A Formal Physics Laboratory Report

EXPERIMENT

Lab 5
MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY COEFFICIENT BY THE STOKES
METHOD

Class: CC19 - Group: 1 Lecturer comment

Full name:
1.Tăng Gia Bảo -ID: 2152429
2.Nguyễn Lê Anh Tuấn -ID: 2153079
3.Lê Dương Khánh Huy -ID: 2153380

I. Aims/Purposes
Measurement of viscosity coefficient by the stokes method.

II. Apparatus, Methods, and Procedure

1. Apparatus
MN-971A include:
- Glass tubes 95cm high, carved 1mm / line.
- Lubricant with viscosity coefficient.
- Steel balls.
- Hopper oriented the dropping steel balls.
- Small Magnets to get the steel balls out of liquids.
- Device to measure the fall time of steel balls, accuracy 0.001s
- Two sensors.
- Micrometer 0-25mm, accuracy 0.01mm.

2. Methods
- The viscosity coefficient can be determined by the Stokes method through the
device MN-971A.
- Indirect measurement.

3. Procedure
1. Measure the diameter d of steel balls by Micrometer five times.
2. Installation and adjustment of the glass tube 2 containing the liquid is vertical
direction.
3. Adjusting the sensitivity of two sensors of the time measurement device.
4. Measuring the time interval of steel balls falling in liquids: Perform this experiment
10 times with the same steel balls chosen and record the value of in the display
window "TIME" with each measurement.

III. Equation:
- Measure the diameter d of steel balls by Micrometer: d=0,5. k +0,01. m
(k is the total number of line that appear on the edges of round ruler, do not count line 0)
Δ d=( Δd )ht + Δd ( mm)
 Δτ =(Δτ )ht + Δ τ ( s)
- Bulk density of steel balls:
m
ρ 1=
1
π . d3
(kg/m 3
)
6

With relative error:

Δ ρ1 Δπ Δm Δd
= + +3
p1 π m d

- Viscosity coefficient of liquid:

2
1 ( ρ1−ρ). d . g . τ
η=
18 d (kg/ms)
L.(1+2,4 )
D
With relative error:
Δη Δ ρ 1+ Δρ Δg Δτ ΔL 1
= + + + + .¿ ]
η ρ1−ρ g τ L D+2,4 d

IV. Experimental data

A. Small steel balls
Table 1
- Accuracy of micrometer: 0.01 (mm) - Mass of steel ball m = 1,04 ± 0.02 (g)
- Accuracy of chronometer: 0.001(sec) - Density of steel ball
- - Diameter of cylinder: D = 35.00 ± 0.02 ρ = 7894.801 ± 0.35 (kg/m3)
(mm) - Density of lubricant oil depended on the
- Room temperature: T ℃ = 30 ± 1 (℃) room temperature: σ =895 ± 89 (kg/m3)
- g = 9.810 ± 0.005 (m/s2) * Distance between two sensors:
- π = 3.140 ; Δπ = 0.005 L = 300 ± 1 (m)
d (mm) Δd (mm) t (sec) Δt (sec)
1 6.31 0.004 0.978 0.0102
2 6.32 0.006 0.970 0.0022
3 6.31 0.004 0.955 0.0128
4 6.33 0.019 0.957 0.0108
5 6.30 0.016 0.979 0.0112
Average 6.314 0.010 0.9678 0.0094

● Δ d=( Δd )ht + Δd ( mm) = 0.01 + 0.010 = 0.020 (mm)

● Δτ =( Δτ )ht + Δ τ (s) = 0.001 + 0.0094 = 0.0104 (s)

B. Big steel balls:

- Density of steel ball:
m 1,04 ×10−3
ρ1= =
1
π . d3
1
× 3.14 ׿ ¿
kg/m3)
6 6

Relative error :
Δ ρ1 Δπ Δm Δd 0.005 0.02 0.0198
= + +3 = + +3 =0.030 3
p1 π m d 3.14 1.04 6.314

Absolute error

Δ ρ1
Δ p1 = × p1=0.0302×7894.801=239.420¿ kg/m3)
p1

- Viscosity coefficient of liquid:

2
1 (ρ 1−ρ)d g τ 1
η= = (7894.801−895) ¿ ¿
18 d 18 kg/ms)
L(1+2.4 )
D

Relative error :
Δη Δ ρ 1+ Δρ Δg Δτ ΔL 1
= + + + + .¿ ]
η ρ1−ρ g τ L D+2.4 d
238.423+89 0.005 0.01042 1
= 7894.801−895 + 9.81 + 0.9678 + 35+2.4 × 6.314
(2× 35+2.4 ×6.314 )× 0.020 2.4 × 6.314 ×0.02
×[ + ] = 0.068
6.314 35

Absolute error :

Δη
Δη = ×η=0.068 ×0.342=0.023(kg /ms)
η
- Conclusion:
η = (η ± Δη ) = 0.342 ± 0.023 (kg/ms)

IV. Question
1. Explain the emergence of internal friction, stating the basic theory and written
expression of this force. The unit of fluid viscosity coefficient.

- According to the kinetic molecular theory, internal friction is caused by the

exchange of molecules from fast motion layer A that diffuse into slow motion layer
B and are handed down to the molecular momentum of layer B, increasing the
speed of orientation for layer B. The molecules of the slow motion layer B, on the
other hand, diffuse into the fast-moving layer A, dynamically collapse the
momentum of the layer A molecules, and subsequently diminish the layer A's
velocity.
 - The expression of this force:
dv
F friction =¿ η ΔS
dz
+ η : the viscosity coefficient of fluid.
dv
+ : the gradient velocity of the following vertical axis Oz.
dz
+ Δ S : the surface area between the two layers of fluid.
kg
- The unit of fluid viscosity coefficient: m. s .

2. Presentation Stokes method of determination of fluid viscosity. Explain the causes

and characteristics of force against the motion of the steel balls falling in the liquid.

- The Stokes method can be used to determine the viscosity coefficient using the
MN-971A device, which consists of two magnet sensors attached to a timed device
in the front of the box and a glass tube containing a liquid that is kept upright on the
rack. When steel balls of mass m fall through the hopper and into the liquid, the
marble is affected by three forces:
+ Gravity P from top to bottom.
+ Acsimet force F AA from bottom to top.
+ The internal friction force F C vertically from bottom to top.

3. How does the speed of the steel balls fall in liquid change? Why are the fall time
measurements of the steel balls made at the end of the glass tube?

- The steel ball will travel with acceleration: a=dv/dt under the influence of the three
forces described in question 2:
3 4
+ Gravity P from top to bottom: P=m.g= π r p1 g
3
34
+ Acsimet force F A from bottom to top: F A= π r pg
3
+ The internal friction force F C vertically from bottom to top: F C = 6 πη rv
The velocity v of steel balls steadily increases as the acceleration increases; nevertheless,
as v increases, internal friction increases. When V approaches v 0, the Acsimet force and
internal friction totally negate gravity P, allowing steel balls to move at a consistent speed.
Because the steel balls will reach a consistent speed motion, we measure the time it takes
for them to fall at the end of the glass tube.

4. Under what conditions, we can calculate the viscosity coefficient of fluid by the
2 1 ( ρ1−ρ). d2 . g . τ
(ρ −ρ). d . g . τ η=
formula η= 1 1 or formula 18 d ?
18 L L .(1+2,4 )
D

_ We can calculate the viscosity coefficient of fluid by the first formula when the marble is
affected by the infinitely wide cylinder contained liquid and three forces:

· Gravity P is vertically from top to bottom:P = m.g

1. m is the weight of the marble.

 2. g is gravitational acceleration and equals 9.80665 m/s2.

3 4
· Archimedes force FA is vertically from the bottom up: F A= π . r . p . g
3

1. r is the radius of the marble.

2. p is the bulk density of liquid.

· Internal Friction force FC is vertically from the bottom up: F C = 6 π .η . r . v

1. η is the viscosity coefficient of fluid.

2. v is the velocity of the marble.

_ For the same three forces, we use the second formula with the finitely wide cylinder
containing liquid.

5. Apply formulas (11), demonstrating relative error of viscosity coefficient.

1 ¿
η= ( ρ−σ ) d 2> ¿
18
(
L 1+2.4
d
D )
⇒ ln(η)=ln¿
1 2 d
¿ ln( )+ ln( ρ−σ )+ ln ( d )+ln (g)+ ln (t)−ln (L)−ln(1+2.4 )
18 D
2.4 2.4 d ∂ D
∂d
∂n ∂ ρ ∂σ ∂g ∂t ∂ L 2d ∂d D D2
= − + + − +2 − +
n ρ−σ ρ−σ g t L d2 d d
1+2.4 1+2.4
D D
∂ρ ∂σ ∂g ∂t ∂ L 1 ∂d ∂D
¿ − + + − + [(2 D−2.4 d) +2.4 d ]
ρ−σ ρ−σ g t L D+2.4 d d D
Δη Δ ρ1+ Δσ Δg Δt ΔL
⇒ =
η ρ1 −σ
+ + +
g t
+
1
L D+2.4 d
( 2 D+2.4 d )
Δd
d [
+2.4 d
ΔD
D ]