sim Physics Lecturer, Master of Engineering