1 > edIm,Irwtk,alb‘UsIu[twgeKRtUveRbIm:Um:g; 15Nm .

ebICagrwtedayeRbIesaEdlmanRbEvg
25cm etIKat;RtUveRbIkmøaMgGb,brmab:unμan ?

dMeNaHRsay
KNnakmøaMgGb,brmaEdlRtUveRbI ³
τ
tamrUbmnþ ³ τ = Fd naM[ ³ F=
d
eday ³ τ = 15 Nm d = 25cm = 0.25m

eyIg)n ³ F=
15 Nm
0.25m
= 60 N

dUcenH ³ F = 60 N

2 > r)MgRtYtBinitümYyGacvilCMuvijG½kS (Δ) kat;tamcMNuc O . r)MgenHeFVIBIr)resμIsac;

mYyEdlmanm:as m = 40kg nigcgkUnTm¶n;mYyEdlmanm:as m = 80kg dUcrUb . ebI G nig
1 2 1

G CaTIRbCMuTm¶n;énEpñknImYy²EdlsßitenAelIbnÞat;EtmYy cUrKNnam:Um:g;énkmøaMg W nig

2 1

W eFobnwgG½kS (Δ ) . eK[ ³ OG = 2.0m , OG = 1.0m .

2 1 2

cemøIy G O
1 G 2

KNnam:Um:g;énkmøaMg W nig W eFobnwgG½kS (Δ ) ³

1 2
(Δ )
-m:Um:génkmøaMg W ³
1 τ = W × OG = m g × OG
1 1 1 1 1

eday ³ −3
OG = 2.0m , m = 40 g = 40 × 10 kg , g = 9.80 N / kg
1 1

eyIg)n ³ τ = 40 × 10 kg × 9.80 × 2.0m = 0.784 Nm

1
−3

-m:Um:génkmøaMg W ³
2 τ = W × OG = m g × OG
2 2 2 2 2

eday ³ −3
OG = 1.0m , m = 80 g = 80 × 10 kg , g = 9.80 N / kg
2 2

1 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

eyIg)n ³ τ = 80 × 10 kg × 9.80 × 1.0m = 0.784 Nm
2
−3

eyIg)nm:Um:gpÁÜb ³ τ =τ +τ 1 2

kMNt;TisedAviC¢mantamRTnicnaLika eyIg)n ³ τ = −τ 1 + τ 2 = 0 (τ 1 = τ 2 )

dUcenH ³ τ =0 RbB½n§manlMnwgeFobnwgG½kS (Δ) .

3 > k®nþkyYrmYymanRbEvg 0.6 m . enAcugmçageKdak;RbGb;TwkedaHeKaEdlmanm:as
2.0kg ÉcugmçageToteKdak;TwkRkUcEdlmanm:as 0.5kg . etIeKRtUvdak;kBa©b;sármYyeTot

Edlmanm:as 1.81kg Rtg;NaedIm,I[k®nþkmanlMnwgRtg;p©itm:asrbs;va ?

dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;TItaMgEdlRtUvdak;kBa©b;sár ³ F
+

eBlmanlMnwgRbB½n§rgm:Um:g;bI eFobnwgp©itm:asrbs;k®nþkKW ³
- τ m:Um:g;énTm¶n;TwkedaHeKa ³
1 τ = W × OG = m g × OG
1 1 1 1 1

- τ m:Um:g;énTm¶n;TwkRkUc ³
2 τ = W × OG = m g × OG G
2 2
G
2 G 2 2 2
3
1

O
- τ m:Um:g;énTm¶n;kBa©b;sárs ³
3 τ = W × OG = m g × OG
3 3 3 3 3
W W 2 3

RbB½n§manlMnwg kalNa ³ τ +τ +τ = 0
1 2 3
W 1

kMNt;TisedAviC¢mantamRTnicnaLika eyIg)n ³ τ −τ −τ = 0 1 2 3

smmUl ³ m g × OG − m g × OG − m g × OG = 0
1 1 2 2 3 3

m × OG − m × OG
naM[ ³ OG =3
1

m
1 2 2

eday ³ OG = OG = 0.62m = 0.3m , m = 2kg , m = 0.5kg , m = 1kg , g = 9.80 N / kg

2 1 1 2 3

(2 × 0.3) − (0.5 × 0.3)

eyIg)n ³ OG = 3
1
= 0.45m

dUcenHedIm,I[RbB½n§manlMnwgluHRtaEtdak;kBa©b;sársßitRtg; G Edlsßitcm¶ay 3

0.45m BIp©itm:asrbs;k®nþkenAEpñkxagdak;TwkRkUc .

2 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 4 > stVqμamYyk,aledIrelIbnÞHkþaresμIsac;mYyEdlmanRbEvg 4.0m manm:as 7.0kg .
bnÞHkþarRTedaybgÁgBIrEdlbgÁgTImYysßitcm¶ay 0.5m BIcugxageqVg nigbgÁgTIBIrsßit
cm¶ay 1.5m BIcugxagsþaM . kalNaqμaedIrdl;cugxagsþaMeFVI[bnÞHkþaresÞIEtcab;epþImbH .
KNnam:asrbs;qμayk g = 10N/kg .
dMeNaHRsay +

KNnam:asrbs;qμa ³ F 2

F 1 A
eBlr)rerobb:HenaHkmøaMgRTénTRmTImYy C O B
F = 0 . ykTItaMgrbs;TRmTIBIrCaG½kSrgVil
1
W 2
eyIg)nRbB½n§rgm:Um:g;BIrKW ³
- τ m:Um:g;énTm¶n;r)r
1 ³ τ = W × OB = m g × OB
1 1 1
W 1

- τ m:Um:g;énTm¶n;qμa
2 ³ τ = W × AB = m g × AB
2 2 2

RbB½n§manlMnwg kalNa ³ τ + τ = 0 $ τ = τ 1 2 1 2

smmUl ³ m g × OB = m g × AB
1 2 naM[ ³
m1 g × OB m1 × OB
m2 = =
g × AB AB
eday ³ m = 7.0kg , AB = 1.50m , OB = OA − AB =
1
4.0m
2
− 1.5m = 0.5m
7.0 × 0.5
eyIg)n ³ m = 2
1.5
= 2.3kg

dUcenH ³ m = 2.3kg
2

5 > CeNþIrmYymanm:as M = 20kg nigmanRbEvg 5m RtUv)nEp¥keTAnwgCBa¢aMgdUcrUb .

CeNþIrep¥ógbegáIt)nmMu α = 60 eFobnwgdI . snμt;faCBa¢aMgrelag\tex©aHEdlkkitGac
o

ecal)n . B

k > kMNt;kmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;dIRtg;cMNuc A nig

CBa¢aMgRtg;cMNuc B eBlCeNþIrmanlMnwg .
x > KNnakmøaMgkkitrvagCeNþInwgdI . A α

3 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 dMeNaHRsay F ' cos β

k > kMNt;viucT½rel,Ónrbs;kILakrTaMgBIreRkayeBlcab;édKña ³ F'

β
B
CeNþIrrgkmøaMgbIKW ³ β
G
- R kmøaMgkkitRtg;cMNuc A nigdI F R
W cos α
- F ' kmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;CBa¢aMgRtg;cMNuc B
A α
- W Tm¶n;rbs;CeNþIr ³ W = mg W
f
CeNþIrmanlMnwgeyIg)n ³ R + F '+W = 0

smmUl ³ f + F + F '+W = 0

eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kSQreyIg)n ³ 0 + F − 0 −W = 0

naM[ ³ F = W = mg

eday ³ m = 20kg , g = 9.80 N / kg

eyIg)n ³ F = 20kg × 9.80 N / kg = 196 N

eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kSedkeyIg)n ³ f + 0 − F '−0 = 0

naM[ ³ f = F'

ykcMNuc A CaKl;G½kS eyIg)nRbB½n§rgm:Um:g; ³

- τ m:Um:génTm¶n;rbs;CeNþIr ³
w τ = mg cos α ×
W
AB
2
- τ m:Um:génkmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;CBa¢aMg³ τ = F ' cos β × AB = F ' cos(90 − α ) × AB
F' F'
o

CeNþIrmanlMnwg eyIg)n ³ τ +τ = 0 $
W F' Wτ =τ F'

smmUl ³ F ' cos(90 − α ) × AB = mg cos α ×

o AB
2
mg cos α mg cos α mg cot anα
naM[ ³ F'=
2 cos(90 − α )
o
=
2 sin α
=
2
eday ³ m = 20kg , g = 9.80 N / kg , α = 30 o

20kg × 9.80 N / kg × cot an60o

eyIg)n ³ F'=
2
= 56.58 N

4 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

dUcenH ³ F ' = f = 56.58 N

m:üag ³ R=F+ f

smmUl ³ R = F + f = (196) + (98) = 219.13 N

2 2 2 2

dUcenH ³ R = 219.13 N

x > KNnakmøaMgkkitrvagCeNþInwgdI ³
kmøaMgkkitEdlekIteLIgrvagr)r nigdI KWCakmøaMgtamG½kSedk f Edl ³
f = F '= 56.58 N

6 > FñwmesμIsac;mYymanRbEvg 2.20m manm:as m = 25.0kg

RtUv)ntemøIgP¢ab;eTAnwgCBa¢aMgdUcrUb . FñwmsßitenAtam T
R
Tisedk ehIycugmçagcgedayExSEdlbegáIt)nmMu θ = 30 o
θ

eFobnwgFñwm nigmanBüÜrm:as M = 280kg . kMNt;kmøaMgpÁúMén

kmøaMgRbtikmμ R rbs;CBa¢aMgeTAelIFñwm nigkmøaMgpÁúMrbs;tMNwgExS T .
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;kmøaMgpÁúMénkmøaMgRbtikmμ R rbs;CBa¢aMgeTAelIFñwm nigkmøaMgpÁúMrbs;tMNwgExS T ³
FñwmrgkmøaMgbYnKW ³
- R kmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;CBa¢aMg
- T tMNwgExS T T y

- W Tm¶n;rbs;Fñwm ³ W = mg R R
y

θ
- W ' Tm¶n;rbs;m:as M ³ W ' = Mg
R x T x
FñwmmanlMnwgeyIg)n ³ R + T + W + W '= 0
W
eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kSedk ³ R −T + 0+ 0 = 0 $
x x R =T
x x W'
eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kSQr ³ R + T −W −W '= 0 $
y y R + T = W + W ' (*)
y y

ykcMNuc A CaKl;G½kSeyIg)nRbB½n§rgm:Um:g;bIKW ³
5 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl
- τ Cam:Um:g;éntMNwgExS ³
T τ = T × AC
T y

- τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n;Fñwm ³
W τ = mg × AB
W

- τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n;rbs;m:as M ³
W' τ = Mg × AC W'

RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ τ +τ +τ = 0
T W W'

kMNt;TisedAviC¢mantamRTniknaLikaeyIg)n ³ −τ +τ +τ = 0 T W W'

smmUl ³ − (T × AC ) + (mg × AB) + ( Mg × AC ) = 0

y

(mg × AB) + ( Mg × AC )
naM[ ³ T =
y
AC
eday ³ m = 25.0kg , M = 280kg , AB =
AC 2.2m
2
=
2
= 1.1m , AC = 2.2m
(25.0 × 1.1) + (280 × 2.2)
eyIg)n ³ T =
y
2.2
= 292.5 N
T
Et ³ T = T sin 30 $
y
0
T=
sin 30
=
292.5
0.5
= 585 N
y
0

dUcenH ³ T = 585 N

m:üageTot ³ R = T = T cos 30 = 585 N × cos 30 = 506.6 N

x x
o o

R +T =W +W'
y y naM[ ³ R = W + W '−T y y

smmUl ³ R = mg + Mg − T = (25.0 × 9.8) + (280.0 × 9.8) − 292.5N = 2696.5N

y y

eyIg)n ³ R = R + R = (506.6) + (2696.5) = 2743.67 N

2
x
2
y
2 2

dUcenH ³ R = 2743.67 N

7 > fasesμIsac;mYymankRmas;efrmankaM R RtUv)necaHyk

mYyEpñkecjdUcrUb . EpñkEdlecaHykecjmankaM R2 . bgðaj O O'

faTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;EpñkenAsl;sßitcm¶ay R6 BITIRbCMuTm¶n;cas; .
dMeNaHRsay
R
bgðajfaTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;EpñkenAsl;sßitcm¶ay 6 BITIRbCMuTm¶n;cas; ³ O'O' O O'
kñúgEpñkEdlenAsl; ]bmaeyIgminKitEpñkEdlqøúHCamYyrgVg;Edl
6 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl
ecaHykecj enaHp©itm:asrbs;vasßitRtg;cMNuc O manépÞ S nigman
m:as M. rIÉEpñkEdlqøúHCa mYyrgVg;EdlecaHecj manTIp©itm:assßit
Rtg; O’’ manépÞ s nigmanm:a m .
Mx + mx
ykcMNuc O CaKl;G½kS eyIg)n ³ X =
M +m
cm (*)1 2

⎛ 2 R2 ⎞
2
⎛ R⎞ R2
eday ³ S = πR − 2π ⎜ ⎟ = πR − π
2
⎝ 2⎠
2

2
$ VM = ⎜ πR − π
⎝ 2⎠
⎟h

⎛ R2 ⎞
2
⎛ R⎞ R2
s = π⎜ ⎟ = π
⎝ 2⎠ 4
$ Vm = ⎜ π
⎝ 4⎠
⎟h

⎛ 2 R2 ⎞ R2
⎜ πR − π ⎟h πR 2 − π 1−
1
⎝ 2⎠
eyIg)n ³ VM
Vm
=
⎛ R2 ⎞
=
R 2
2 =
1
2 =2

⎜π ⎟h π
⎝ 4⎠ 4 4

smmUl ³ VM = 2Vm $ M
μ
=2
m
μ
eyIg)n ³ M = 2m
2mx1 + mx 2 2 x1 + x 2
(*)eyIg)n ³ X cm = =
2m + m 3
eday ³ x1 = 0 , x 2 =
R
2
R
(2 × 0) +
eyIg)n ³ X cm =
3
2 =R
6
dUcenHTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;EpñkenAsl;sßitcm¶ay R6 BITIRbCMuTm¶n;cas; .
7 > kMNt;TIRbCMuTm¶n;énbnÞHesμIsac;ragctuekaNEkgEdlman
beNþay 12cm nigTTwg 6cm . ÉEpñkEdlRtUv)nkat;ecjrag
kaerEdlmanRCug 3cm .
dMeNaHRsay y

kMNt;TIRbCMuTm¶n;énbnÞHesμIsac; ³ G2

eyIgGacEckbnÞHesμIsac;CaBIEpñkdUcrUb eEdlEpñkFMmanTIRbCMuTm¶n; G1

Rtg;p©it G nigEpñktUcmanTIRbCMuTm¶n;Rtg;p©it G .
1 2
O x
7 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl
 x1 m1 + x 2 m2
tamrUbmnþp©itm:as eyIg)n ³ xcm =
m1 + m2
y m + y 2 m2
y cm = 1 1
m1 + m2

m:üageTot ³ V1 =
m1
μ
= a1b1 h
m
V2 = 2 = a 2 b2 h
μ
eyIg)n ³ V1 m1 a1b1 h a1b1
= = =
V 2 m 2 a 2 b2 h a 2 b2
$ ab
m1 = 1 1 × m2
a 2 b2
ab ab
x1 1 1 × m2 + x 2 m2 x1 1 1 + x 2
eyIg)n ³ xcm =
a 2 b2
a1b1
=
a 2 b2
a1b1
× m2 + m2 +1
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
eday ³
a1 = 12cm − 3cm = 9cm , b1 = 6cm
9cm 3cm
a 2 = 3cm , b2 = 3cm , x1 = 3cm + = 7.5cm , x 2 = = 1.5cm
2 2
9×6
7 .5 × + 1 .5
eyIg)n ³ xcm = 3× 3 = 6.64cm
9×6
+1
3× 3
a1b1
y1 × m2 + y 2 m2
y1 m1 + y 2 m2
m:üageTot ³ y cm =
m1 + m2
$ y cm =
a 2 b2
a1b1
× m2 + m2
a 2 b2
a1b1
y1 + y2
smmUl ³ y cm =
a 2 b2
a1b1
+1
a 2 b2

eday ³ y1 = 3cm +
3cm
2
= 4.5cm , y 2 =
6cm
2
= 3cm
9×6
4 .5 × +3
eyIg)n ³ y cm = 3× 3 = 4.28cm
9×6
+1
3× 3
eyIg)nTIRbCMuTm¶n;énRbB½n§sßitRtg; G(6.64cm,4.28cm) BIcMNuc O .
8 > kMNt;p©itm:asénGgÁFatubIEdlmanm:aserogKña 2kg , 4kg nig 6kg EdlRtUv)ndak;elI
8 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl
kMBUlRtIekaNmYyEdlmanlMnwgmanRCug 0.5m edayykKl;G½kSRtg; m:as 2kg nigG½kS
ox kat;tamm:as 4kg .

dMeNaHRsay y
m
kMNt;p©itm:asénGgÁFatuTaMgbI ³ a sin 60 o 3

m x +m x +m x a
tamrUbmnþp©itm:as ³ x =
cm
1 1

m +m +m
2 2 3 3

1 2 3 o
60
eday ³ m = 2kg , m = 4kg , m = 6kg
1 2 O
m a cos 60 m
3 x
1
o
2

x1 = 0 , x 2 = a = 0.5m , x3 = a cos 60 o = 0.5 cos 60 o = 0.25m

(2 × 0) + (4 × 0.5) + (6 × 0.25)
eyIg)n ³ xcm =
2+4+6
= 0.29m
m y + m 2 y 2 + m3 y 3
m:üageTot ³ y cm = 1 1
m1 + m2 + m3
eday ³ y = 0 , y = 0 , y = a sin 60 = 0.5sic60 = 433m
1 2 3
o o

(2 × 0) + (4 × 0) + (6 × 0.433)
eyIg)n ³ y =
cm
2+4+6
= 0.22m

dUcenHp©itm:assßitRtg;cMNuc G ( 0.29m , 0.22m ) BIcMNuc O .

9 > r)resμIsac;mYymanRbEvg L manTm¶n; 200N RTedayTRmBIr A nig B enAcugsgxag
RtUv)nBüÜrTm¶n; 450N sßitcm¶ay L / 4 BITRm B .
KNnakmøaMgEdlbeBa©jedayTRmnImYy² .
dMeNaHRsay F F A B

O C
KNnakmøaMgEdlbeBa©jedayTRmnImYy² ³ A B

ykcMNuc A CaKl;G½kSeyIg)nRbB½n§rgm:Um:g;bIKW ³ W
-τ Cam:Um:g;énkmøaMgRbtikmμTRm B ³ τ = F × L
B B
W'
B

- τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n;r)r
W ³ τ = W × L2 W

- τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n;BüÜ
W' ³ τ = W '× 34L W'

RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ τ + τ + τ = 0 B W W'

9 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

kMNt;TisedAviC¢mantamRTniknaLikaeyIg)n ³ −τ +τ +τ = 0 B W W'

smmUl ³ − ( F × L) + (W × ) + (W '× ) = 0 $ − F + +
B
L
2
3L
4
W 3W '
2 4
=0 B

naM[ ³ F =
B
W 3W '
2
+
4
eday ³ W = 200 N , W ' = 450 N
200 3 × 450
eyIg)n ³ F =
B
2
+
4
= 437.5 N

dUcenH ³ F = 437.5 N
B

m:üageTotTRmrgkmøaMgbYnKW ³
- F kmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;TRm A
A

- F kmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;TRm B
B

- W Tm¶n;rbs;r)r ³ W = 200 N
- W ' Tm¶n;BüÜr ³ W ' = 450 N
r)rmanlMnwgeyIg)n ³ F + F + W + W '= 0
A B

smmUl ³ − F − F + W + W ' = 0 $ + F + F = W + W ' (*)

A B A B

naM[ ³ F = W + W '− F
A B

smmUl ³ F = 200 N + 450 N − 437.5 N = 212.5 N

A

dUcenH ³ F = 212.5 N
A

10 > kMNt;p©itm:asénRbB½n§m:asbI m = 6kg sßitRtg; A(1m ,0 ) , m

A B = 5 kg sßitRtg;
B(5m , 0m ) nig m = 8kg sßitRtg; C(5m ,3m ) .
C

dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;p©itm:asénRbB½n§m:asbI ³
m r +m r +m r
tamrUbmnþ ³ r =
cm
A A

m +m +m
B B C C

A B C

eday ³ m = 6kg , m = 5kg , m = 8kg

A B C

10 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 rA = (1m , 0) , rB = (5m , 0 ) , rC = (5m , 3m )
6(1i + 0 j ) + 5(5i + 0 j ) + 8.0(5i + 3 j )
eyIg)n ³ rcm =
6 .0 + 5 .0 + 8 .0
6i + 0 j + 25i + 0 j + 40i + 15 j
smmUl ³ rcm =
6+5+8
= 3.73i + 0.78 j

dUcenH ³ rcm = 3.73i + 0.78 j

11 > bMBg;esμIsac;mYyRtUv)neFVICadgføwgEdlmanTm¶n; 100N nigmanBüÜrm:as 200N nig

500N enAcugTaMgsgxag . kMNt;TItaMgEdlRtUvdak;TRmedIm,I [RbB½n§manlMnwgtamTis

edk nigKNnakmøaMgEdlbeBa©jedayTRm .
dMeNaHRsay A O G B

kMNt;TItaMgEdlRtUvdak;TRmedIm,I [RbB½n§manlMnwg ³
W
ebI G CaTItaMgEdlRtUvdak;TRm yk G CaG½krgVil
W A
W
eyIg)nRbB½n§rgm:Um:g;bIKW ³ B

-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n; A
A ³ τ = W × GA A A

-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n;r)r
W ³ τ = W × GO W

RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ τ + τ + τ = 0 A B W

kMNt;TisedAviC¢mantamRTniknaLikaeyIg)n ³ −τ +τ −τ = 0 A B W

smmUl ³ − (W × GA) + (W × GB) − (W × OG ) = 0

A B

smmUl ³ − (W × GA) + (W × GB) − W (OB − GB) = 0

A B

eday ³ W = 200 N ,W = 500 N W =100 N , OG = L2

A B

eyIg)n ³ L
− (200 × GA) + (500 × GB) − 100( − GB) = 0
2
smmUl ³ − 2GA + 5GB − + GB = 0 $
L
2
L
− 2GA + 6GB − = 0
2
smmUl ³ − 2( L − GB) + 6GB − = 0 $
L
2
− 4 L + 4GB + 12GB − L = 0

smmUl ³ GB =
5L
16
= 0.31L

11 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 dUcenHeKRtUvdak;TRmsßitcm¶ay 0.31 BIcMNugcugBüÜrTm¶n; 500N .
KNnakmøaMgEdlbeBa©jedayTRm ³
RbB½n§rgkmøaMg 4 KW ³
- W Tm¶n; A ³ W = 200 N
A A

- W Tm¶n; B ³ W = 500 N
B B

- W Tm¶n; r)r ³ W = 100 N

- R kmøaMgRTrbs;TRm
RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ W + W + W + R = 0
A B

smmUl ³ W + W + W − R = 0 $ 200 + 100 + 500 − R = 0

A B

naM[ ³ R = 200 + 100 + 500 = 800 N

dUcenH ³ R = 800 N

12 > bnÞHkþarmYymanTm¶n; 200N manRbEvg L RtUv)nBüÜrTm¶n;BIr 300N sßitcm¶ay L/3 BI

cugxag A nig 400Nsßitcm¶ay 3L / 4 BIcugxag AEdr . KNnakmøaMgbEnßm nigkMNt;TItaMg
EdlRtUveRbIedIm,I[bnÞHkþarmanlMnwgtamTisedk .
dMeNaHRsay F

KNnakmøaMgbEnßm ³ A O G B
ebI F CakmøaMgbEnßm eyIg)nbnÞHkþarrgkmøaMgbYnKW ³
- F CakmøaMgEdlRtUvbEnßm W

- W Tm¶n;BüÜrcm¶ay L3 BIcMNuc A ³ W = 300 N

1 1
W1
W 2

- W Tm¶n;BüÜrcm¶ay 3L4 BIcMNuc B ³ W = 400 N

2 2

- W Tm¶n;bnÞHkþar ³ W = 200 N
RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ W + W + W + F = 0
1 2

kMNt;TisedAviC¢mancuHeRkam ³ W +W +W − F = 0 $ F = W +W +W
1 2 1 2

12 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

smmUl ³ F = 300 + 400 + 200 = 900 N

dUcenH ³ F = 900 N

kMNt;TItaMgEdlRtUveRbI ³
kMNt;ykcMNuc A G½kSrgVil eyIg)nRbB½n§rgm:Um:g;bYnKW ³
-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n; W ³ τ = W × L3
1 1 1 1

-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n; W ³ τ = W × 34L
2 2 2 2

-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n;bnÞHkþar ³ τ = W × L2
3 3

-τ Cam:Um:g;énbEnßm
4 ³ τ = F×x
4

RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ τ + τ + τ + τ = 0
1 2 3 4

kMNt;TisedAviC¢mantamRTniknaLikaeyIg)n ³ τ + τ + τ − τ = 0 1 2 3 3

smmUl ³ L 3L L
(W × ) + (W × ) + (W × ) − Fx = 0
1
3
2
4 2
smmUl ³ L
3
3L
4
L
(300 × ) + (400 × ) + (200 × ) − 900 x = 0
2
smmUl ³ x=
5L
9
= 0.56 L

dUcenH edIm,I[RbB½n§manlMnwgkmøaMgbEnßmRtUvmancMNuccab;sßitcm¶ay 0.56 BIcMNuc A .

13 > r)resμIsac;mYymanTm¶n; 40N rgnUvkmøaMgdUcbgðaj 80 N

kñúgrUb .kMNt;TMhM TItaMg nigTisénkmøaMgEdlRtUveRbIedIm,I 50 N

30 0

rkSalMnwg . 0.2 L 0.6 L 0.2 L

60 N
70 N

dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;TMhM TItaMg nigTisénkmøaMgEdlRtUveRbI ³
eyIgsegáteXIjfa RbB½n§rgkmøaMgR)MKW ³
- W Tm¶n;BüÜrRtg;cMNuc O ³ W = 60 N
1 1

13 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

- W Tm¶n;BüÜrRtg;cMNuc B ³
2 W2 = 70 N
y
F
80 N

50 N
- W Tm¶n;r)r ³ W = 40 N 30 0 C x

- F kmøaMgTajeLIgelI
1 ³ F1 = 50 N
O 0.2 L
A 0.6 L B 0.2 L

- F kmøaMgTajeLIgelI
2 ³ F2 = 80 N 60 N
70 N

eyIg)nkmøaMgpÁÜb ³
F = W 1 + F 1 + W 2 + W + F2
eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kS Ox ³ x F = − F cos 30 = 80 cos 30 = 69.28 N
2
o o

eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kS Oy ³ y F = −W + F − W − W + F sin 30
1 1 2 2
o

smmUl ³ F = −60 + 50 − 40 − 70 + 80 sin 30 = −80 N

y
o

dUcenHedIm,I[RbB½n§manlMnwgluHRtaEteRbIkmøaMgbEnßm ³ F ' = − F , F ' = − F x x y y

eyIg)nkmøaMgpÁÜb ³ F = F ' + F ' = (−69.28) + (80) = 106 N

2
x
2
y
2 2

F'
m:üageTot ³ tan α =
y

F'
=
80
− 69.28
= tan(−49 ) $ α = −49o o

eRkameBlbEnßmkmøaMg RbB½n§rgm:Um:g; ³
-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n; F ³ τ = F × 0.2L = 50 × 0.2L = 10L
1 1 1 1

-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n; F ³ τ = F sin 30 L = 80 sin 30 L = 40L

2 2 2 2
o o

-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n;bnÞHkþar ³ τ = W × 0.5L = 40 × 0.5L = 20L

3 3

-τ Cam:Um:g;énbEnßm
4 ³ τ = F × x = −80 x
4 y

-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n; W
5 2 ³ τ = W × 0 .8 L
4 2

RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ τ + τ + τ + τ + τ = 0
1 2 3 4 5

kMNt;TisedAviC¢mantamRTniknaLikaeyIg)n ³ −τ −τ +τ +τ +τ = 0 1 2 3 4 5

smmUl ³ − 10 L − 40 L + 20 L − 80 x + 56 L = 0

14 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 − 10 L − 40 L + 20 L + 56 L
naM[ ³ x=
80
= 0.325L

dUcenHedIm,I[RbB½n§manlMnwgluHRtaEtbEnßmkmøaMg F = 106N tamTisbegáIt)nmMu

-49 M eFobnwgbøg;edk sßitcm¶ay 0.325 BIcugxageqVg .

14 > bnÞHkþarmYymanRbEvg L man T 1

30
T
0
2

θ
Tm¶n1; 20N kñúgrUbRtUv)nRTedayExS
BIr nigcgBüÜrTm¶n; 400N enAcm¶ay L/4 L
4
BIcugmçagEdlmantMNwgExS T . KNna
2
400 N
tMNwgExSnImYy² nigmMu θ .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaMNwgExSnImYy² nigmMu θ ³ T 1
30
T
0
2

θ
eyIgsegáteXIjfa bnÞHkþarrgkmøaMgbYn ³
- W Tm¶n;BüÜrRtg;cMNuc O ³ W = 400 N L
1 1
4
- W Tm¶nkþar
2 ³ W = 120 N
2
400 N

- T nig T tMNwgExSBüÜr
1 1

bnÞHkþarmanlMnwgeyIg)n ³ W + W + T + T = 0 1 2 1 2

eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kS Ox ³ 0 + 0 + T sin θ + T sin 30 = 0 $ T sin θ = − T

1
1
2
2
o
1 2

eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kS Oy ³ − W − W + T cos θ + T cos 30 = 0

1 2 1 2
o

naM[ ³ T cos θ = W + W − T cos 30

1 1 2 2
o

1 1
− T2 − T2
T1 sin θ
eyIg)n ³ = 2
T1 cos θ W1 + W2 − T2 cos 30 o
$ tan θ = 2
W1 + W2 − T2 cos 30 o
m:üageTotyk O CAKl;G½kSRbB½n§rgm:Um:g; ³
-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n; W = 400 N ³
1 1 τ 1 = W1 ×
L
4
L
= 400 × = 100 L
4
-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n; W = 120 N ³
2 2
L
2
L
τ 2 = W2 × = 120 × = 60 L
2
15 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl
-τ Cam:Um:g;éntMNwgExS T ³ τ = T cos 30 L = 0.86T L
3 2 3 2
o
2

RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ τ + τ + τ = 0 1 2 3

kMNt;TisedAviC¢mantamRTnicnaLikaeyIg)n ³ +τ +τ 1 2 −τ 3 = 0

smmUl ³ 100L + 00L − 0.86T L = 0 2

100 + 60
naM[ ³ T =
2
0.86
= 186 N
1 1
− T2 − × 186
eyIg)n ³ tan θ = 2
W1 + W2 − T2 cos 30 o
= 2
400 + 120 − 186 cos 30 o
= −0.259

smmUl ³ tan θ = −0.259 = tan 15 o $ θ = 15 o

m:üageTot ³ 1
T1 sin θ = − T2
2
$ T1 = −
T2
=
186 N
2 sin θ 2 sin 15 o
= 359 N

dUcenH ³ T1 = 359 N , T2 = 186 N , θ = 15 o

15 > FñwmesμIsac;mYymanTm¶n; 400N manRbEvg 5.0m RtUv)n 3.0m

BüÜrcugmçageTAnwgCBa¢aMg ÉcugmçageTotRtUv)nP¢ab;eTAnwg
ExSP¢ab;eTAnwgCBa¢aMgdUcrUb . 5.0m

k > KNnatMNwgExSEdlmanGMeBIelIFñwm .
x > KNnakmøaMgpÁúMedk nigkmøaMgpÁúMQrEdlCBa¢aMgmanGMeBIelIFñwm .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnatMNwgExSEdlmanGMeBIelIFñwm ³
yk A CaG½kSrgVileyIg)nFñwmrgm:Um:g; ³
-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n;Fñwm ³ τ = W sin α × L2 = W × BC
1 1
AB 2
L
× = 400 ×
3.0 5.0
×
5.0 2
= 600 Nm

-τ Cam:Um:g;éntMNwgExS ³ τ = T sin(π2 − α ) × L = T cos α × L = T × AC

2 2
AB
×L

AB − BC 2 2
5 .0 2 − 3 .0 2
smmUl ³ τ = T × AC2
AB
× L =T ×
AB
×L =T×
5 .0
× 5.0 = 4T

RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ τ + τ = 0 $ τ = τ
1 2 1 2

16 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

smmUl ³ 4T = 600 $ T = 150 N
dUcenH ³ T = 150 N

m:üageTotFñwmrgkmøaMgbIKW ³
T B
- W Tm¶n;r)r ³ W = 400 N C

- F kmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;CBa¢aMg α
Fy
- T tMNwgExS A W
r)rmanlMnwgeyIg)n ³ W + F +T = 0 Fx

-eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kSedk ³ 0 + F −T = 0
x $ Fx = T = 150 N

-eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kSQr ³ −W + F + 0 = 0 $y Fy = W = 400 N

dUcenH ³ F = 150 N , F = 400 N

x y

16 > Tm¶n;mYy 100N RtUv)nBüÜrnwgCBa¢aMgenAxagcugénTRmmYyEdl

manTm¶n; nigkkitGacecal)ntamry³ExSmYydUcrUb .
k > KNnatMNwgExS T . 30 o

x > KNnakmøaMgpÁúMedk nigkmøaMgpÁúMQrEdlCBa¢aMgmanGMeBIelITRm .

dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnatMNwgExS T ³
yk A CaG½kSrgVileyIg)nTRmrgm:Um:g; ³ T
-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n; ³ τ = W × L = 100L
1 1

30 o
-τ Cam:Um:g;éntMNwgExS ³ τ = T sin 30 × L = T × L2
2 2
0

RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ τ + τ = 0 $ τ = τ
1 2 1 2
F

smmUl ³ 100L = T L2 $ T = 200 N

W
dUcenH ³ T = 200 N

17 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

x > KNnakmøaMgpÁúMedk nigkmøaMgpÁúMQrEdlCBa¢aMgmanGMeBIelITRm ³
TRmrgkmøaMgbIKW ³
- W Tm¶nBüÜr ³ W = 100 N
- F kmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;CBa¢aMg
- T tMNwgExS
r)rmanlMnwgeyIg)n ³ W + F +T = 0
-eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kSedk ³ 0 + F − T cos 30 = 0
x
o

smmUl ³ F = T cos 30 = 100 N cos 30 = 173.2 N

x
o o

-TRmmanTisEkgCamYyCBa¢aMg eyIg)n ³ F = 0N y

dUcenH ³ F = 173.2 N , F = 0 N
x y

17 > kñúgrUbFñwmesμIsac;manTm¶n; 500N . KNnaTm¶n;Edl

GacRTRtg;TItaMgdUcrUb)nebIExSGacRT)nRtwmTm¶n; 1800N .
30 o

0.7 L 0.3L

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaTm¶n;EdlGacRT)n ³ T
yk A CaG½kSrgVileyIg)nTRmrgm:Um:g; ³
30 o
-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n;r)r ³
1 1
L
2
L
τ = W × = 500 = 250 L
2
L

-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n;EdlBüÜr ³
2 τ = W × 0.7 L = 0.7 LW
2
A F

-τ Cam:Um:g;éntMNwgExS ³
3 3
1
τ = T sin 30 × L = 1800 × L = 900 L
2
o

W
RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ τ + τ + τ = 0 1 2 3

18 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

kMNt;TiedAviC¢mantamRTnicnaLika eyIg)n ³ τ1 +τ 2 −τ 3 = 0
900 − 250
smmUl ³ 250 L + 0.7 LW − 900 L = 0 $ W =
0.7
= 928.57 N

dUcenH ³ W = 928.57 N
18 > GMBUlePøIgmYymanTm¶n; 80N RtUv)nBüÜrdUcrUbedayEpñkxagcugénFñwmmancgExSP¢ab;
eTACBa¢aMg .
KNnatMNwgExS nigkMNt;kmøaMgEdlCBa¢aMgmanGMeBI 53 0

elIFñwmebIminKitTm¶n;rbs;Fñwm .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnatMNwgExS nigkMNt;TisedAkmøaMgEdlCBa¢aMgmanGMeBIelIFñwm ³
yk A CaG½kSrgVileyIg)nFñwmrgm:Um:g; ³
-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n;GMBUl
1 ³ τ = W sin 53 × L = 80 sin 53 × L = 63.89L
1
o o

-τ Cam:Um:g;éntMNwgExS ³ τ = T sin(π2 − 53 ) × L = T cos 53 × L = 0.6TL

2 2
o o

RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ τ + τ = 0 $ τ = τ
1 2 1 2

smmUl ³ 63.89 L = 0.6TL $ T = 630.89.6 N = 106 N

dUcenH ³ T = 106 N
C T
B

m:üageTot yk B CaG½kSrgVileyIg)nFñwmrgm:Um:g; ³
0
53
τ = FL = 0 ¬eRBaHminKitTm¶n;Fñwm ¦

eday ³ L≠0 eyIg)n ³ F = 0 N W

A
dUcenH ³ F = 0N

19 > kñúgrUbr)resμIsac;manTm¶n; 1600N RtUv)nBüÜrenAcugmçag

ÉcugmçageTotcgnwgExS .
40 0

k > KNnatMNwgExS T .
19 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl
 x > KNnakmøaMgpÁúMedk nigkmøaMgpÁúMQrEdlCBa¢aMgman
GMeBIelIr)r .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnatMNwgExS T ³
yk A CaG½kSrgVileyIg)nFñwmrgm:Um:g; ³
-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n;r)r ³
1 1
L
2
L
τ = W sin 40 × = 1600 sin 40 × = 514 L
o

2
o

-τ Cam:Um:g;éntMNwgExS ³
2 2τ = T cos 40 × L = 0.766TL
o

RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ 1 τ +τ = 0 $ τ = τ
2 1 2

smmUl ³ 514 L = 0.766TL $ T = 514 N

0.766
= 671N

dUcenH ³ T = 671N

x > KNnakmøaMgpÁúMedk nigkmøaMgpÁúMQrEdlCBa¢aMgmanGMeBIelIr)r ³

TRmrgkmøaMgbIKW ³ F y

- W Tm¶nr)r ³ W = 1600 N F x A

- F kmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;CBa¢aMg
40 0

- T tMNwgExS
B
r)rmanlMnwgeyIg)n ³ W + F +T = 0 W
T
-eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kSedk ³ 0+ F +T = 0
x $ F = −T = − 671Nx

-eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kSQr ³ −W + F + 0 = 0
y $ F = W = 1600 N y

dUcenH ³ F = −671N , F = 1600 N

x y

20 > kñúgrUbFñwmÉksNæanmanTm¶n;Gacecal)n . KNnatMNwg 700 0.2 L

ExS nigkmøaMgtamG½kSedk nigG½kSQrEdlCBa¢aMgmanGMeBI

elIFñwmCaGnuKmn_énTm¶n;BüÜr W . 500

0.8L

20 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 dMeNaHRsay
KNnatMNwgExS nigkmøaMgtamG½kSedk nigG½kSQrEdlCBa¢aMg ³
yk A CaG½kSrgVileyIg)nFñwmrgm:Um:g; ³
-τ Cam:Um:g;énTm¶n;BüÜr
1 ³ τ = W sin 50 × 0.8L = 0.61WL
1
o

-τ Cam:Um:g;éntMNwgExS ³
2 τ = T sin(70 − 50 ) × L = 0.34TL
2
o o

RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ τ +τ = 0 $ τ = τ
1 2 1 2

smmUl ³ 0.61WL = 0.34TL $ T = 00.61.34W = 1.79W

dUcenH ³ T = 1.79W
0 T
B
70
TRmrgkmøaMgbIKW ³
- W Tm¶nBYÜr F y

0
50
- F kmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;CBa¢aMg
- T tMNwgExS A Fx
r)rmanlMnwgeyIg)n ³ W + F +T = 0 W

-eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kSedk ³ 0 + F − T sin(70 − 20 ) = 0
x
o o

smmUl ³ x
o W
F = T sin 20 = sin 70 = 0.17W
2
o

-eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kSQr ³ − W + F − T cos 70 = 0y
o

smmUl ³ yF = W + T cos 70 = W + 1.79W cos 70 = 1.61W

o o

dUcenH ³ xF = 0.17W , F = 1.61W

y

21 > EsV‘rmYymankaM 0.1m manm:as 10kg sßitenAkñúgRCugEdl

begáItedayKmøatmanmMu 30 M CamYybøg;edk nigCBa¢aMgrelag . r

KNnakmøaMgEdlmanGMeBIelIEpñkTaMgsgxagénEsV‘r . 30 0

21 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 dMeNaHRsay
KNnakmøaMgEdlmanGMeBIelIEpñkTaMgsgxagénEsV‘r ³
ykp©itEsV‘rCaG½kSrgVil eyIg)nEsV‘rrgm:Um:g;bIKW ³
- τ m:Um:g;énkmøaMgkkit
1

r
- τ m:Um:g;énkmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;bøg;eTr
2
N 1

- τ m:Um:g;énkmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;CBa¢aMg
3 f
N2
o
30 W
RbB½n§manlMnwg eyIg)n ³ τ +τ +τ = 0 1 2 3

kMNt;TisedAviC¢mantamrgVilRTnicnaLika eyIg)n ³ τ + 0 + 0 = 0 1

eyIg)n ³ τ = fr = 0 $ f = 0
1

m:üageTotRbB½n§rgkmøaMgbYnKW ³
- f kmøaMgkkit
- W Tm¶n;EsV‘r
- N kmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;bøg;eTr
1

- N kmøaMgRbtikmμrbs;CBa¢aMg
2

EsV‘rmanlMnwgeyIg)n ³ f +W + N + N = 0 1 2

-eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kSQr ³ 0 − W + N cos 30 + 0 = 0 1
o

10kg × 9.80 N / kg
naM[ ³ N =1
W
cos 30
= o
mg
cos 30
=
cos 30o
= 113N o

dUcenH ³ N = 113 N
1

-eFVIcMeNalEkgelIG½kSedk ³ 0 + 0 + N sin 30 − N = 0 ( f = 0 )
1
o
2

naM[ ³ N = N sin 30 = 113N sin 30 = 56.5 N

2 1
o o

dUcenH ³ N = 56.5 N
2

22 > m:as m = 200kgRtUv)nBüÜreTAnwgExSmYyRbEvg 4.0mEdlExSmanmuxkat; 0.2 × 10 −4

m2

nigmanm:UDuly:agtémø 8.0 × 10 N / m . etIExSlUt)nRbEvgb:unμan ?

10 2

22 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 dMeNaHRsay
KNnaRbEvgEdlExSlUt)n ³
tamm:UDulyuaMg ³ Y=
stress
=
F/A
strain ΔL / L
=
FLi
ΔLA
i

naM[ ³ ΔL =
FLi mgLi
YA
=
YA
( F = W = mg )

eday ³ Y = 8.0 × 1010 N / m 2 , A = 0.2 × 10 −4 m 2 , Li = 4.0m , m = 200kg

200kg × 9.8 N / kg × 4.0m
eyIg)n ³ ΔL =
8.0 × 10 N / m × 0.2 × 10 m
10 2 −4 2
= 4.9 × 10 −3 m

dUcenH ³ ΔL = 4.9 × 10 −3 m

23 > ExSEdkEfbmYymanGgát;p©it 1mmGacRTaMRTnwgtMNwg0.2kN.]bmaeKRtUvkarExSkab

eFVVIBIEdkEfbmYyEdlGacRTaMdl; 20kN . etIExSkabRtUvmanGgát;p©itb:unμan ?
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaGgát;p©itExSkabEdlRtUvkar ³
YΔL F
-eBleRbIExSEdlmanGgát;p©it d = 1mm ³ Y=
F/A
ΔL / L
=
FL
AΔL
$ L
i
=
A
i i
YΔL' F '
-eBleRbIExSEdlmanGgát;p©it d’ ³ Y'=
F ' / A'
= $
F ' Li
ΔL' / Li A' ΔL' Li
=
A'
eBlEdkEfbGacRTaMRTnwgtMNwgdUcKña eyIg)n ³ ΔL = ΔL'

eyIg)n ³ F' F
A' A
= $ A' =
AF '
F
πd ' 2
πd F '
2
smmUl ³ 4
=
4F
$ d'= d
F'
F
eday ³ d = 1mm , F = 0.2kN , F ' = 20kN

eyIg)n ³ d ' = 1mm

20kN
0.2kN
= 10mm

dUcenHeKRtUveRbIExSEdlmanGgát;p©it d ' = 10mm

24 > ExSmYyeFVIBIEdkRbEvg 4.0m manmuxkat; 0.4cm . wnAeBleKBüÜrm:as 225kg enAxag
2

cugEpñkxageRkam ExSEdklUt)nRbEvg 1mm .

23 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl
 k > KNnam:UDulyua:grbs;Edk .
x > ebIsinExSEdkCarWus½rvij cUrKNnaefrkMr:ajénrWus½r .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnam:UDulyua:grbs;Edk ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ Y=
F/A
=
ΔL / L ΔLA
FL

eday ³ F = W = mg = 225kg × 9.80 N / kg = 2205 N

L = 4.0m , ΔL = 1mm = 10 −3 m , A = 0.5cm 2 = 0.5 × 10 −4 m 2

2205 N × 4.0m
eyIg)n ³ Y = −3
10 m × 0.5 × 10 − 4 m 2
= 1.76 × 1011 N / m 2

dUcenH ³ Y = 1.76 × 1011 N / m 2

KNnaefrkMr:ajénrWus½r ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ F = kΔL naM[ ³ k=
F
ΔL
m:üageTot ³ Y=
F/A
=
ΔL / L ΔLA
FL
$ ³ F
ΔL
=
YA
L
eyIg)n ³ k=
YA
L
edy ³ L = 4.0m , Y = 1.76 × 10 N / m
11 2
, A = 0.5 × 10 −4 m 2
−4
1.76 × 10 N / m × 0.5 × 10
11 2
m2
eyIg)n ³ k=
4.0m
= 2.2 × 10 6 N / m

dUcenH ³ k = 2.2 × 10 N / m
6

25 > bnÞúkmYymanTm¶n; 45kg Rtv)nBüÜrenAcugxageRkayénExSEdkEfbEdlmanRbEvg

1m nigmanGgátp©itRbEvg 0.5cm . KNnaRbEvgEdlExSEdkEfblUt)n ebIEdkEfbman

m:UDulyuaMg Y = 2.32 × 10 N / m .
7 2

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaRbEvgEdlExSEdkEfblUt)n ³

24 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

tamm:UDulyuaMg ³ Y=
F/A
ΔL / L
$ ΔL =
LF
AY
π d2
eday ³ F = mg , A =
4
eyIg)n ³ ΔL =
Lmg
π d2
=
4 Lmg
π d 2Y
Y
4
eday ³ L = 1m , Y = 2.32 × 10 7 N / m 2 , m = 45kg , d = 0.5cm = 0.5 × 10 −2 m
4 × 1 × 45 × 9.8
eyIg)n ³ ΔL =
π (0.5 × 10 −2 ) 2 × 2.32 × 1010
= 9.68 × 10 −3 m

dUcenH ³ ΔL = 9.68 × 10 −3 m

26 > ExSePøIgmYymanmuxkat; 4mm lUt)nRbEvg 0.1mm eBlrgnUvTm¶n; . KNna

2

bERmbRmYlRbEvgExSePøIgmYyeTotEdleFVIBIsarFatudUcKñamanmuxkat; 8mm nigRtUv)n 2

BüÜredayTm¶n;esμIKña .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnabERmbRmYlRbEvgExSePøIgTIBIr ³
-m:UDulyuaMgcMeBaHExSePøIgTImYy ³ Y=
F/A
ΔL / L
-m:UDulyuaMgcMeBaHExSePøIgTIBIr ³ Y=
F / A'
ΔL' / L
eyIg)n ³ F / A'
=
F/A
ΔL' / L ΔL / L
$ 1 / A' 1 / A
ΔL'
=
ΔL
AΔL
naM[ ³ ΔL' =
A'
eday ³ A = 4mm , A = 8mm , ΔL = 0.1mm
2 2

4 × 0.1
eyIg)n ³ ΔL' =
8
= 0.05mm

dUcenH ³ ΔL' = 0.05mm

27 > ExSmYylUt)nRbEvg 1mm eBlrgnUvkmøaMg 1kN .

k > KNnaRbEvglUt)nénExSEdleFVIBIsarFatudUcKñab:uEnþmanGgát;p©itFMCagmun

25 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

bYndg .
x > KNnakmμnþEdlExSnImYy²eFVI)nkñúgeBllUt .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaRbEvglUt)nénExS ³
-m:UDulyuaMgcMeBaHExSePøIgTImYy ³ Y=
F/A
=
FL
=
4 FL
ΔL / L ΔLA ΔL × π d 2

-m:UDulyuaMgcMeBaHExSePøIgTIBIr ³ Y=
F / A'
=
FL
=
4 FL
ΔL' / L ΔL' A' ΔL'×π d ' 2

eyIg)n ³ 4 FL
ΔL × π d 2
=
4 FL
ΔL'×π d ' 2
$ ΔL × d 2 = ΔL'× d ' 2

d 2 ΔL ΔL 1
naM[ ³ ΔL' = = = mm
(4d ) 2 16 16

dUcenH ³ 1
ΔL = mm
16
x > KNnakmμnþEdlExSnImYy²eFVI)nkñúgeBllUt ³
eyIgsegáteXIjfaeBlBüÜrkmøaMgERbRmYlrhUtdl;sUnükñúgkMLúgeBlExSlUt
F +0
eyIg)nkmøaMgmFüm ³ F =
2
m = 0.5F

dUcenH ³ W = 0 .5 F ΔL
-cMeBaHExSTImYy ³ −3
ΔL = 1mm = 10 m , F = 1kN = 10 N 3

eyIg)n ³ W = 0.5 × 10 × 10 = 0.5J 3 −3

−3
-cMeBaHExSTImYy ³ 1
ΔL = mm =
16
10
16
m , F = 1kN = 10 N 3

−3
eyIg)n ³ W ' = 0.5 × 10 × 1016 = 3.12 × 10 J
3 −2

dUcenH ³ W = 0.5J , W ' = 3.12 × 10 J −2

28 > ExSEdkEfbmYymanRbEvg 2.0m manGgát;p©it 1.0mm .

k > KNnaRbEvglUt)neBleKBüÜrm:as 5.0kg ebIemKuNyuaMg Y = 195000MPa .
x > KNnakmøaMgEdlRtUvkar ebIeKcg;[ExSlUt)n 1% énRbEvgedIm .
26 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl
 dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaRbEvglUt)neBleKBüÜrm:as 5.0kg ³
tamm:UDulyuaMg ³ Y=
F/A
=
FL
=
4mgL
ΔL / L ΔLA ΔL × π d 2

naM[ ³ ΔL =
4mgL
Y ×π d 2
eday ³ L = 2m , Y = 195000MPa = 195 × 10 9 N / m 2

m = 5.0kg , d = 1.0mm = 1.0 × 10 −3 m

4 × 5.0 × 9.8 × 2.0
eyIg)n ³ ΔL =
195 × 10 × π (10 )
9 −3 2
= 6.4 × 10 − 4 m

dUcenH ³ ΔL = 6.4 × 10 m −4

x > KNnakmøaMgEdlRtUvkar ³
ΔL ΔL πd 2
eyIg)n ³ Y=
F/A
=
FL
ΔL / L ΔLA
$ F=
L
× YA =
L
×Y ×
4
ΔL
eday ³ L
−4
= 0.01% = 10 , Y = 195 × 10 N / m , d = 10 m
9 2 −3

π (10 ) −3 2
eyIg)n ³ −4
F = 10 × 195 × 10 × 9

4
= 1530.7 N

dUcenH ³ F = 1530.7 N

29 > evTikamYyRtUv)ncgBüÜredayExSbYnenAtamRCugnImYy²EdlExSnImYy²manRbEvg
3.0m manGgát;p©it 2.0mm nigmanm:UDulyuaMg Y = 180000 MPa .

etIevTikaRsutcuHGs;km<s;b:unμan ebIeKdak;m:as; 50kg Rtg;cMNuckNþalénevTika .

dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;km<s;RsutcuHrbs;evTika ³
tamm:UDulyuaMg ³ Y=
F/A
=
FL
=
ΔL / L ΔLA ΔL × π d
4 FL
2

naM[ ³ ΔL =
4 FL
Y ×π d 2
=
mgL
Y ×π d 2
(F =
mg
4
)

eday ³ L = 3.0m , Y = 180000MPa = 18 × 1010 N / m 2

27 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 m = 50kg , d = 2.0mm = 2.0 × 10 −3 m , g = 9.8m / s 2
50 × 9.8 × 3.0
eyIg)n ³ ΔL =
18 × 1010 × π (2 × 10 −3 ) 2
= 6.5 × 10 − 4 m

dUcenH ³ ΔL = 6.5 × 10 −4 m

30 > kMNt;Ggát;p©itGb,brmaedIm,I[ExSyWtGacrwtbnÞúk 400N edayminelIsBIRBMEdnyWt

ebI stress énRBMEdnyWt stress = 379MPa .
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;Ggát;p©itGb,brmaedIm,I[ExSyWtGacrwtbnÞúk 400N ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ stress =
F
A
$ A=
F
=
400 N
stress 379 × 10 N / m
= 10 m 6 2
−6 2

π d2 4 × 10 −6
m:üageTot ³ A=
4
$ d=
4A
π
=
π
= 1.12 × 10 −3 m

dUcenH ³ d = 1.12 × 10 −3 m

31 > ExSBüaNUmYyman stress = 2.46 × 10 N / m manGgát;p©it 1.27cm .

5 2

KNnakmøaMgEdlExSBüaNUGacRTaM)n .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnakmøaMgEdlExSBüaNUGacRTaM)n ³
πD 2
tamrUbmnþ ³ stress =
F
A
$ F = A × stress =
4
× stress

eday ³ stress = 2.46 × 10 N / m , D = 1.27cm = 1.27 × 10 m

5 2 −2

π (1.27 × 10 m)
−2 2
eyIg)n ³ F=
4
× 2.46 × 10 N / m = 31.14 N
5 2

dUcenH ³ F = 31.14 N

32 > kMNt;bERmbRmYleFobénmaDkñúgsm<aFbriyakas 0.1MPa CMuvijdMuelah³mYyEdl

RtUv)nbnßyrhUtdl;sUnüedaydak;kñúgsuBaØakas ebIm:UDulb‘Ukmantémø 125000MPa .
dMeNaHRsay
28 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl
kMNt;bERmbRmYleFobénmaD ³
Δp ΔV Δp
tamm:UDulb‘Ulk_ ³ B=−
ΔV / V
$ V
=−
B
eday ³ B = 125000MPa , Δp = 0 − 0.1 = −0.1MPa
ΔV − 0.1MPa
eyIg)n ³ V
=−
125000MPa
−7
= 8 × 10
ΔV
dUcenH ³ V
−7
= 8 × 10

33 > KNnabERmbRmYlmaDKUbTg;Edgtan;mYyEdlmanRCugnImYy² 40mm ebIeKdak;va

cUlkñúgsm<aF 20MPa nigm:UDulb‘Ukmantémø 125000MPa .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnabERmbRmYlmaDKUbTg;Edgtan; ³
Δp Δp Δp
tamm:UDulb‘Ulk_ ³ B=−
ΔV / V
=−
ΔV
V $ ΔV = − V
B
eday ³ B = 125000MPa , Δp = 0 MPa , V = 40mm

eyIg)n ³ ΔV = −
20MPa
125000MPa
× (40mm) = −10.24mm
3 3

dUcenH ³ ΔV = −10.24mm 3

34 > sm<aFkñúgbnÞb;pÞúHmYyman 345MPa . KNnabERmbRmYlmaDKitCa % énbMENk

Tg;EdgEdlsßitkñúgsm<aFenH eK[m:UDulb‘Ukmantémø 138GPa .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnabERmbRmYlmaDKitCa % ³
Δp ΔV Δp
tamm:UDulb‘Ulk_ ³ B=−
ΔV / V
$ V
=−
B
eday ³ B = 138GPa , Δp = 345MPa
ΔV 345 × 10
6
eyIg)n ³ V
=−
138 × 10
9
−3
= −2.5 × 10 = −0.25%
ΔV
dUcenH ³ V
= −0.25%

29 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

35 > kMeRbHsIub‘ÍlIet¬lT§PaBbENÑn¦énTwkKW 5 × 10 m / N . cUrKNnatmðyénmaDTwk
−10 2

100mL eBlsßiteRkamsm<aF 15MPa .

dMeNaHRsay
KNnatmðyénmaDTwk ³
kMeRbHsIub‘ÍlIetKWCacRmas;énm:UDulb‘Ulk_ eyIg)n ³ k=
1
B
Δp ΔpV ΔV
eday ³ B=−
ΔV / V
=−
ΔV
$ 1
B
=−
ΔpV
ΔV
eyIg)n ³ k=−
ΔpV
$ ΔV = −kΔpV
eday ³ −10
k = 15 × 10 m / N , V =100mL = 0.1L
2

Δp = 15MPa = 15 × 10 6 Pa
eyIg)n ³ ΔV = −5 × 10 −10 × 15 × 10 6 × 0.1 = 7.5 × 10 −4 L

dUcenH ³ ΔV = 7.5 × 10 −4 L

36 > kmøaMgBIrmanTisedAQmKñaEdlnImYy²mantémø 4000NRtUv)neRbIedIm,Isgát;eTaelI

muxelI nigmuxxageRkaménKUbelah³mYyEdlmanrgVas;RCug 25cm . KNnamMuesor nig
KNnabmøas;TIénépÞxagelIeFobnwgépÞxageRkam ebIelah³manm:UDulesor 80GPa .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnamMuesor nigKNnabmøas;TIénépÞxagelIeFobnwgépÞxageRkam ³
tamm:UDulesor³ S=
F/A
=
ΔL / h ΔLA
Fh
ΔL
eday ³ ΔL = hθ ¬bERmbRmYlmanmMutUc ¦ θh
eyIg)n ³ S=
Fh
=
hθ A θ A
F
naM [ ³ θ=
F
SA
eday ³ F = 4000 N , S = 80GPa = 80 × 10 Pa 9

A = 25cm × 25cm = 625cm 2 = 625 × 10 −4 m 2

eyIg)n ³ θ=
4000
80 × 10 × 625 × 10
9 −4
= 8 × 10 −7 rad

30 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

dUcenH ³ θ = 8 × 10 −7 rad

m:üageTot ³ ΔL = hθ = 25cm × 8 × 10 −7 rad = 2 × 10 −5 cm

dUcenH ³ ΔL = 2 × 10 −5 cm

dUcenH ³ ΔV = 7.5 × 10 −4 L

37 > kMNt;sm<aFedIm,I[TwkmanbERmbRmYleFobénmaD 0.1% . KNnapleFobsm<aF

enH nigsm<aFbriyakas ebI sm<aFbriyakas 101KPa nigm:UDulb‘Ulk_ B = 2100MPa .
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;sm<aF ³
Δp Δp ΔV
tamm:UDulb‘Ulk_ ³ B=−
ΔV / V
=−
ΔV
V $ Δp = −
V
B
ΔV
eday ³ V
−3
= 0.1% = 10 , B = 2100MPa = 21 × 10 Pa 8

eyIg)n ³ −3
Δp = 0 − p = −10 × 21 × 10 = −21 × 10 Pa
8 5

dUcenH ³ p = 21 × 10 Pa
5

KNnapleFobsm<aFenH nigsm<aFbriyakas ³
21 × 10 5
eyIg)n ³ p
=
P 101 × 10
= 20.79
3
0

dUcenH ³ p
P0
= 20.79

38 > elah³mYymanragCaKUbEdlmanRCugnImYy² 3.0cm manm:UDulesor 50GPa nigRtUv

)neRbIkmøaMgesor 200NenARtg;épÞxagelIénKUb . KNnabmøas;TITItaMgépÞxagelI .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnabmøas;TITItaMgépÞxagelI ³
tamm:UDulesor³ S=
F/A
=
Fh
ΔL / h ΔLA
naM [ ³ ΔL =
Fh
SA
eday ³ S = 50GPa = 50 × 10 Pa , F = 200 N , h = 3.0cm = 3.0 × 10 m
9 −2

31 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 A = 3.0cm × 3.0cm = 9.0cm 2 = 9.0 × 10 −4 m 2
200 × 3.0 × 10 −2
eyIg)n ³ ΔL =
50 × 10 × 9.0 × 10
9 −4
= 1.33 × 10 −7 m

dUcenH ³ ΔL = 1.33 × 10 −7 m

39 > dMuekAs‘UmYyvimaD 60mm 60mm nigkm<s; 20mm kñúglkçx½NÐFmμta . eKGnuvtþkmøaMg

0.245N
enAépÞxagelI épÞxagelIk¾pøas;TI)ncm¶ay 5mm eFobnwgépÞxageRkam .
k > KNnae®sþsesor ( Searing stress ) .
x > KNnam:UDulesor (Sear modulus) .
dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnae®sþsesor ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ stress = =
F
A abh
F

eday ³ F = 0.245 N , a = 60mm , b = 60mm , h = 20mm

eyIg)n ³ stress =
0.245 N
60mm × 60mm
−5
= 6.80 × 10 N / mm = 68.0 N / m
2 2

dUcenH ³ stress = 68.0 N / m 2

x > KNnam:UDulesor ³
tamm:UDulesor³ S=
stress
strain
ΔL 5mm
eday ³ strain =
h
=
20mm
= 0.25 , stress = 68.0 N / m 2

eyIg)n ³ S=
68.0
0.25
= 272 N / m 2

dUcenH ³ S = 272 N / m 2

40 > m:UT½rmYymanm:as 60kg sßitenAelIdMuekAs‘UragsIuLaMgbYnEdlnImYy²mankm<s; 3cm

nigmuxkat; 15cm manm:UDulesor 2MPa .
2

k > ebIvargkmøaMgBIxag 300N cUrKNnamMubmøas;TIeTAxag .

32 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl
 x > KNnaeRbkg;Edlm:UT½rj½reTAmk .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnamMubmøas;TIeTAxag ³
tamm:UDulesor³ S=
F/A
=
ΔL / h ΔLA
Fh

eday ³ ΔL = hθ ¬bERmbRmYlmanmMutUc ¦
eyIg)n ³ S=
Fh
=
hθ A θ A
F
naM [ ³ θ=
F
SA

edaym:UT½rmaneCIgbYn eCIgnImYy²rgkmøaMg ³ F=
300
4
= 75 N

m:üageTot ³ S = 2MPa = 2 × 10 Pa , A = 15cm = 15 × 10

6 2 −4
m2

eyIg)n ³ θ = 2 × 10 ×7515 × 10 = 2.5 × 10 rad

6 −4
−2

dUcenH ³ θ = 2.5 × 10 rad −2

x > KNnaeRbkg;Edlm:UT½rj½reTAmk ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ f =
T
1

edayekAs‘UmanlMj½rbegáItCae):lrWus½r eyIg)n ³ T = 2π
m
k

eyIg)n ³ f =
1
2π
k
m
(*)

m:üageTot ³ ΔL = hθ = 3cm × 2.5 × 10 −2 rd = 7.5 × 10 −2 cm = 7.5 × 10 −4 cm

F = 300 N
eyIg)n ³ k=
F
=
300 N
ΔL 7.5 × 10 − 4 m
= 4 × 10 5 N / m

4 × 10 5 N / m
(*)eyIg)n ³ f =
1
2π 60kg
= 13Hz

dUcenH ³ f = 13Hz

33 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl