CHEMISTRY

ridhksl .Kkh - II
Chemical Calculation - II

Dr. rka§¾ lreKdkdhl

MBBS, University of Colombo
 whksl ixfhda.hla yd tys whk i|yd ødjK ms<sfh, lsÍug wod< m%Yak lsysmhla n,uq'

2003 - 11

Na2CO3 ujq,sl ialkaOh = M1

n1 = 106 gmol-1
1 ×V1
m1 × M
1
C1
n1 = C1 × V1
-3 3
n1 = 4 moldm × 2.5 dm
n1 = 10 mol
m1 = n1M1
-1
m1 = 10 mol × 106 g mol
m1 = 1060 g

m%Yakfha wykafka ks¾c,Sh Na2CO3 ialkaOhhs' o;a;j,g ic, Na2CO3 ys iQ;%h (Na2CO3.10H2O) § we;' tA
rjÜgkakhs' m%Yakh meyeÈ,sj lsfhõfõ ke;s kï úkdihs'

1984 - 25
o;a; § we;s wfmka wid we;s
ixfhda.h ixfhda.h

Na2HPO4 Na2HPO4. 12H2O

n1 ×1 n2
×M2
×V1
m2
C1
1
×M
1

gdm-3 w
V ((
M1 = 23 × 2 + 1 + 3 + 16 × 4 = 142 g mol-1
-1
M2 = 146 + [(1×2)+16)] 12 = 358 g mol

C1 = ( wv ( × M1 = 10gdm
1
-3
× 1
142 g mol-1
= 10 moldm
142
-3

n1 = C1 × V1

n1 = 10 moldm-3 × 1dm3 = 10 mol

14 142
10 mol
n1 = n2 =
14
10 mol × 358 g mol-1 = 25.2 g
m2 = n2 × M2 =
142
by; ujq,sl ialkaO .Kkh lsÍfï § we;sjk iq¿ jrolska jqjo uq¿ .dku jrÈkak mq¨jka'
2003 - 7 mcq
HNO3
n1
×M1
×V1
l0g = m1
C1
1
M1

C1 (g dm-3) w ( (
V
× ialkaO m%;sY;h
-3
d1 (g dm )

×1000

d1 (g cm-3)

fï .dfka fldgia 2 hs' 3 fjks class tfla Note tfla 15 msgqfõ m%Yakfha fojks fldgi úi|k úÈy yd thg
idod.; yels iQ;%h ;sfnkjd'

m1
V1 =
MC1

-3
uq,skau gcm j,ska § we;s >k;ajfhka mgkaf.k (C1) idkaøKh olajd map tflka fidhkak'
20 1
C1 = 1.1 × 1000 × × = 3.5 moldm-3
100 63
m1 10g 1 3 3
V1 = = × = 0.45 dm = 45cm
C1M1 3.5 moldm-3 63

1994 - 58
HCl
n1

V1
C1
1
×M

C1 (g dm-3) w ( (
V
× ialkaO ]
-3
d1 (g dm )

×1000

d1 (g cm-3)
m%Yakfha úi÷u fuys§ o fldgia 2 ls'
-3 -3
1' d1 (gcm ) isg Cl (moldm ) olajd f.dia idkaøKh fidhd.ekSu'
2' ;=kafjks Èkfha class tfla note tfla 10 yd 11 msgq n,kak'
tys oelafjk wdldrhg fuys§ o we;af;a ;kql ødjKhla c,h fh§fuka ms<sfh, lsÍuhs'
C1V1 = C2V2
C1 fidhdf.k we;'
C2 yd V2 § we;' tkï iEÈh hq;= wjika ødjKfha idkaøKh yd mßudj § we;' fiúh hq;af;a wdrïNl
ødjKfhka fldmuK mßudjla fhdod.; hq;=o hkakhs' tkï V1 fiúh hq;=hs'
C2V2 3
V1 = = 0.1 × 250/10
C1 =?
C1
oeka wdmiq whksl ixfhda. yd tajdfha whkj,g iïnkaO .eg¨j,g fhduqfjuq'

whksl ixfhda.hla § tys whkhla ms<sn| wik .eg¨'

2009-5 mcq
+
Na2SO4 2Na
×2 N2
N1 n1 n2
V7
V1 1
1 × m2
× V1
m1(g) M1 ×2
C1 C2
m1 ×1000
(mg) ×M2
C1 C1 C2 ×1000 C2 (mg dm
-3
)
-3 -3
(mgdm ) (gdm )

d1 d2 (gdm -3
)

d1 d2 (gcm -3
)
142
m1 = 142mg = 3 g
10
M1 = 142 = (23×2) + 32 + (16×4)
m1 142 × 1 = 1 mol
n1 = = 3 3
M1 10 142 10
1 -3
n2 = n1×2 = 2 × 3 = 2×10 mol
10 V1,V2 lshd mßud folla ke;' tlu Ndckfha
1 ( ish¨ m%fNao we;' mßudj ldg;a iudkhs'
C2 (mgdm ) = (n2 × V × M2 ×1000
-3

1
C2 = n2 × V × M2 ×1000
1

2 × 1000 × 23 × 1000 = 92 mg dm-3

C2 = 3
10 500
by; map tfla tall mßj¾;k ^g → mg lrk tajd wdÈh& we;a;gu oelaúh hq;= ke;' yels ;rï ir,
lrkak wjYH ksid olajd we;'

kj .eg¨jla

whksl ixfhda.hla § we;' tu whksl ixfhda.fha ms<sn| fjk;a o;a; ke;' tA fjkqjg tu whksl
ixfhda.fha tla whkhla .ek f;dr;=re § we;' tys fjk;a whkhla .ek m%Yak wikq ,efí'

2010 - 8

2+ -
Ca (NO3)2 → Ca + 2NO3

×2
×1 ×2
n1 n2 n3
1
M2 1 1
V1 V1
m2 (g) C2 ×2 C3

1
×
1000

m2 (mg)
1 2
m2 (g) = 20 mg × = g
1000 100
m2 2 1 1
n2 = = × = mol
M2 100 40 2000
1 1
n3 = n2 × 2 = ×2= mol
2000 1000
n3 1 1 -3 -3
C3 = = × = 2 ×10 moldm
V1 1000 0.5

úl,am ud¾.h fld< meyefhka olajd we;' ^C2 yryd hk&

Misconception (1) - tla ridhksl m%fNaohl isg fjk;a ridhksl m%fNaohlg udreúh yelafla
-3
ujq, (n) yd idkaøKh ^moldm & yryd mu‚' fuys§ lsishï b,lalulska .=K
lsÍu isÿl< hq;=hs' ialkaOh" mßudj" w idkaøKh" >k;ajh wd§ lsisÿ
) ) V
tAllhlska tla ridhksl m%fNaohl isg ;j;a ridhksl m%fNaohlg udreúh
fkdyel'
2001 - 17 mcq

K2SO4Cr2(SO4)3.12H2O 2Cr3++4SO42- + 2K++12H2O

×4
n1 n2 n3
×2 ×2
1
×V1 ×V1 ×
V1
×2
C1 C2 C3
×2

1
M2

( wV ( C -3
2 (gdm )

( wV ( C = 1.04 g dm
2
-3

C = ( w ( C × 1 = 1.04 × 1 = 2 mol dm
-3
2
V 2
M 2 52 100
2 4 mol dm-3
C3 = C2 ×2 = ×2=
100 100

Misconception (2)
- Cr3+ tAjd folla by; iólrKfha we;' ∴ iuyr <uhs tys ujq,sl ialkaOh jk
-1
52 gmol hkak fjkqjg tAl 2ka .=Klr 52×2 = 104 f,i f.k .dk yokakg
hhs' ujq,sl ialkaOh lshkafka ujq, tll ialkaOhhs' tAl wdfha tl tl
b,lalïj,ska .=Klr,d yßhkafka kE'

ppm fyj;a parts per million fyj;a ñ,shkhg fldgia

( wV ( (C) = g dm -3
tAllh u.ska idkaøKh m%ldY l< yels nj wms oksuq' tu tallh 1000 ka .=Klr mg dm
-3

hk tAllfhka jqjo idkaøKh m%ldY l< yels ùu wreuhla fkdfõ' 2009 - 5 mcq tl fudfyd;lg l,ska
l<d' tys ms<s;=rg tAllh f,i wid ;snqfKa mgdm-3 hkakhs'

-3
idkaøKh m%ldY lrk ;j;a tAllhla jkafka ppm h' 1mg dm = 1 ppm fõ' ∴ ppm fydhkak wuq;= .Kkh
-3
lsÍula wjYH ke;' mg dm hk tAllfhka idkaøKh fijQ úg kslïu ppm yïn fõ' ∴ 2009 - 5 mcq tfla
-3
ms<s;=r f,i ,enqKq 92 mg dm hkak fjkqjg 92 ppm f,i ,súh yelshs'

tfy;a 1mg dm-3 = 1 ppm f,i .; yelafla c,fha Èh jQ øjHfha idkaøKh wvq úg mu‚' tkï ;kql
ødjKj,g mu‚' ^;kql fkdjk tkï idkaø ødjK §,d ppm wikafka o ke;'&

1mg dm-3 = 1 ppm jkafka wehs oehs hkak Tmamq lsÍu miqjg i,ld n,uq' ñ,shkhg fldgia hkafka w¾:h;a
miqj i,ld n,uq'
.eg¨jla
HCl

n1
1
×
V1
-3
C (moldm )

× M1

×1000
ppm = C1 (mg dm ) -3 C1 (gdm-3) w ( (
V
1
×
ialkaO m%;sY;h

d1 (g dm-3)

HCl ujq, 0'5 la c,h 2 dm3 ;=< Èhlr we;'

m%Yakh ( HCl idkaøKh ppm j,ska fidhkak'

n1 0.5 mol -3
C1 = = = 0.25 mol dm
V1 2dm
3

w
C1 =
V ( (
= C1 × M1 = 0.25 × 36.5 = 9.125 g dm
-3

C1 (mgdm-3) = C1 × 1000 = 9125 mg dm-3

2008- 40 mcq

+ 2-
(NH4)2 MoO4 → 2NH4 + MoO4
m%Yakfha we;s whksl ixfhda.h whkj,g fjkal< úg ,efnkafka wefudakshï (NH4+) yd fud,sífâÜ
2- 2-
(MoO4 ) whk 2hs' tfy;a m%Yakfha o;a; we;af;a fud,síäkï (Mo) .ekhs' MoO4 whkhla ;=< Mo mrudKq
tlla we;' ∴ (NH4)2 MoO4 j, whk fjka fkdlr mrudKq fjkalrf.k .Kk yok tl id¾:lhs'
(NH4)2 MoO4 → 2N + 8H + Mo + 4 ''O''

n1 ×1 n2
1
× × V1
V1
C1 ×1 C2
-3 -3
(moldm ) (moldm )

1
×
M2

C2 C2 = ppm (mgdm )
-3
1
(gdm-3)
1000
 -3
Mo = 48 ppm = 48 mg dm = C2
C2 (g dm ) = 48 × 1
-3

1000
C2 (mol dm ) = C (gdm ) × 1 = 48 × 1 = 1
-3 -3
2
M2 1000 96 2000
= C2 × 1 = C1 = 5 ×10-4 mol dm-3

(NH4)2 MoO4 → C1 = 5 ×10-4 mol dm-3

ppm lshkafka fudllao@

lsishï øjHhl ;kql c,Sh ødjKhla we;' HCl lsh,d ys;d.uq' c,h 1dm3 ;=< 0.002 mol we;ehs is;uq'
c,fha nr;a HCl j, nr;a fjk fjku fidhuq'
3
c,fha nr = 1dm ;=< 1000 g we;'
HCl j, nr = m = n × M = 0.002 × 36.5 g = 0.073g

fï nrj,a folu mg lruq'

6
c,h = H2O = 1000 g = 1000 × 1000 = 10 mg
HCl = 0.073 g = 0.073 × 1000 = 73 mg
HCl ialkaOh (mg)
oeka HCl fyj;a ødjHfha ialkaO Nd.h fidhuq' =
HCl H2O
ialkaOh + ialkaOh
(mg) (mg)

ødjHfha ialkaO Nd.h = ( 73 mg

73 mg + 106mg
(
6
oeka moaO;sfha uq¿ nr = 10 mg + 73 mg fõ'
tys§ c,fha nrg idfmaCIj neÆ úg HCl ødjHfha nr w;sYhska l=vd fõ' ∴ th fkdi,ld yer moaO;sfha uq¨
nr f,i c,fha nr muKla ie,lsh yelshs'

(106 + 73) ≃ 106 mg

73 mg
∴ HCl ødjHfha ialkaO Nd.h = f,i ,súh yelshs'
106mg

fuh iq¿ l< (simplify) úg ,efnkafka c,h ^c,h ≃ uq¿ moaO;sh& 1 mg ;=< HCl lShla weoao hkakhs'
ms<s;=r = 0.000073 fõ' ^tAll ke;&

B<Õg fiúh hq;af;a c,h fldgia ñ,shkhla ;=< HCl lShla we;s o hkakhs' ^fuys fldgia 1la hkq mg 1la
6 6
hkakhs'& tA i|yd by; ms<s;=r 10 .=K l< hq;=hs' 0.000073 × 10 = 73 ^tAll ke;'&
6
fuh ir, l< úg" HCl ødjHfha ialkaO Nd.h × 10 f,i ,súh yelshs'
 6
ialkaO Nd.h fidhk iólrKfha yrhg H2O ys nr 10 mg f,i ,sùu m%udKj;ah' ^HCl ys nr b;d wvq
ksid&

6
( 6
10 mg (
ppm = HCl ys nr mg j,ska ×106
3
10 mg H2O ys nr ,enqfka c,h mßudj 1 dm f,i .;a ksihs'
tu ksid

( (
ppm = HCl ys nr mg j,ska = mg dm-3
1dm
3

f,i ,súh yelshs'

mg dm-3 = ppm

fuh ksjerÈ ùug kï c,fha nrg idfmaCIj ødjHfha nr b;d l=vd úh hq;=hs' tkï ;kql ødjHhla úh hq;=hs'
ñ,shkhg fldgia hkafka woyi c,h ^uq¨ moaO;sfha u& fldgia ñ,shkhg ødjHfha fldgia lShla ;shkjo
hkakhs' fldgila uksk tAllh mg fõ'

ppb wd§ ixl,amo fï u.skau ks¾udKh lr.; yelshs' (parts per billion) fuys§ ialkaO Nd.h fidhd th
ñ,shkfhka fjkqjg ì,shkfhka .=K l< hq;=hs'

9
ppb = ialkaO Nd.h mg j,ska × 10

tlaflda iqmqreÿ mßÈ ppm j,ska W;a;f¾ fydh,d bkak' tA W;a;f¾ 1000 ka .=K lrkak' t;fldg;a kslïu
ppb ,efnkjd' fïl ;uhs f,aisu úÈy'

ppm × 1000 = ppb

m%;sl%shd wdY%s; .eg¨j

fuf;la idlÉPd lf<a m%;sl%shdjla isÿ fkdù whkj,g muKla fjkajk wjia:dj,g wod< .eg¨ fõ' oeka
m%;sl%shdj,g wod, .eg¨ idlÉPd lruq' fuys§ o l,ska fhdod.;a Algorithm map tl tf,iu Ndú;d l<
yelshs' tfy;a m%;sl%shd ;=,s; lsÍu uq,ska isÿl< hq;=hs'

m%;sl%shdjla ;=,s; lrk wdldr

Redox fkdjk m%;sl%shd Redox m%;sl%shd

fidaÈis l%uhg ;=,s; l< yel' Redox l%uhg ;=,s; l< hq;=hs'

fidaÈis l%uh hkq OL ld,fha isg okakd

fome;af;a mrudkq .ek fome;a; ;=,s; lrk l%uhhs'
uq,skau tu l%uhg ;=,s; lrk ,o m%;sl%shdjla
wdY%s; ridhksl .Kkh lsÍula n,uq'
2000 - 10 mcq

Ca3(PO4)2 + 4 H3PO4 → 3Ca(H2PO4)2

fuh oekgu;a balance lr § we;' tu ksid balance lrk tl wmsg lrkak fjkafka ke;' Ca3(PO4)2 .ek
m%Yakh wihs' ialkaOh Ca(H2PO4)2 ys ialkaOh § we;' tA lshkafka Map tl Èf.a reverse tlg hkak
fjkjd lshk tlhs'
Ca3(PO4)2 + 4 H3PO4 → 3Ca(H2PO4)2

×3
1
n2 n1 1
M2 1 M1
×M2 ×3 ×M1
m2 = ? m1 = 100g

m1 § we;' m2 fidhkak ´fka' .dk f,aishs' jrÈkak mq¨jka fjkafku M1 yd M2 fidhoaÈhs'

-1
M1 = 40+(2×2) + (31×2)+(64×2) = 234 g mol
-1
M2 = (40×3) + (31×2)+(64×2) = 310 g mol
1 1
n1 = m1 × M1 = 100 × 234
1 100 1
n1 × 3 = n2 = 234 × 3
100 1
m2 = n2 × M2 = × × 310 = 44.16 g ≃ 44 g
234 3

Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 → 3Ca(H2PO4)2

×3

n1 n2 n3
×2 3
×4

lsishï m%;sl%shdjl m%;sl%shl yd m%;sM, ;=,s; l< miq tAjd w;r ,efnk"
m%;sM, ( m%;sl%shl wkqmd;
m%;sl%shl ( m%;sl%shl wkqmd; yd
m%;sM, ( m%;sM, wkqmd; j,g lshk ku ;uhs iafgdhslsfhdañ;sh ^stoichiometry&

l,ska bf.k.;a; .Kkaj,§ m%;sl%shd ;snqfka kE' tA;a ixfhda. yd whk w;r wms wkqmd; l;d l<d' ^f,dl=
gjqulska fjk;a f,dl= gjqulg hkak lsishï ixLHdjlska .=K lrkak fyda fnokak wms oek isáhd'& yenehs
tA ;ekaj,È m%;sl%shdjla isÿjqfka kE' ∴ ^stoichiometry& iafgdhslsfhdañ;sh lshk jpfka ta .eg¨j,§ wms
fhdod.;af;a kE' tA;a oeka wms l;d lrñka bkafka m%;sl%shd .ek' oeka tla ridhksl m%fNaohl isg fjk;a
ridhksl m%fNaohlg udrefjkak ^tl f,dl= gjqulska ;j;a f,dl= gjqulg hkak ´fka kï& ´fka kï
lsishï ixLHdjlska .=K lrkak fyda fnokak fjkjd' tAlg oeka iafgdhslsfhdañ;sh lsh,d lshkak mq¨jka'
tA;a jeo.;au foa ;uhs w¨;a kula ixl,amhg fhÿjg wms fhdod.kak .‚;h ^.Kkh& lsÍïj, oYuhlaj;a
fjkila we;s fkdùu'
tla ridhksl m%fNaohl isg fjk;a m%fNaohlg udrefjkak wjYH kï tfia udrefjkak mq¨jka mol (n)fyda
moldm-3 (C) yryd muKhs' tfia udrejk úg fhdok ^.=K lrk& w.h ;SrKh lrkafka fufyuhs'
my; m%;sl%shdj i,luq'
1A + 4B 3C
×3
3
×4 ×4
n1 1×2
n2 n3
1 4
4 3
1
×3

n2 okakd úg n3 fidhkak wjYH kï"

1' n2 g wod< iafgdhslsfhdañ;sl ix.=Klfhka ^b,lalu& ^Stoichiometric coefcient& n2 fnokak'

2' B<Õg n3 g wod< iafgdhslsfhdañ;sl ix.=Klfhka n2.=K lrkak' túg th n3g iudk fõ'

n1
1'
4
n
2' 2 ×3 = n3
4
oeka n2 weiqßka n3 .Kkh l< yelshs' n1 okakjd kï n3 fidhkak ´kE kï"

1' n1 A g wod< iafgdhslsfhdañ;sh jk 1 ka fnokak'

2' Bg miafia tu w.h n3 C g wod< iafgdhslsfhdañ;sl ix.=Klh jk 3ka .=K lrkak'

1' n1
1
2' n1
×3 = n3
1
fï wkqj hñka by; A + B → C m%;sl%shdfõ iïnkaO;d yhu ,nd.; yel'

2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O

6
× =2
3 3
2 ×6
n1 n2 n3 n4
1 1
× ×
2 3

6
=3
2
fuys B;, 6 la we;' úreoaO me;a;g ;j;a B;, 6la we¢h yel'

Wmßu ir, lsÍu'

;uka ;ukaf.a n .Kk ;ukaf.a ^iafgdhslsfhdañ;sfhka& b,lalfuka fno,d wmsg hkak ´k ;ekg wod,
øjHfha ^iafgdhslsfhdañ;sfhka& b,lalfuka .=K lrkak' túg hkak ´k ;ek we;s øjHfha ujq, .Kk
,efí'

fuu l%uh ujq,j,g fuka moldm-3 i|yd fhdod.; fkdyel'

 Misconception (3) - idkaøKhlska idkaøKhlg mkskak mq`Mjka fjkafka tlu whksl ixfhda.fha
whk w;r yd tlu iyixhqc ixfhda.fha mrudKq w;r mu‚¡ m%;sl%shdjl tla
ridhksl m%fNaohl isg fjk;a ridhksl m%fNaohlg udre fjkak idkaøKh
yryd fkdyelshs¡ tfia udreúh yelafla ujq, yryd muKs¡

A + 4B 3C
3
×4
C 1 ×4 C 2 C3

by; l%uhg ,sùu jerÈhs¡'

fya;=j - A we;af;a V1 kï mßudjla we;s Ndckhlhs' B we;af;a V2 kï mßudjla we;s fjk;a Ndckhlhs'
fï Ndck fol ñY% l< úghs A iu`. B m%;sl%shd lr C iEfokafka' túg C wvx.= wjika Ndckfha
mßudj ^V1+V2& fõ¡ fjkia mrsud we;s úg idkaøK mo yryd udre fjkak nE¡ ujq, fidhkafka kï
C1×V1= n1 o C2×V2 = n2 yryd mq`Mjka¡

m%;sl%shdjl m%;sl%shl m%;sl%shd lrk ir,u mQ¾K ixLHd;aul wkqmd;h (Simplest whole number ratio)
iafgdhslsfhdañ;sh f,i y÷kajhs¡ tfy;a úúO m%;sM, yd m%;sl%shl w;r wkqmd;o úúO m%;sM, w;r wkqmd;o
iafgdhslsfhdañ;sh f,i ye`oskaúh yelshs¡

tla m%;sl%shlhla .ek o;a; § fjk;a m%;sl%shlhla .ek m%Yak wik wjia:dj,§

oeka isg fok ,o m%;sl%shdjl m%;sl%shl ñY% lrk wkqmd;h yd m%;sl%shdfõ m%;sl%shl j, iafgdhslsfhdañ;sl
wkqmd;h iudko keoao hkak .K yokak l,ska n,kak ´fka¡

iudkhs iudk ke;

m%;sl%shdj wjidkfha m%;sl%shdj wjidkfha tla

m%;sl%shl lsisjla b;sß fkdfõ¡ m%;sl%shlhla b;sß fõ¡

iudkhs lsh,d fidhkafka bjr jQ m%;sl%shlh iSudldÍ

m%;sl%shlh f,i y÷kajhs¡
(Limiting Reactant)

tla m%;sl%shlhla ms<sn`o o;a; § we;¡ th iu`. m%;sl%shd jk wfkla m%;sl%shl ms<sn`o m%Yakh wid we;¡ fuys§
m%;sl%shl fol m%;sl%shd lrkafka iafgdhslsfhdañ;sl wkqmd;hg iudk jk f,ihs¡
 2008 - 12

NH2
wekS,Ska = C6H5NH2 =

C6H5NH2 + HCl C6H5NH3+Cl-

n ×1 n
1 2
l
× l ×C
M1 2

m 1 v 2

m1 = (12×6) + (1×7) + l4 = 93 gmol-1

n1 = m = 1.86 = 2
1
mol
M 93 100
1

n =n x1=
2 1 2 mol
100
1
V2 = n2 × C2 × 2 × 1 = 0.1 dm3 = 100 cm3
100 0.2

fuu .Kkh lsÍïj,g m%;sM,h f,i ,enqKq ridhksl øjHfhka lsisu jevla ke;'

1982 - 17 lrkak

fuys KOH ys m%n,;dj hkq idkaøKhu ;uhs¡ (M = moldm-3 j,ska ) wï, yd NIau w;r isÿjk m%;sl%shd
WodiSklrK m%;sl%shd (neutralization) f,i y÷kajhs¡

m%;sl%shlhla .ek f;dr;=re § m%;sM,hla ms<sn`o wik .eg`M¡

1991 - 4 mcq

Na + NH3 NaNH2 + H2

oeka m%;sl%shdfõ m%;sM, § we;¡ taal fyd`ohs¡ yenehs ;=,s; lr ke;¡ fuh ;=, Redox we;¡ tfy;a fidaosis
l%ufhkao ;=,s; l< yel¡
2Na + 2NH3 2NaNH2 + H2

1
×
2
l n1 n2
× M1 ×M2
m1 m2
n1 = m1 = 23 = 1mol
M1 23
1 1
n2 = n1 × 2 = 1 × 2 = 0.5 mol
m2 = n2 × M2 = 0.5 × 2 = 1g
 1992 - 23 lrkak'

Mg + 2H2S Mg (HS)2 + H2
;=,s; lr we;¡

jdhqjl mßudj

fuys§ idlÉPd lrkafka iïu; WIaK;ajfha§ yd iïu; mSvkfha§ jdhqjl mßudjhs¡

iïu; WIaK;ajh } Standard temperature

iïu; mSvkh } Standard Pressure
iïu; WIaK;ajh hkq 0 C° fõ¡

iïu; mSvkh 1atm = 1×105Pa fõ¡ fok ,o jdhqjl ujq, 1 la i ( W ( mS § (at STP ) w;alr .kakd bv m%udKh
3
fyj;a mßudj (volume) 22.4 dm fõ¡
3 3
22400 ml = 22400 cm = 22.4 dm = 22.4 l

ujq, tlla .kakd ^bv m%udKh& mßudj ksid th ujq,sl mßudj (molar volume) f,i y÷kajhs¡
∴tAllh dm3 mol-1 fyda cm3 mol-1 fõ' tA wkqj 22400 cm3 mol-1 fyda 22.4 dm3 mol-1 f,i oelaúh yelsh¡ ujq,
1 l mßudj 22.4 dm3 kï ujq, 2l mßudj tu w.h fuka fo.=Khlg iudk úh hq;=hs' tkï 22.4 × 2 = 44.8
3
dm úh hq;=hs¡ ta wkqj my; iólrKh ks¾udKh l< yelsshs¡ ^i ( W ( mS § muKla wod, fõ¡&

×
jdhqfõ mßudj = jdhqfõ ujq, .Kk × ujq,sl mßudj

Vol. = n × 22.4 dm3 mol-1

dm3 = 3
mol × dm mol
-1

.eg`Mj - O2 ujq, 3¡5 l i ( W ( mS § mßudj

3 -1
Vol = n × 22.4 dm mol
3 -1
vol = 3.5 × 22.4 dm mol
vol = 78.4 dm3

.eg`Mj 1986 -2 mcq

2H2O2 2H2O + O2
1
n2 ×2 n1

o;a; § we;af;a O2 .ekhs¡ m%Yakh wid we;af;a H2O2 .ekhs¡

 2H2O2 2H2O + O2
1
× Vol
1 22.4
×
2
n2 n1 N1
1
×
L
1
× m1
M1

2.24 dm3 = 2.24 l

n1 = Vol = 2.24 dm3

= 0.1 mol
22.4 22.4 dm3 mol-1
n1 0.1
n2 = = = 0.05 mol
2 2

.eg`Mj - 1987 -2

Al yd H2O w;r m%;sl%shdfõ m%;sM, oek.;a;g inorganic oek.kak ´fka¡ m%;sM, oek.kakg uÈ
;=,s; lrkak¡ Redox m%;sl%shd ;=,s; lrk yeá oek.kak ´fka¡ tal B<`. ojfia n,uq¡ oekg ;=,s;
iólrKh ,sh,d fokjd¡

2H2O + 2A1 + 2NaOH 2 Na A1O2 +3H2

3 Vol
1 ×2 × 22.4
× M1 n1 n2
m1

m1 5.4 g
-1
n1 = M1 = 27g mol = 0.2 mol
3
n 2 = n1 × 2

n2 = 0.2 × 3 = 0.3 mol

2
vol = n2 × 22.4
3
vol = 0.3 × 22.4 = 6.72 dm = 6.72 l

.eg`Mj 1995-27 yokak

.eg`Mj 2017

NH4NO3 ;dm úfhdackh (Thermal decomposition)

Inorganic j,§ bf.k .kak m%;sl%shdjla yenehs fï m%YafKÈ m%;sM, §,d ;shk ksid inorganic okafka ke;sj
jqk;a .dK yokak mq`Mjka' m%;sl%shdj ;=,s; lsÍu fidaÈis l%uhg lrkak mq`Mjka¡ c,ho fuys§ jdIamhla
^jdhqjla& f,i mj;S¡
 2NH4NO3(s) 2N2(g) + O2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Δ

V2 + V3 + V4 = Vtotal
2
× =1 ×22.4 ×22.4 ×22.4
2
1
n1 n2 n3 n4
×M 1
×
1 2
4
× =2
m1 2

n2 = n1×1 = 3×1 = 3 mol

1 1
n3 = n1× 2 = 3× 2 = 1.5 mol
n4 = n1×2 = 3×2 = 6 mol
m1 240
n1 = = = 3 mol
M1 80

V2 = n2×22.4 = 3×22.4 = 67.2 l

V3 = n3×22.4 = 1.5×22.4 = 33.6 l
V4 = n4×22.4 = 6×22.4 = 134.4 l
Vtotal = V2 + V3 + V4 = 235.2 l

f,aisu fláu l%uh

ntotal = n2 + n3 + n4 = 3 + 1.5 + 6 = 10.5 mol

vtotal = ntotal × 22.4 = 235.2 mol
 jeämqr m%;sl%shlhla b;sß jk m%;sl%shd

fufyu fjkafka m%;sl%shdjg ,lajk m%;sl%shl fofla iafgdhslsfhdañ;sl wkqmd;hhs tu m%;sl%shl fol wms
ñY%lrk wkqmd;hhs fjkia jqkdu'
2A + 3B → C
iafgdhslsfhdañ;sh 2 : 3
A 2mol yd B 4mol ñY% l< úg jeämqr B b;sß fõ'
∴ B hkq jeämqr we;s m%;sl%shlh fõ'
A 2mol iu. B 3mol m%;sl%shd lrhs'
túg b;sß B ujq, m%udKh = 4 -3 = 1 mol
iïmQ¾Kfhka u m%;sl%shd jk m%;sl%shlh iSudldÍ m%;sl%shlh f,i y÷kajhs' (Limiting Reagent)
.eg¨j
by; .eg¨j ir, tlls'
2A + 3B → C
2 : 3
A 0.8 mol yd B 1.1 mol we;' b;sßjk m%;sl%shlh;a tys b;sß jk ujq, .Kk;a fidhkak'
álla ufkdaufhka .Kka yok flfklag fï .dk ufkdaufhka yokak;a mq¨jka'
fmdf;a iq¨ lr,d youq'
2A + 3B → C
2 : 3
0.8 : 1.1
iafgdhslsfhdañ;s fol fno,d W;a;f¾ iq¨ lrkak' oeka tA fnomq ms<sfj,gu ^A fn§u B& m%;sl%shd lrk ujq,
.Kka fol;a fno,d W;a;f¾ iq¨ lrkak'
A 2
= = 0.66 iafgdhslsfhdañ;sh iq¨ lsÍu'
B 3

A 0.8
= = 0.72 ñY%jk ujq, fol iq¨ l< úg
B 1.1
oeka iafgdhslsfhdañ;sh fno,d wdj W;a;f¾g jvd ñY% l< ujq, fno,d .;a; W;a;f¾ jeähs' ta lshkafka
jeämqr ;shk ^b;sß fjk& m%;sl%shlh A lshk tlhs' yenehs m%Yafka bjr kE' oeka B Tlafldu m%;sl%shd lr,d
C yokjd' ta;a A fldgila b;sß fjkjd'

m%Yakh ( b;sß jk A j, ujq, .Kk lSho@

fïl tljr fydhkak nE' uq,skau fydhkak mq¨jka fjkafka bjr fjk A fjk m%udKhhs'
iïmQ¾Kfhkau bjr fjk B g lshkafka iSudldÍ m%;sl%shlh lsh,hs' (Limiting reactant)
2A + 3B → C
2 : 3

B 1.1 mol m%udKhu bjr fjk nj okakjd' A bjr fjk .dK okafka kE' ∴ tAl x lsh,d .kak'
2A + 3B → C
2 : 3
x : 1.1

17
yria .=‚;h odkak' (Cross Multiply)

2 × 1.1 = 3x
bjr jQ A ujq, = x = 0.7333
b;sß A ujq, = uq¨ A ujq, - bjr jQ A ujq,
= 0.8 - 0.733
b;sß A ujq, = 0.067 mol

kj .eg¨jla

2A + 3B → C
A ujq, 0.03 lao B ujq, 0.05 lao we;' b;sß jk m%;sl%shlh iy tys b;sß jk ujq, .Kk fidhkak'

2A + 3B → C
2 : 3
0.03 : 0.05
A 2
= = 0.66
B 3

A 0.03
= = 0.6
B 0.05

iafgdhslsfhdañ;sl wkqmd;fhka ,efnk 0'66 idfmaCIj ñY%l< ujq, wkqmd;fhka ,efnk 0'6 w.h wvqh'
tfyu jqK tflka lshfjkafka A wvqfjka we;s nj;a B jeäfhka we;s nj;ah' ∴ B b;sß fõ' A bjr fõ'

oeka b;sß jk B ujq, .Kk fiúh hq;=hs'

2A + 3B → C
2 : 3
0.03 x
2x = 0.09
x = 0.045 mol = bjr jQ B

b;sß jk B mol = uq¨ B mol - bjr jQ B mol

= 0.05 - 0.045
= 0.005 mol

1986 - 4 .eg¨j ;ksju yokak'

.eg¨j - 2012 - 40 new

6 Li + N2 → 2Li3N
6 : 1 2
1 n1 : n2 1
M1 M2
m1 m2

18
 Li ialkaOh § we;' ujq, fidhuq'

m1 51
n1 = = = 7.28 mol
M1 7

N2 ialkaOh § we;' ujq, fidhuq'

m2 39
n2 = = = 1.4
M2 28

6Li + N2 → 2Li3N
6 : 1
7.28 : 1.4
Li 6
= = 6
N2 1

Li 7.28
= = 5.2
N2 1.4

fï wkqj N2 jeämqr we;s nj fmfka' tA wkqj Li 51g iïmQ¾Kfhka m%;sl%shd lrhs' N2 lsishï m%udKhla b;sß
fõ'

C m%ldYh fldfydu;a jerÈhs'

b;sß jk N2 m%udKh wid ke;'

tA jqkdg tAl;a fydhuq'

6Li + N2 → 2Li3N
6 : 1 2
7.28 : x

6x = 7.28 × 1
7.28 × 1
x= = 1.213 mol
6
m%;sl%shd l< ialkaOh N2 j, = 1.213 × 28 = 34 g
b;sß N2 ialkaOh = 39 - 34 = 5g
,efnk M,fha m%udKh fidhuq → (Li3N)

6Li + 1N2 → 2Li3N

2=1
6 3
7.28 mol n3
2
n3 = 7.28 × = 2.427 mol
6
Li3N = M3= 7 × 3 + 14 = 35 g mol-1
Li3N ialkaOh m3 = 2.427 × 35 = 85g

19
tA wkqj ffioaOdka;slj ,efnk M, m%udKh 85 g fõ' (Theoretically) ffioaOdka;slj ,efnk m%udKh
lshkak fya;=j ;uhs m%;sl%shdjla isÿfjkfldg ,eìh yels Wmßu M, m%udKh ienE f,dalfha § ,efnkafka
kE' ∴ ,eìh yels Wmßu w.hg jvd wvq w.hla ;uhs ,efnkafka' M,od m%;sY;h lshk ixl,amh bÈßfha§
bf.k .kakjd' t;fldg fï .ek jeä úia;r l;d lruq'

.eg¨j ( 2000-11 mcq

NaOH → C1 = 0.05 moldm-3 V1 = 100 cm3

-3 3
H2SO4 → C2 = 0.02 moldm V2 = 50 cm

b;sß jk NaOH ujq, .Kk fidhkak'

^fï .Kfka wy,d kE b;sß jk m%;sl%shlh fidhkak lsh,d' fl,skau wy,d ;shkjd NaOH ujq, .Kk
fidhkak lsh,d' tA lshkafk b;sßjk m%;sldrlh NaOH lshk tl .ek wmsg ielhla kE'&

NaOH + H2SO4 m%;sl%shdj balance lruq'

2 NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

2 : 1
5 100 50 1
3 = 0.05 × = C1 × V1 C2 × V2 = 0.02 × = mol
10 103 10
3
10
3

jeämqr iïmQ¾Kfhkau
we;' m%;sl%shd lr
b;sß fõ' bjr fõ'

2 NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

2 : 1
x : 1
3
10
1
1×x=2× 3
10
2
3 x=
10
b;sß NaOH ujq, .Kk = uq¨ NaOH ujq, - m%;sl%shd l< NaOH ujq, .Kk
5 2
= -
103 103
3
b;sßh = mol
103

oeka Ndckfha uq¿ mßudj = 50 + 100 = 150 cm3

20
 3
ta;A m%Yakfha lshkjd Ndckfha uq¨ mßudj 250 cm jk f;la wdi%e; c,h (distilled water) tl;= l< nj' ta
lshkafka H2O 100 cm3 tl;= l<d lshk tlhs'

3
100 cm

Na2SO4 H2O Na2SO4

3 3 H2O
mol NaOH mol NaOH
103 103

3 3
150 cm 250 cm

oeka NaOH idkaøKh fidhuq'

3
n 103 3 12 -2 -3
C3 = 3 = = = = 1.2 ×10 mol dm
V3 250 250 1000
3
10
m%Yakfha wykafka NaOH idkaøKh fkdfõ' wykafka OH- idkaøKhhs' tAl fokafka NaOH u.skauhs'

NaOH → Na+ + OH-

×1
C3 C4
-2 -3
C3 = C4 = 1.2 ×10 moldm

2019 - New - 8 lrkak'

m%;sl%shdjla ÿka úg ^.Kkh lsÍula iys;j& thg wod, úi£fï mshjr 5'
1' m%;sl%shdfõ m%;sM, fidhd.ekSu'
2' m%;sl%shdj ;=,s; lsÍu'
3' o;a; § we;s m%fNaoh ^species& fidhd .ekSu'
4' m%Yakh wikafka l=uk m%fNaoh oehs fidhd .ekSu'
5' Map tl fhdodf.k .eg¨j úi£u'
^iafgdhslsfhdañ;sh| n = m | n = CV hk iólrK 3 muKla fndfyda úg m%udKj;a h'&
M

21
 ^1& m%;sl%shdjl m%;sM, oek.kak úÈy

fl,skau m%;sM, § we;' m%;sM, § ke;'

^3& ^1& ^2&

m%;sM, §,d ;sfhkafka idudkH Inorganic chemistry j,È
wmsg wdof¾g fkfjhs' oekSfuka bf.k.kak
^1& yd ^2& l%uj,ska okak tajd m%;sl%shd
m%;sM, .kak neß ksihs
m%;sM, §,d ;sfhkafka'

^2& m%;sl%shdj ;=,s; lsÍu'

;=,s; lr,u §,d ;sfhkafka' ;=,s; lr ke;'

iqmsß
^1& ^2&
fidaÈis Redox l%uh
l%uh

Redox fkdjk Redox

m%;sl%shdj,g m%;sl%shdj,g mu‚'

^3& m%Yakh wykafka m%;sl%shlhla .eko@

Tõ

m%;sl%shl 2 ka tlla jeämqr ;sfío@

kE m%;sl%shl folu bjr fjkjd' Tõ m%;sl%shl 2 ka 1 la b;sß fjkjd'

tla m%;sl%shlhla ms<sn| b;sß jk m%;sl%shlfha

o;a; § we;' ujq, .Kk $ idkaøKh$ ialkaOh
fidhkak'
^2012-40 $ 2000-11 $ 2019-new-8&
wfkla m%;sl%shlh iEfok m%;sM,h
ms<sn| wikq ,efí' .ek wikq ,efí'
(n | C | m) (n | C | m)

22
ó<Õ .eg¨ j¾.h
(a) m%;sl%shl ^ridhksl øjH& 2la we;'
(b) øjH fol tlsfkl iu. m%;sl%shd fkdlrhs'
(c) ;dm úfhdackfhka (Thermal decomposition) fyda ;j;a ;=kajeks øjHhla fh§fuka by; m%;sl%shd
fol iajdëk ^independents& m%;sl%shd follg Ndckh fõ'
(d) m%;sM, me;af;a folgu fmdÿ whkhla $ ixfhda.hla fyda jdhqjla ,efí'

uq,ska ;dm úfhdack m%;sl%shdjla i,luq'

.eg¨j (
CaCO3 yd MgCO3 284 g l ksheÈhla ksh; ialkaOhla ,efnk f;la r;al< úg ,efnk fYAIfha ialkaOh
1.52 g fõ' ñY%Kfha CaCO3 ialkaO m%;sY;h fidhkak'

ms<s;=re (
ialkaO m%;sY;h fydhkak kï fldfydu;a CaCO3 ialkaOh fiúh hq;=hs'

CaCO3 ialkaOh fiúh hq;=hs'

CaCO3 → ujq, .Kk = x
MgCO3 → ujq, .Kk = y
m%;sl%shdj, m%;sM, n,uq'
CaCO3 Δ CaO + CO2
×1
x x
MgCO3 Δ MgO + CO2
×1
y y

CaCO3 ialkaOh + MgCO3 ialkaOh = 2.84 g

x × M1 + y × M2 = 2.84 g
x × 100 + y × 84 = 2.84 g → ①
CaO ialkaOh + MgO ialkaOh = 1.52 g
x × M3 + y × M4 = 1.52 g
x × 56 + y × 40 = 1.52 g → ②

①× 56 ②× 100
159.04 = 5600 x + 4704 y → ③ 5600 x + 4000 y = 152 → ④
③-④
704 y = 7.04
y = 0.01 mol

y ys w.h ① ys wdfoaYfhka → x = 0.02 mol

CaCO3 ialkaOh = x × M1 = 0.02 ×100 = 2g
CaCO3 ialkaO ] = 2
× 100% = 70.42%
2.84

23
 (a) ridhksl øjH 2la we;'
(b) tA fol tlsfkl iu. m%;sl%shd fkdlrhs'
(c) ;=ka jeks ridhksl øjHhla tl;= lrkq ,nhs'
^d& th uq,a ridhksl øjH 2 iu. iajdëk m%;sl%shd 2la isÿlrhs'
(e) fmdÿ jdhqjla msglrhs' ^m%;sl%shd foflkau&

.eg¨j ( 2011-New-8 mcq

SrCO3
BaCO3 } ialkaO tl;=j = 0.8 g
SrCO3 + 2HCl → SrCl2 + H2O + CO2
1 : 2
BaCO3 + 2HCl → BaCl2 + H2O + CO2
1 : 2
m%;sM, ,shkak' Balance lrkak'
^Inorganic okakjd kï m%;sM, ,shk tl myiqhs'& tlu fmdÿ m%;sM,hla ^jdhqjla& f,i CO2 ,eî we;'
3
i'W'mS'§ msg jQ CO2 mßudj 0.112 dm f,i § we;' SrCO3 ialkaO m%;sY;h fiúh hq;=hs'

SrCO3 + 2HCl → SrCl2 + H2O + CO2

x mol ×1 x mol

BaCO3 + 2HCl → BaCl2 + H2O + CO2

y mol ×1 y mol

SrCO3 m1 = x × M1 = x × 148
BaCO3 m2 = y × M2 = y × 197
0.8 g 148 x + 197 y = 0.8 ①
CO2 i|yd x yd y weiqßka m%ldYkhla ,shuq'
Vol
CO2 ujq, .Kk = n =
22.4 dm3 mol-1
0.112 dm3 5
= 3 -1
= 3
mol
22.4 dm mol 10

5
x+y= 3
②
10

② iólrKh 197 ka .=K lrkak'

985
197 x + 197 y = ③
1000
③-①
197 x - 148 x = 0.985 - 0.800
49 x = 0.185
-3
x = 3.77 × 10

24
 3.77 558
SrCO3 ialkaOh = x × M1 = 3
× 148 = g
10 103
0.558
SrCO3 ialkaO ] = × 100% = 70%
0.8

CaCO3 $ MgCO3 .eg¨fõ§;a SrCO3 / BaCO3.eg¨fõ§;a iu.dó iólrK ;=< lsisu úfgl ialkaOhg
wod< w{d; mo (unknown variable) fh§u isÿlf<a kE' tA fjkqjg ujq, ixLHdj ;uhs w{d; mo f,i
.;af;a' t;fldg iq¿ lsÍu myiqhs' ^leu;s kï ialkaOhka w{d; mo f,i wrka fï .Kka yo,d n,kak'&

2013-30 mcq yokak'

2012-Old-14

(a) ridhksl øjH 2 hs'

(b) tlsfkl iu. tAjd m%;sl%shd fkdlrhs'
(c) 3 jeks ridhksl m%fNaohla tl;= lrhs'
^d& th by; m%fNao 2 iu. iajdëk m%;sl%shd 2la isÿlrhs'
(e) fmdÿ wjlafIamhla ,efí' ^whksl ixfhda.hla iE§u u.ska&

Na2SO4 + K2SO4 ialkaOh = 0.15 g

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → 2NaCl + BaSO4(s)
1 : 1
1 : 1
K2SO4 + BaCl2 → 2KCl + BaSO4(s)

m%;sM, ,sùu - idudkH oekSfuka oaú;aj úia:dmkh fhdodf.k l< yelshs' ;=,s; lsÍu fidaÈis l%uhg l<
yel'

K2SO4 ialkaO m%;sY;h fiúh hq;=hs'

(a) Na2SO4 ujq, .Kk x f,io"

(b) K2SO4 ujq, .Kk y f,io .uq'
(c) Na2SO4 → M1 = 142 gmol-1
-1
(d) K2SO4 → M2 = 174 gmol

fï mo 4 fhdodf.k tla iólrKhla ,súh yelshs'

ñY%Kfha wdrïNl ialkaOh = 0.15 = x ×142 + y × 174 ①
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → 2NaCl + BaSO4
1 1
x ×1 x
K2SO4 + BaCl2 → 2KCl + BaSO4
y ×1 y

25
BaSO4 = M3 = 233 gmol-1
BaSO4 ialkaOh = 0.233 = x ×233 + y × 233
,iaikg iq¨ fjkjd fïl'
1
1000
= x+y ②

② × 142
1
142 ×
1000
= 142 x + 142 y ③

①-③
150 142 = 174 y - 142 y
-
1000 1000
8
= 32 y
1000
2.5
y= mol
10000

2.5 435 g
K4SO4 ialkaOh = × 174 = y × 174 =
104 104

435
K4SO4 ialkaO % = 10000 ×100% = 29%
0.15

2015-6 mcq tl yokak'

kj .eg¨jla - 2007-8 mcq

s lsisÿ laf,darhsvhla ;dm úfhdackh fkdfõ'

BaCl2.2H2O Δ BaCl2 + 2H2O (g)

KCl Δ KCl ^;dm úfhdackhla ke;'&

BaCl2.2H2O ys ic,j we;s ksid r;a lsÍfï § myiqfjka H2O bj;a fõ' ^jdhqjla f,i&
;=,s; lsÍu fidaÈis l%uhg l< yelshs'

(a) BaCl2 . 2H2O = x mol

(b) KCl = y mol
(c) BaCl2 . 2H2O = M1 = 244 gmol-1
-1
(d) KCl = M2 = 74.5 gmol

fuu o;a; 4 ka tla iólrKhla idod.; yelshs'

26
 ñY%Kfha wdrïNl ialkaOh = 0.744 = x ×244 + y × 74.5 ①
wjika ñY%Kfha we;af;a BaCl2 yd KCl h'

BaCl2 . 2H2O BaCl2 + 2H2O

x ×1 x
KCl KCl ^fufyu ,shkak kï wkjYHhs'&
y y

(a) BaCl2 = x mol

(b) KCl = y mol
(c) BaCl2 = M3 = 208 gmol-1
-1
(d) KCl = M2 = 74.5 gmol

fuu o;a; 4 ka fofjks iólrKh idod.; yelshs'

wjika ñY%Kfha ialkaOh = x ×208 + y × 74.5 = 0.708 g ②

kslïu ^1& - ^2& lrkak'
0.744 - 0.708 = 244 x - 208 x
0.036 g = 36 x
1
x = 3 mol
10
x by; 2 iólrKhg wdfoaY lr y fidhkak' y ys w.h 74'5 ka .=K l< úg KCl ys ialkaOh ,efí' tA;a
fufyu lrkfldg iq¨ lrkak fj,dj hkjd' tu ksid flá l%uhla n,uq' wmsg wjYH y fkdfõ' wmsg
wjYH y × 74.5 ys iuia: w.hhs'
1 w.h 2 ys wdfoaYfhka
∴x=
103
1
× 208 + y × 74.5 = 0.708
103
(y ×74.5) = 0.500 g
KCl ys ialkaOh = 0.500 g

fï .Kka j¾.h y÷kd .kafka fldfyduo@

(a) ridhksl øjH 2la we;'
(b) tlsfkl iu. m%;sl%shd fkdlrhs'
(c) ;dm úfhdackh lrhs'
(d) tla ridhksl øjHhla muKla ;dm úfhdackhg ,lafõ' wks;a øjHh tfiau mj;S'

27
.eg¨j ( 2010-mcq-14

Na2CO3 Na2CO3 ;dm úfhdackh fkdfõ'

Δ
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3(s)+H2O(g)+CO2(g)
Δ

by; ;dm úfhdack m%;sl%shd foflysu m%;sM, Inorganic j,§ bf.k.kak ,efí' ;=,s; lsÍu fidaÈis l%uhg
l< yel'

Na2CO3 ujq, = x mol

NaHCO3 ujq, = y mol
Na2CO3 = M1 = 106 gmol-1
-1
NaHCO3 = M2 = 84 gmol

fuu o;a; 4ka m<uq iólrKh ksmojd.; yelshs'

wdrïNl uq¿ ialkaOh = x × 106 + y × 84 = 4g ①

Na2CO3 → Na2CO3
x ×1 x
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Δ
1
×
y 2 y/
2

r;a l< miq nfrys wvqùu 0.31 g f,i § we;' fï nr wvqjkafka CO2 yd H2O jdhq f,i msgù hk ksihs'
oeka b;sß ialkaOh = 4 - 0.31 = 3.69 g
fuu b;sß ialkaOh ksmoù we;af;a wdrïNfha isgu ;snQ úfhdackh fkdjqKq Na2CO3 x ujq, m%udKfhka yd
NaHCO3 úfhdackfhka ,efnk Na2CO3 y ujq, m%udKfhkah'
2
fuu ujq, .Kka fol tl;= lr Na2CO3 ys M1 ujq,sl ialkaOfhka .=K l< úg 3.69 g g iudk fõ' tkï
fojeks iólrKh ,nd.; yel'
y
106 × x + 106 × = 3.69 g ②
2
② - ① lrkak'
106y
4 - 3.69 g = 84 y -
2
0.31 g = 31 y
1
y= mol
100

y ys w.h ① ys wdfoaYfhka x fidhkak mq¨jka' tA;a wmsg wjYH wdrïNl Na2CO3 ys ialkaOh fyj;a
(x ×106) hk w.hhs'

28
x × 106 + 84 × y = 4
1
(x ×106) + 84 × 100 = 4

wdrïNl Na2CO3 ialkaOh = (x ×106) = 3.16g

3.16
Na2CO3 ialkaO m%;sY;h = ×100 = 79%
4

2001-30 mcq yd 2010-21 mcq fï fol;a lrkak'

2001-30 mcq

fidaähï ixrih hkq ^Amalgam& Na yd riÈh (Hg) ñY%Khlg lshk kuhs'

Na + H2O → NaOH + H2
Hg, H2O iu. m%;sl%shd fkdlrhs'

2010-21 mcq

Pb(NO3)2 + H2S → PbS(s) + 2HNO3

wjlafIamhls'
NaNO3 + H2S → wjlafIam ,efnkafka ke;'

^jeo.;a øjHfha ialkaOh&

m%;sY; ixY=oaO;dj = ×100%
jeo.;a
) wmøjHfha
ialkaOh + øjHfha
ialkaOh
)
fï iólrKh oelalyu f;areï .; hq;= m<uq foh kï m%;sY; ixY=oaO;dj hkq ialkaO m%;sY;hlau njhs'
tlu fjki ñY%Kfha tla øjHhla wmøjHhla f,i m%Yakh yok professor úiska ye¢kaùu muKhs' by;
m%Yak 2 ysu tla jeo.;a fohla ;shkjd' tA ;uhs ñY%Kfha tla øjHhla muKla m%;sl%shd lsÍu iy wfkla øjHh
lsisÿ m%;sl%shdjlg ,la fkdùu'

fï mcq fol úi|kak iu.dó iólrK wjYHhs jf.a fmakak mq¨jka' yenehs iu.dó iólrK wjYH kE
fïjd úi|kak'

Redox m%;sl%shd ;=,s; lsÍu'

Youtube tfla General chemistry video j,ska TlaislrK wxl fidhk l%uh;a" Redox m%;sl%shd ;=,s; lrk
kS;s 9 l=;a bf.k.k wjika' tA jf.au mcq i|yd uq,a mshjr 4 muKla fhdodf.k Redox m%;sl%shd ;=,s;
lsÍu fláfhka fõ.j;aj lrkak;a lsh,d ÿkakd'

29
.eg¨ lsysmhla n,uq'

1996-7 ^úfYaI&
4-
P2O7 ys P j, TlaislrK wxlh fidhkak'
O ys TlaislrK wxlh -2 fõ'
P ys TlaislrK wxlh x f,i .uq'
-4 = 2x + (-2 × 7)
2x = +10
x = +5

2018-4 mcq

O2 → TlaislrK wxlh 0 fõ'

H2O → 0 = (+1×2) + x
x = -2
H2O2 →(+1×2) + 2x = 0 → jHQyh → H
2x = -2 O
x = -1 O H
OF2 → 0 = -1 × 2 + x
x = +2

O2F2 → fufyu tlla fldfyj;a bf.k.kak ,efnkafka ke;' wms okakjd F ys TlaislrK wxlh
iodld,slj -1 nj ^uQ,øjH wjia:dfõ § muKla 0 fõ'& Tlaiscka TlaislrK wxlh fndfydaúg -2 jqjo H yd
Fg ne÷Kq úg;a" f,day iuyrla iu.;a" -2 fkdjk fjk;a TlaislrK wxl we;s nj;a wms oksuq' fuys§o O2F2
ys F we;s ksid O TlaislrK wxlh l,nf,ag fydhkak nE'
0 = -1 × 2 + 2x
2x = +2
x = +1

H2O2 > H2O > O2 > O2F2 > OF2

TlaislrK List tlg H2O2 → O2jk m%;sl%shdj ,shd.kak'

30
Redox m%;sl%shdjla ;=,s; lruq'

.eg¨j - 2002-7 mcq

udOHh - H+
2- 3+
TlaisyrKh - Cr2O7→ Cr
TlaislrKh - H2 O2 → O 2

14H+ + 6e + Cr2O72- 2Cr3+ + 7H2O ①

1' mrudKqj ;=,s;h 2

2' uq¿ TlaislrK wxl +12 +6
3' bf,lafg%dak tl;= lsÍu' 6e -
4' uq¿ wdfrdamK -8 +3×2 = +6
+ +
5' H tl;= lsÍu' 14H -
6' uq¿ O mrudKq 7 hs' 0 hs'
7' H2O tl;= lsÍu' - 7H2O
8' uq¿ H mrudKq 14H 14H

+
H2O2 O2 + 2e + 2H ②

1' mrudKqj ;=,s;h ü ü

2' uq¿ TlaislrK wxl -1×2 = -2 0
3' bf,lafg%dak tl;= lsÍu' - 2e
4' uq¿ wdfrdamK 0 -2
+ +
5' H tl;= lsÍu' - 2H
6' uq¿ O mrudKq 2 hs' 2 hs'
7' H2O tl;= lsÍu' - -
8' uq¿ H mrudKq 2 2

fomi O mrudKq iudk jQ neúka 7 yd 8 mshjr wjYH ke;' oeka bf,lafg%dak iudk jk fia m%;sl%shd fol
.=K lrkak'

②× 3

① + ③ → ^m%;sl%shd foflysu bf,lafg%dak 6 ne.ska we;'&

+
3H2O2 → 3O2 + 6e + 6H ③
+ 2- 3+ +
14H + Cr2O7 +3H2O2 3O2 + 2Cr + 6H + 7H2O
+ 2- 3+
8H + Cr2O7 +3H2O2 2Cr + 3O2 + 7H2O
Answer = -2

31