A. MASK00R.

BSc(sp), MSc(Chemistry), PGDE

IONIC CHARACTER
𝝁 = 𝜹. 𝒓 or 𝝁 = 𝑸𝒓 or 𝝁 = 𝑸𝒅
𝜹/𝑸 – Kidtpd; Vw;wk;
𝒓 / 𝒅– fUtpilj;J}uk;
Units = Debye
1D = 3.34 x 10-30 Cm
gq;fPl;L tYg;gpizg;gpd; fUtpilj;J}uk; fzpg;gjw;F gpd;tUk; rkd;ghl;il
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
“A – B vd;Dk; kpd;ndjpu; ngWkhdj;jpy; NtWghLila xU gpizg;ig fUjpd;”

𝜸𝑨 – 𝑩= 𝜸𝑨 + 𝜸𝑩 – 𝑪 (∆𝑬)
𝜸𝑨 – 𝐴 ,d; Miu
𝜸B – B,d; Miu
C – khwpyp (9 pm)
∆E – A, B ,ilapYs;s kpd;ndjpu; ngWkhd NtWghL
H – Cl ,w;F ,jid gpuNahfpg;gpd;
“𝜸H – Cl = 𝜸H + 𝜸Cl– 9 pm (3.0 – 2.1)

mad; rjtPjk; fzpg;gjw;F ,U topKiwfis ifahyyhk;.

METHOD-I
𝝁(𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆)
(1) mad; ,ay;gpd; rjtPjk; = 𝝁(𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝝁(Observe) = ,J tpdhtpy; jug;gLk;

𝝁(Thoritial) => fzpf;fg;gl Ntz;bait

𝝁(Thoritial) or 𝝁(Ionic) =>fzpf;fg;gl Ntz;bait

xU 𝝈 gpizg;G vd;why; mt;tpyj;jpud; ngWkhdj;ij (1.602 x 10-19C)

KOikahf ,Og;gjhf fUjp fzpf;fg;gLtJ(mad; ,ay;ghf fUjp)

𝝁(𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓) = 𝜹. 𝒓

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 A. MASK00R. BSc(sp), MSc(Chemistry), PGDE

mad; ,ay;gpd; rjtPjk; = (Kidtpd; Vw;wngWkhdk; / 𝜹 ) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎

,yj;jpud; Vw;wk;
xU rpf;kh gpidg;ghf ,Ug;gpd; Vw;wk; 1.602 x 10-19C
mjhtJ jug;gl;l ,UKidT jpUg;Gjpwd; ngWkhdj;ij gad;gLj;jp
Vw;wg;ngWkhdk; fzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

𝝁(𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗) = 𝜹. 𝒓

𝝁 (𝐨𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞)
𝜹= 𝒓
gpd; Nkw;gb rkd;ghl;il gad;gLj;jp mad; rjtPjk; fzpf;fyhk;.

Eg – I

HCl ,d; ,UKidT jpUg;Gjpwd; 1.03D, H – Cl ,d; fUtpilj;J}uk; 127 pm

mad; rjtPjk;?

Method I
jpUg;Gjpwd; Cm ,y; = 1.03 x 3.34 x 10-30
𝝁 (𝑶𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆) = 3.44 x 10-30 Cm

𝝁(𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓) = 1.602 x 10-19 C x 127 x 10-12 m

= 203.454 x 10-31

𝝁(𝑶𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓)
mad; ,ay;gpd; rjtPjk = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝝁(𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓)

𝟑.𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟎
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟎𝟑.𝟒𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏

= 16.9%

Method II
𝝁(𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓) = 𝜹. 𝒓

𝟑.𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟎 𝑪𝒎
𝜹 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝒎

𝜹 = 0.0271 x 10-18C

𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟖𝑪 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎

mad; ,ay;gpd; rjtPjk =
𝟏.𝟔𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑪
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 A. MASK00R. BSc(sp), MSc(Chemistry), PGDE

= 16.9%

Eg – II
HBr ,d; ,UKidT jpUg;Gjpwd; 2.6 x 10-30 Cm
H – Br ,d; fUtpilj;J}uk; 1.41 Ao
HBr ,d; mad; rjtPjk;?
(Ans = 11.525%)

2020/1st– Struct/C Part

gpd;tUk; juTfis gad;gLj;jp H – F gpizg;gpd; mad; ,ay;gpd; rjtPjj;ij
fzpf;f.
H2 ,d; fUtpilj;J}uk; [d (H – H)] = 74 Pm
F2 ,d; fUtppilj;J}uk; (d F – F) = 144 Pm
F ,d; kpd; vjpu;ngWkhdk; = 4.0
H ,d; kpd; vjpu;ngWkhdk; = 2.1
HF ,d; ,UKid jpUg;Gjpwd; = 6.0 x 10-30

Method I
1st Step
𝜸(H – F) = (𝜸H + 𝜸F) – C (∆E)
𝟕𝟒 𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝜸(H – F) = (𝟐 + ) − 9 (4.0 – 2.1)
𝟐

𝜸(H – F) = (37 + 72) – 17.1

𝜸(H – F) = 91.9 Pm

2nd Step
𝝁(𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓) = 𝜹. 𝒓
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 A. MASK00R. BSc(sp), MSc(Chemistry), PGDE

𝝁(𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓) = 1.602 x 10-19 C x 91.9 x 10-12 m

= 147.04 x 10-31 Cm
3rd Step
𝟔.𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟎
mad; ,ay;gpd; rjtPjk; = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟒𝟕.𝟎𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏

= 40.8%

Method II
1st Step
𝒓 (𝑯 − 𝑭) = 91.9 Pm

2nd Step
𝝁(𝑶𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓) = 𝜹. 𝒓
𝟔.𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟎 𝑪𝒎
𝜹 = 𝟗𝟏.𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐𝒎

𝜹 = 0.653 x 10-19 C
3rd Step
𝟎.𝟔𝟓𝟑×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑪
mad; ,ay;gpd; rjtPjk; = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏.𝟔𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏 𝑪

= 40.8%

A.MASKOOR
BSc(sp), MSc(Chemistry), PGDE

T/KIN/MUSLIM LADIES COLEEGE

KINNIYA