General Physics Laboratory Report

EXPERIMENT 3

DETERMINING INERTIAL MOMENT OF SOLID CYLINDER I AND

FRICTION FORCE F IN THE DRIVE SPINDLE

Class: CC19 / Group: 01 Lecturer’s comment

Full name:
1) Tăng Gia Bảo - 2152429
2) Lê Dương Khánh Huy - 2153380
3) Nguyễn Lê Anh Tuấn - 2153079

I. Aims/Purposes:
Determining the friction force of the rotational bearings and the moment of inertia of the
wheel.
II. Method, Equipment and Procedure:
1. Equipment:
 Experimental equipment MC - 965 (wheel with rotational shaft, lug with bearing,
weights, strings, base box).
 Ruler 1000mm, accuracy 1mm.
 Caliper 0÷150mm, accuracy 0.02mm.
 Versatile chronometer MC-963, accuracy 0.001s.
 Sensor transceiver infrared photoelectric.
 Startup control box.
 Set-square.
 The technical balance, accuracy 0.1g.
2. Method:
 Direct measuring the diameter d of the rotational axis by Caliper (5 times) and the
height h1 and h2 of the weight.
 Indirect measuring the moving time t of the system by Versatile chronometer MC-
963A.
3. Procedure:
o Firstly, the wheel M is stationary, the weight m is at the highest point (we denote it by
A), and using set-square to record coordinate Za.
o We press button 3 of the control box (put on the crossbeam of the erected lug). The
weight m translates from the highest point A to the lowest point (we denote it by
o Note that the height of the weight m at B should be approximately the height of the
photoelectric sensor so that there is no error in determining the distance between A
 and B, we use set-square to record coordinate Zb. The distance h1 between A and B
equals Za - Zb, and the value h1 is measured one time only.
o Unscrew the screws on the bottom of the base box to adjust the erected lug for the
string hanging the weight m parallels to the millimeter straight-edge (if necessary).
o Rotating the wheel M to let the string hanging the weight m scroll on its rotational
shaft until the bottom of the weight m is located at the highest preselected A and press
the button F of the control box to break the wheel stationary in the position A.
o We press buttons 1 and 2, the weight m translates from A to B and moves from B to C
that Zb < Zc < Za ,we press knob F to stop the wheel, and the digits displayed on the
machine MC - 963 start counting.
o We repeat the experiment 5 times.
III. Equations:
1.The equations of friction force Fms:
a. The mean value:
(h1 −h2 )
F ms=m . g (N )
(h 1+ h2)

b. The relative error:

δ=
∆ F ms ∆ m ∆ g
F ms
=
m
+
g
+
|
1
−
1
h1−h2 h1 +h2
. ∆ h1 +
| |
−1
−
1
h1−h 2 h1 +h 2 |
. ∆ h2

c. The absolute error:

∆ F ms=δ . F ms ( N )

2. The equations of moment of inertia I:

a. The mean value:

( h2
)
2
m. d 2 2
I= g .t . (kg .m )
4 h1 . ( h1+ h2 )

b. The relative error:

δ=
∆ I ∆ m 2 ∆ d ∆ g 2 ∆ t −1
I
=
m
+
d
+
g
+
t
+ −
1
|
h1 h1 +h 2
1
. ∆ h1 + −
1
| |
h2 h1 +h2
. ∆ h2
|
c. The absolute error:
2
∆ I =δ . I (kg . m )

IV. Experimental Data:

 - Mass of counterbalance: m = 239.4  0.1 ( g )
- Accuracy of Caliper: 0.02 ( mm)
- Accuracy of timer: 0.001 ( s)
- Accuracy of a millimeter of h1 and h2: 1 ( mm)
- Initial height h1: h1 =657  1 ( mm)
d d t t h2 h2
Data ( mm) ( mm) ( s) ( s) ( mm) ( mm)
1 8.02 0.012 7.325 0.0024 429 1.4
2 8.04 0.008 7.331 0.0036 427 3.4
3 8.04 0.008 7.327 0.0004 433 2.6
4 8.04 0.008 7.324 0.0034 434 3.6
5 8.02 0.012 7.330 0.0026 429 1.4
Average 8.032 0.010 7.3274 0.0025 430.4 2.5

V. Calculations:
5.1Calculating the total absolute errors of the measurement of mass m, diameter d, timer t and
height h
∆ m=∆ msys +∆ m=0.1± 0.0=0.1 ( 10−3 kg )
d 1+ d 2+ d 3+ d 4 +d 5 8.02+ 8.04+ 8.04+8.04+ 8.02
d= = =8.032(mm)
5 5
∆ d1 =d−d 1=8.032−8.02=0.012(mm)
∆ d2 =d−d2 =8.032−8.04=0.008(mm)
∆ d3 =d−d3 =8.032−8.04=0.008 (mm)
∆ d 4=d−d 4 =8.032−8.04=0.008 (mm)
∆ d5 =d−d5 =8.032−8.02=0.012(mm)
∆ d 1+ ∆ d 2 +∆ d 3 + ∆ d 4 +∆ d5 0.012+0.008+0.008+ 0.008+0.012
∆ d= = =0.010(mm)
5 5
 ∆ d=∆ d sys+ ∆ d=0.020+ 0.010=0.0030 ( mm )

t 1 +t 2+ t 3 +t 4 +t 5 7.325+7.331+7.327+7.324 +7.330
t= = =7.3274( s)
5 5

∆ t 1=t−t 1=7.3274−7.325=0.0024( s)
∆ t 2=t−t 2=7.3274−7.331=0.0036 ( s )
∆ t 3=t−t 3=7.3274−7.327=0.0004 ( s )
∆ t 4 =t−t 4=7.3274−7.324=0.0034 ( s )
∆ t 5=t−t 5=7.3274−7.330=0.0026( s)
∆ t + ∆ t 2 + ∆t 3 +∆ t 4 + ∆ t 5
∆t = 1
5
0.0024+0.0036+ 0.0004+0.0034 +0.0026
¿ =0.0025( s)
5
∆ t=∆ t sys+ ∆ t=0.0010+0.0025=0.0035 ( s )
 h 2 + h2 + h2 + h2 +h2
h2 = 1 2 3 4 5

5
429+ 427+433+ 434+ 429
¿ =430.4 (mm)
5
∆ h2 =h2−h2 =430.4−429=1.4 ( s )
1 1

∆ h2 =h2−h2 =430.4−427=3.4 ( s )
2 2

∆ h2 =h2−h2 =430.4−433=2.6 ( s )
3 3

∆ h2 =h 2−h2 =430.4−434=3.6 ( s )
4 4

∆ h2 =h2−h2 =430.4−429=1.4 ( s )
5 5

∆ h2 +∆ h2 + ∆ h2 +∆ h 2 + ∆ h2
∆ h= 1 2 3 4 5

5
1.4+3.4+ 2.6+3.6+1.4
¿ =2.5(mm)
5
∆ h2=∆ h 2sys+ ∆ h2=1.0+2.5+3.5 ( mm )
∆ h1=∆ h 1sys+ ∆ h1=1+ 0=1(mm)
5.2 Calculating the inertial moment of the solid cylinder I and friction force Fms
π=3.14 and ∆ π =0.005
g=9.81 m/ s and ∆ g=0.005 m/s
2 2

(h −h ) 657−430.4
F ms=m . g 1 2 =( 239.4 ×10−3 ) × 9.81× =0.489(N )
(h1+ h2) 657+430.4

∆ F ms ∆ m ∆ g
Fms
=
m
+
g
+
1
−
|1
h1 −h2 h1 +h2
. ∆ h1+
−1
−
| |
1
h1−h2 h1 +h2
. ∆ h2
|
=>∆ F ms=F ms × ¿
=>

∆ F ms=0.489 ×
( 0.1 0.005
+ +
1
| +
1
239.4 9,81 657−430.4 657+ 430.4
×1+
−1
+
1
657−430.4 657+430.4 | |
× 3.4 =0.011 | )
(N)

( ) (239.4 ×10−3) ×(8.032× 10−3 )2

2
m. d 2 h2
I= g .t . −1 = ׿
4 h1 . ( h1+ h2 ) 4
∆ I ∆ m 2 ∆ d ∆ g 2 ∆ t −1
I
=
m
+
d
+
g
+
t
+ −
1
h1 h1 +h2 | 1
. ∆ h1 + −
1
h2 h1 + h2 | |
. ∆ h 2=>
|
 ∆ I =I (
∆ m 2 ∆ d ∆ g 2 ∆t −1
m
+
d
+
g
+
t
+ −
1
h1 h1 +h 2 |
. ∆ h2 )(kg . m2)
|


∆ I=122.1313 ×10−5
( 0.1
239.4
+ 2×
0.030 0.005
+
8.032 9.81
+2 ×
0.0035 −1
+ −
1
7.3274 657 657+ 430.4
× 1+
1
|−
1
| |
430.4 657+ 430.4
× |
VI. Conclusions:
F ms =( F ms ± ∆ F ms )=0.489 0.011( N )
 −5 2
I =( I ± ∆ I )=(122.1313± 2.0049)× 10 (kg .m )
VII. Question:
1. Speak and write the basic equations of the rotational motion of a solid body
around a fixed axis. Outlined the meaning of the moment of inertia and its unit
of measure.

Angular acceleration of a rigid object rotating about a fixed axis is proportional to the
torque acting on it and is inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of that rigid
object about that rotational axis.
The SI unit of moment of inertia is kg.m2
2. Descripte the laboratory equipments and methods of determining the moment of
inertia of the wheel and the friction force in the bearings.

The laboratory equipment: disk, ring, wheel with rotational shaft, lug with bearing,
weights, strings, base box.

Moment of inertia of a body about an axis is defined as the sum of products of masses
and distance of masses from the axis.
❑
I =∑ ❑m i r
2
i
i

Where I is the moment of inertia, mi is the ith mass of the body and r i is the distance of its
mass from the axis of rotation.

The moment of inertia of a rod of length l about one of its ends is given as

M I2
I=
3
Moment of inertia of rim :
I r=M I 2

The spokes of the wheel are basically rods which are being rotated about one of their
ends. Moment of inertia of spokes:
2
Ml
I s=
3

The moment of inertia of the wheel is equal to the sum of moment of inertia of rim and
spokes.

I wheel =I R + I S

The friction force in the bearing

Assume the shaft is rotating at a near constant speed (kinetic friction) :

 F f =μ k × F N

The friction force will then be exerting a moment about the center of the shaft that
opposes the rotation of the shaft. Unless some other moment is keeping the shaft
spinning, this moment will eventually slow down and stop the rotation in the shaft. The
magnitude of this moment will be equal to the magnitude of the friction force times the
radius of the shaft.

M losses=r shaft × μk × F N

where M losses is the torque lost to bearing friction.

The bearing friction does not include air resistance or rolling resistance. This will work to
slow the object down.

F losses=r wheel × M losses

3. When conducting measurements, why must scroll the string hanging the weight m
above the rotational axis of the wheel into a layer? Is it alright if scrolled this string
into several overlap rounds?

Failure to wrap the turns of wire together causes the diameter of the loop to increase,
creating errors (in case the turns of the wire are far apart, the direction of the tension will
also change during the experiment, so that the quantity converted partially into
oscillations of the body m). On the other hand, the wheel's moment of inertia depends on
the front diameter, resulting in the reduction of the gears leading to inaccurate
measurements. Therefore, we cannot wrap many overlapping loops, but must wrap the
wire together.
4. Clarify the structural principles of the ruler and the vernier straight. Present the
using of the ruler to measure the length or diameter of the objects.

Structural principles of the ruler and the vernier straight: The vernier caliper uses the
principle of alignment of line segments to determine the more accurate reading

When measuring, hold the ruler with your right hand, move the vernier with your thumb,
and hold the object with the outer diameter (or inner diameter) to be measured in your left
hand, so that the object to be measured is located between the outer measuring claws.

5. In this experiment, which errors are crucial. Explain why?

In this experiment, the accidental error is crucial because:

- An error caused by equipment and manipulation.

- Measuring the value of h1 , h2 by our eyes is less accurate.
- When we press the knob F to stop the objects at the maximum height, we can
record the wrong data because of the experimenter.