1> eKdak;m:asTwkkk m = 100g enAsItuNðPaB 0 C eTAkñúgTwkEdlmanm:as m = 200g

ice
o
W

enAsItuNðPaB 49 C . eRkayeBlTwkkkrlayGs;eK)nm:assrub m = 300 g enA

o
T

sItuNðPaB 6 C . KNnakemþArlayrbs;Twkkk ebIkemþAm:asTwk c = 1cal / g C .

o
W
o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnakemþArlayrbs;Twk ³
-brimaNkemþAedIm,IrMlayTwkkk ³ Q =m L 1 ice

-brimaNkemþAedIm,ItemøIgsItuNðPaBTwkkkBI 0 C → 6 C ³ Q = m C Δt
o o
2 ice w ice

-brimaNkemþAEdlTwkekþAbeBa©j ³ Q = m C Δt 3 w w w

tameKalkarN_bNþÚrkemþA ³ m L + m C Δt = m C Δt
ice ice w ice w w w

m C Δt − m C Δt
naM[ ³ L=
m
w w w ice w ice

eday ³ m = 100g , m = 200g , C = 1cal / g C

ice w w
o

Δt ice = 6 o C − 0 o C = 6 o C , Δt w = 49 o C − 6 o C = 43o C
(200 × 1 × 43) − (100 × 1 × 6)
eyIg)n ³ L=
100
= 80cal / g

dUcenH ³ L = 80cal / g

2 > eKmanbnÞHelah³BIrRbEvgesμIKñaenAsItuNðPaB 0 C mYyeFVIBIEdk nigmYyeToteFVIBI o

s½gásI . bnÞHelah³TaMgBIrmanRbEvgkRmitel¥óg 1mm eBlvasßitenAsItuNðPaB 100 C o

KNnaRbEvgelah³nImYy²enAsItuNðPaB 0 C . o

eK[ ³ α = 11.4 ×10 / C , α = 34.0 ×10 / C

Fe
−6 o
Zn
−6 o

dMeNaHRsay
1 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl
KNnaRbEvgelah³nImYy² ³
-RbEvgbnÞHEdkenAsItuNðPaB 100 C ³ L = L (1 + α Δt )
o
Fe 0 Fe Fe

-RbEvgbnÞHs½gásIenAsItuNðPaB 100 C ³ L = L (1 + α Δt )
o
Zn 0 Zn Zn

eyIg)n ³ L − L = L (1 + α t ) − L (1 + α t )
Zn Fe 0 Zn Zn 0 Fe Fe

smmUl ³ L − L = L (1 + α Δt − 1 − α Δt ) ( L = L )
Zn Fe 0 Zn Zn Fe 0 Zn 0 Fe

L −L
naM[ ³ L =
0 Zn
Δt (α − α )
Zn Fe

Zn Fe

eday ³ α = 11.4 × 10 / C , α = 34.0 × 10 / C , Δt = 100 C

Fe
−6 o
Zn
−6 o o

LZn − LFe = 1mm

eyIg)n ³ L0 Zn =
100(34.0 × 10
1
−6
− 11.4 × 10 −6 )
= 435mm

dUcenH ³ L0 Zn = L0 Fe = 435mm

3 > bnÞHelah³mYyeFVIBITg;EdgmanRbEvg l = 25cm manmuxkat; A = 90cm enAsItuNðPaB 2

t = 0 C RtUv)ndak;kñúgsItuNðPaB t = 125 C . KNnael,ÓncmøgkemþAqøgkat;bnÞH

C
o
h
o

elah³ ebITg;EdgmanemKuNcmøgkemþA k = 1.85 × 10 kcal / m.s C . −2 o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnael,ÓncmøgkemþAqøgkat;bnÞHelah³ ³
ΔQ Δt
tamrUbmnþGRtacmøgkemþA ³ H=
Δt
= − kA
Δx
eday ³ Δt = t − t = 0 C − 125 C = −125 C , k = 1.85 × 10 kcal / m.s C
h C
o o o −2 o

A = 90cm 2 = 90 × 10 −4 m 2 , Δx = 25cm = 25cm = 0.25m

− 125
eyIg)n ³ H = −1.85 × 10 − 2 × 90 × 10 − 4 ×
0.25
= 8.33 × 10 − 2 J / s

dUcenH ³ H = 8.33 × 10 −2 J / s

4 > EkvsIuLaMgmYypÞúk)rt 50cm enAsItuNðPaB 30 C . etImaD)rtekIneLIgb:unμan eBl

3 o

sItuNðPaBekIndl; 60 C ebI)rtmanemKuNrIkmaD β = 1.82 × 10 / C .

o −4 o

2 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 dMeNaHRsay
KNnamaD)rtenAsItuNðPaB 60 C ³ o

-maD)rtenAsItuNðPaB 50 C ³ V = V (1 + βΔt ) (1)

o
o

-maD)rtenAsItuNðPaB 60 C ³ V ' = V (1 + βΔt ' ) (2)

o
o

V ' 1 + β Δt ' ⎛ 1 + β Δt ' ⎞

(2)÷(1)eyIg)n ³ = naM [ ³ V ' = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟V
V 1 + βΔt ⎝ 1 + β Δt ⎠
eday ³ β = 1.82 × 10 / C , V = 50cm
−4 o 3

Δt = 30 o C , Δt ' = 60 o C
⎛ 1 + (1.82 × 10 −4 × 60) ⎞
eyIg)n ³ V ' = ⎜⎜ −4
⎟⎟ × 50 = 50.27cm 3
⎝ 1 + (1.82 × 10 × 30) ⎠
dUcenH ³ V ' = 50.27cm 3

5 > eKykdMuTwkkkEdlmanm:as m = 820 g enAsItuNðPaB − 5.0 C eFVI[rlayeTACaTwk

ice
o

eRkaymkeKbegáInsItuNðPaBTwkdl; 50 C . KNnabrimaNkemþAsrubEdlpþl;[dMuTwk
o

kkrlay . KNnasItuNðPaBseRmcrbs;Twk ebIeKbnßynUvbrimaNkemþAesμI 120kJ .

dMeNaHRsay
KNnabrimaNkemþAsrubedIm,IrMlaydMuTwkkk ³
-brimaNkemþAedIm,IbnßykemþAdMuTwkkkBI − 5.0 C eTA 0 C ³ o
Q = m C (0 − t )
o
1 ice ice i

eday ³ m = 820 g = 0.82kg , C = 2220 J / kg C , t = −5.0 C

ice ice
o
i
o

eyIg)n ³ Q = 0.82 × 2220(0 − (−5.0)) = 9102 J

1

-brimaNkemþAedIm,IrMlaydMuTwkkk ³ Q = m ΔL 2 ice

eday ³ m = 0.82kg , ΔL = 330kJ / kg

ice

eyIg)n ³ Q = 0.82kg × 330kJ / kg = 270.6kJ = 270.6 × 10 J

2
3

-brimaNkemþAedIm,ItemøIgsItuNðPaBTwkdl; 50 C ³ Q = m C (t − 0)
o
3 ice w f

eday ³ m = 0.82kg , C = 4190 J / kg C , t = 50 C

ice w
o
f
o

3 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

eyIg)n ³ Q = 0.82 × 4190(50 − 0) = 171790 J
3

-brimaNkemþAsrubedIm,IrMlayTwkkk nigtemþIgsItuNðPaBdl; 50 C KW ³ o

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 9102 J + 270.6 × 10 3 + 171790 J = 4.51 × 10 5 J

dUcenH ³ Q = 4.51 × 10 J 5

KNnasItuNðPaBeRscrbs;TwkebIeKbnßybrimaNkemþA120kJ ³
eyIgman ³ Q' = m C (t ' −0) naM[ ³
ice w t = f
Q'
m C
f
ice w

eday ³ Q' = Q3 − Q = 171790 J − 120 × 10 3 = 51790 J

mice = 0.82kg , C w = 4190 J / kg o C

eyIg)n ³ tf =
51790
0.82 × 4190
= 15 o C

dUcenH ³ t f = 15 o C

6 > Tg;EdgmYydMumanRbEvg 50cm manmuxkat; 20mm enAsItuNðPaB 0 C RtUv)ndut[

2 o

sItuNðPaBekIndl;100 C .KNnaGRtakarcmøgkemþArbs;Tg;EdgebITg;EdgmanemKuN
o

cmøgkemþA k = 1.85 × 10 kcal / m.s C .

−2 o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaGRtakarcmøgkemþArbs;Tg;Edg ³
ΔQ Δt
tamrUbmnþ ³ H=
Δt
= − kA
Δx
eday ³ Δt = t − t = 0 C − 100 C = −100 C , k = 1.85 × 10 kcal / m.s C
e s
o o o −2 o

A = 20cm 2 = 20 × 10 −4 m 2 , Δx = 50cm = 50cm = 0.50m

− 100
eyIg)n ³ H = −1.85 × 10 − 2 × 20 × 10 −4 ×
0.50
= 7.4 × 10 −3 J / s

dUcenH ³ H = 7.4 × 10 −3 J / s

4 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

7 >KNnaGanuPaBEdl)nTTYlBIfass<an; Edlmanmuxkat; A = 0.04m enAsItuNðPaB 2

t = 780 C manemKuNbMPayrsμIkemþA e = 0.04 nigemKuNcmøgkemþA σ = 5.67×10 W / m t .

o −8 2 4

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaGanuPaBEdl)nTTYlBIfass<an; ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P
R = = eσ t
A
4
smmUl ³ P = eσ t A 4

eday ³ A = 0.04m , σ = 5.67×10 W / m t , t = 780 C , e = 0.04

2 −8 2 4 o

eyIg)n ³ −8
P = 0.04 × 5.67 × 10 × (780) × 0.04 = 33.58W 4

dUcenH ³ P = 33.58W

8 > ExSTg;EdgmYymanRbEvg L = 50m . KNnakMeNInlUt)nénRbEvgExS ebIExSekIn

sItuNðPaBBI 12 C eTA 32 C nig α = 1.67 × 10 / C .
o o
Cu
−5 o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnakMeNInlUt)nénRbEvgExS ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ ΔL = α LΔt Cu

eday ³ α = 1.67 × 10 / C , L = 50m , Δt = 32 C − 12 C = 20 C

Cu
−5 o o o o

eyIg)n ³ −5
ΔL = 1.67 × 10 × 50 × 20 = 1.67 × 10 m −2

dUcenH ³ ΔL = 1.67 × 10 m −2

9 > ExSmYymanRbEvg L = 3m valUt)nRbEvg 0.091cm eBlmankMeNInsItuNðPaB

60 C . KNnaemKuNrIkbeNþay α énRbEvgExS .
o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaemKuNrIkbeNþay α énRbEvgExS ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ ΔL = α L Δt naM[ ³ α = LΔΔLt
eday ³ L = 3m = 300cm , ΔL = 0.091cm , Δt = 60 C o

eyIg)n ³ α = 3000cm .091cm

× 60 C
= 5.05 × 10 / C
o
−6 o

5 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

dUcenH ³ α = 5.05 × 10 / C −6 o

10 > ExSTg;EdgmYymanRbEvg L = 0.7m enAsItuNðPaB 40 C . KNnaRbEvgExSenA

i
o

sItuNðPaB 50 C ebITg;EdgmanemKuNrIkbeNþay α = 1.67 × 10 / C .

o
Cu
−5 o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaRbEvgExS ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ L = L (1 + α t )
i

eday ³ α = 1.67 × 10 / C , Δt = 50 C − 40 C = 10 C , L = 0.7m

Cu
−5 o o o o
i

eyIg)n ³ L = 0.7[1 + (1.67 × 10 ×10] = 1.70012m −5

dUcenH ³ L = 1.70012m

11 > ExSnIEklmYymanRbEvg L = 0.62406m enAsItuNðPaB 21 C . eBlsItuNðPaB

i
o

ekIndl; 31 C ExSmaneGLúgkasüúg 121.6μm . KNnaRbEvgExSenAsItuNðPaB 0 C nig

o o

emKuNrIkbeNþay α .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaRbEvgExSenAsItuNðPaB 0 C nigemKuNrIkbeNþay α ³
o

ΔL
tamrUbmnþ ³ ΔL = α L Δt naM[ ³
i α=
L Δt i

eday ³ L = 0.62406m , ΔL = 121.6μm = 121.6 × 10 m , Δt = 31 − 21 = 10 C

i
−6 o

−6
.6 × 10
eyIg)n ³ α = 0121 .62406 × 10
= 1.95 × 10 / C −5 o

m:üageTot ³ L = L (1 + α Δ t )
i

enA 0 C ³
o
Δt = 0 − 21 C = −21 C
o o

eyIg)n ³ L = 0.62406[1 + (1.95 × 10 × −21)] = 0.62380m −5

dUcenH ³ α = 1.95 × 10 / C , L = 0.62380m

−5 o

6 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

12 > r)rEdkmYymanRbEvg 1m . KNnakMeNInsItuNðPaBedIm,I[RbEvgr)rekIn)n
1 / 1000000 énRbEvgedIm ebIEdkmanemKuNrIkbeNþay α = 12 × 10 / C . −6 o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnakMeNInsItuNðPaB ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ ΔL = α L Δt $ Δt = αΔLL
ΔL
eday ³ =
L 1000000
1
, α = 12 × 10 / C −6 o

eyIg)n ³ Δt =
1
12 × 10
×
1
−6
1000000 12
=
1
= 0.083 C o

dUcenH ³ Δt = 0.083 C o

13 > EsV‘rEdkmYymanGgát;p©it 6cm . Ggát;p©itEsV‘rtUcCagRbehagbnÞHTg;EdgRbEvg

0.010mm enAsItuNðPaB 30 C EdlminGac[EsV‘rqøgkat;bnÞHTg;Edg)n .
o

etIenAsItuNðPaBb:unμaneTIbEsV‘rEdkGacqøgkat;RbehagbnÞHTg;Edg)n ? eK[ ³
α = 1.9 × 10 C , α = 1.2 × 10 C .
B
−5 o −1
Iron
−5 o −1

dMeNaHRsay
KNnasItuNðPaBEdlGac[EsV‘rqøgkat;RbehagbnÞHTg;Edg)n ³
ebIeBlmankMeNIn ΔT GaceFVI[EsV‘rGaccUlkñúgRbehag)n eyIg)n ³
- cMeBaHEsV‘rEdk ³ ΔL = α L ΔT B i

- cMeBaHEsV‘rRbehagTg;Edg ³ ΔL' = α L' ΔT Iron i

eyIg)n ³ ΔL'−ΔL = α L' ΔT − α L ΔT $ ΔL'−ΔL = (α L' −α L )ΔT

B i B i B i B i

ΔL'−ΔL
naM[ ³ ΔT =
α L' −α L
B i B i

eday ³ L = L'
f f$ D = D' f f

Li = πDi , L'i = πD'i

m:üageTot ³ ΔL = L f − Li = D f − πD , ΔL' = L f − L'i = D f − πD'
D f − πD'i − D f + πDi Di − D'i
eyIg)n ³ ΔT =
α B πD'i −α B πDi
=
α B D'i −α B Di

7 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

m:üageTot ³ D = 6cm = 60mm , D' = 60mm − 0.010mm = 59.99mm

α B = 1.9 × 10 −5 C −1 , α Iron = 1.2 × 10 −5 C −1

o o

60 − 59.99
eyIg)n ³ ΔT = −5
(1.9 × 10 × 59.99) − (1.2 × 10 × 60)
= 23.82 C −5
o

eyIg)nsItuNðPaBcugeRkayedIm,I[Ggát;p©itEsV‘rb:unnwgGgát;p©itRbehag ³
T = To + ΔT = 30 o C + 23.82 o C = 53.82 o C
dUcenH ³ T = 53.82 o C

14 > bursmñak;cg;dak;RKIbkg;eQImYyEdlmanGgát;p©it xageRkA1.1000m edayeRbIbnÞH

EdkEdlmanGgát;p©itxagkñúg1.0980m enAsItuNðPaBedIm 20 C .KNnasItuNðPaBedIm,I o

Gac[bursGacRKIbkg;eQI)n ebIEdkRKIbmanemKuNrIkbeNþay α = 1.2 × 10 C . Iron

−5 o −1

dMeNaHRsay
KNnasItuNðPaBEdlRtUvkar ³
ΔL
tamrUbmnþ ³ ΔL = αL Δt $
i Δt =
αL i

eday ³ ΔL = L − L = πD − πD = π ( D − D ) , L = πD
i i i i i

π (D − D ) D − D
eyIg)n ³ Δt =
απD
= i

αD
i

i i

edIm,IGacRKIbkg;eQI)nkalNaGgát;p©itxagkñúgénrgVg;EdkesμInwgGgát;p©itkg;eQI ³
D = 1.0980m , Di = 1.1000m , α = 1.2 × 10 −5 / o C
1.1000 − 1.0980
eyIg)n ³ Δt = −5
1.2 × 10 ×1.0980
= 152 o C

dUcenHeKRtUvdutEdkrhUtdl;kemþA ³ T = To + ΔT = 20 o C + 152 o C = 172 o C

T = 172 o C

15 > ExSEm:RtEdkEfbmYyRtUv)nRkitenAsItuNðPaB 20 C . enAsItuNðPaBRtCak;rhUt

o

dl; − 15 C cUrKNnakRmitel¥ógrbs;ExSEm:Rt .
o

eK[emKuNrIkbeNþayrbs;EdkEfbman α = 1.2 × 10 C . −5 o −1

8 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 dMeNaHRsay
KNnakRmitel¥ógrbs;ExSEm:Rt ³
ΔL
tamrUbmnþ ³ ΔL = αL Δt smmUl
i ³ L
= αΔt
i

eday ³ α = 1.2 × 10 C , Δt = −15 C − 20 C = −35 C

−5 o −1 o o o

ΔL
eyIg)n ³ L
−5
= 1.2 × 10 × −35 = −0.024 × 10 = −0.042% −2

i
ΔL
dUcenH ³ Li
= −0.042%

16 > ExSEdkEfbmYymanmuxkat; 2.0mm RtUv)ndak;sn§wgRbEvg 1.50m enAsItuNðPaB

2

30 C Tl;cugsgxagnwgedayKμantMNwg . KNnatMNwgExS ebIsItuNðPaBfycuHdl;

o

− 10 C EdkEfbmanm:UDulyuaMg Y = 2 ×10 N / m nigemKuNrIkbeNþay α = 1.2 ×10 / C .

o 11 2 −5 o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnatMNwgExS ³7
YAΔL
tammU:DulyuaMg ³ Y=
stress
=
F/A
strain ΔL / L
naM [ ³ F=
L
i i

m:üageTotebIsinKμankmøaMgTb;[ExSEdkenAes¶ómeT enaHExSEdknwglUt)nRbEvg ³
ΔL = αLi Δt
YAαLi Δt
eyIg)n ³ F=
Li
= YAαΔt

eday ³ Y = 2 × 1011 N / m 2 , A = 2.0mm 2 = 2.0 × 10 −6 m 2 , α = 1.2 × 10 −5 / o C

Δt = − 10 o C − 30 o C = 40 o C

eyIg)n ³ F = 2 × 1011 × 2.0 × 10 −6 × 1.2 × 10 −5 × 40 = 192 N

dUcenH ³ F = 192 N

9 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

17 > sMNg;mYyRtUg)neRbIR)s;sésEdkEdlmanmuxkat; 45cm enAsItuNðPaB − 10 C
2 o

EdlcugsgxagRtUv)ncak;P¢ab; edaysIum:g;t_EdlminGackeRmIk)n.KNnakmøaMgsgát;
elIsésEdkenAsItuNðPaB 25 C ebIEdkman Y = 2 × 10 N / m , α = 1.2 × 10 / C .
o 11 2 −5 o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnakmøaMgsgát;elIsésEdk ³
YAΔL
tammU:DulyuaMg ³ Y=
stress
=
F/A
strain ΔL / L
naM [ ³ F=
L
i i

m:üageTotebIsinKμankmøaMgTb;[sésEdkenAes¶ómeT enaHsésEdknwglUt)nRbEvg ³
ΔL = αLi Δt
YAαLi Δt
eyIg)n ³ F=
Li
= YAαΔt

eday ³ Y = 2 × 1011 N / m 2 , A = 45cm 2 = 45 × 10 −4 m 2 , α = 1.2 × 10 −5 / o C

Δt = 25 o C + 10 o C = 35 o C

eyIg)n ³ F = 2 × 1011 × 45 × 10 −4 × 1.2 × 10 −5 × 35 = 3.78 × 10 5 N

dUcenH ³ F = 3.78 × 10 5 N

18 r)rEdkedkmYymanRbEvg 8m manmuxkat; 150cm enAsItuNðPaB 4 C Edlmuxkat;

2 o

TaMgsgxagmanGgÁFaturwgTb;Cab;min[cl½t . KNnakmøaMgEdlr)rEdkrujGgÁFaturwg
eBlr)rsßitkñúgsItuNðPaB 30 C ebI Y = 2 × 10 Pa, α = 1.2 × 10 / C .
o 11 −5 o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnakmøaMgEdlr)rEdkrujGgÁFaturwg ³
YAΔL
tammU:DulyuaMg ³ Y=
stress
=
F/A
strain ΔL / L
naM [ ³ F=
L
i i

m:üageTotebIsinKμankmøaMgTb;[r)renAes¶ómeT enaHr)rEdknwglUt)nRbEvg ³
ΔL = αLi Δt
YAαLi Δt
eyIg)n ³ F=
Li
= YAαΔt

10 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

eday ³ Y = 2 × 1011 N / m 2 , A = 150cm 2 = 150 × 10 −4 m 2 , α = 1.2 × 10 −5 / o C

Δt = 30 o C − 4 o C = 26 o C

eyIg)n ³ F = 2 × 1011 × 150 × 10 −4 × 1.2 × 10 −5 × 26 = 9.36 × 10 5 N

dUcenH ³ F = 9.36 × 10 5 N

19 > bnÞHTg;EdgmYybnÞHmanmuxkat; 500cm enAsItuNðPaB 0 C .KNnaépÞmuxkat;én

2 o

bnÞHTg;EdgenHenAsItuNðPaB 80 C ebITg;EdgmanemKuNrIbeNþay α = 1.67 ×10 / C .

o −5 o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaépÞmuxkat;énbnÞHTg;EdgenHenAsItuNðPaB 80 C ³ o

tamrUbmnþ ³ ΔA = ηAΔt = 2αAΔt

eday ³ α = 1.67×10 / C , A = 500cm = 5×10 m , Δt = 80 C

−5 o 2 −2 2 o

eyIg)n ³ −5 −2
ΔA = 2 × 1.67 × 10 × 5 × 10 × 80 = 1.34 × 10 m = 1.34cm −4 2 2

eyIg)népÞfμI ³ A' = 500cm + 1.34cm = 501.34cm

2 2 2

dUcenH ³ A' = 501.34cm 2

19 > KNnakMeNInmaDrbs;)rtEdlmanmaDedIm 100cm ebIsItuNðPaBekInBI 10 C 3 o

dl; 35 C . )rtmanemKuNrIkmaD β = 1.8 ×10 / C .

o −4 o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnakMeNInmaDrbs;)rt ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ ΔV = βV ΔT o

eday ³ β = 1.8 ×10 / C , V = 100cm = 10 m , ΔT = 35 C − 10 C = 25 C

−4 o
o
3 −4 3 o o o

eyIg)n ³ −4 −4
ΔV = 1.8 × 10 × 10 × 25 = 4.5 × 10 m = 0.45cm −7 3 3

dUcenH ³ ΔV = 0.45cm 3

11 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 20 > EdkmYydMumanmaD 3000cm enAsItuNðPaB 15 C . KNnabERmbRmYlmaDEdk
3 o

eBlsItuNðPaBekIndl; 47 C ebIEdkmanemKuNrIkbeNþay α = 1.2 ×10 / C .

o −5 o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnabERmbRmYlmaDdMuEdk ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ ΔV = βV ΔT = 3αV ΔT ( β = 3α )
o o

eday ³ α = 1.2 ×10 / C , V = 3000cm = 3 ×10 m , ΔT = 47 C − 15 C = 32 C

−5 o
o
3 −3 3 o o o

eyIg)n ³ −5
ΔV = 3 × 1.2 × 10 × 3 × 10 × 32 = 3.45 × 10 m −3 −5 3

dUcenH ³ ΔV = 3.45 × 10 m −5 3

21 > FugcMhreFVIBIGaluymIjÚmmYymancMNuH 300mL dak;KøIesrIneBjenAsItuNðPaB

20 C . KNnamaDrbs;KøIesrInEdlehorecjeBlKøIesrIneLIgdl;sItuNðPaB 110 C
o o

ebIKøIesrInmanemKuNrIkmanénKøIesrIn β = 4.85 × 10 / C nigemKuNrIkbeNþayén −4 o

GaluymIjÚm α = 2.55 × 10 / C −5 o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnmaDKøIesrInEdlehorecj ³
ebI ΔV CabERmbRmYlmaDKøIesrIn nig ΔV CabERmbRmYlFugGaluymIjÚm eyIg)nmaD
g a

KøIesrInEdlehorecj ³ ΔV = ΔV − ΔV g a

eday ³ ΔV = βV ΔT , ΔV = 3αV ΔT
g o a o

eyIg)n ³ ΔV = βV ΔT − 3αV ΔT = V ΔT ( β − 3α )
o o o

eday ³ o V = 3000cm = 3 × 10 m , ΔT = 110 C − 20 C = 90 C

3 −3 3 o o o

β = 4.85×10−4 / o C , α = 2.55×10−5 / o C
eyIg)n ³ [
ΔV = 3 × 10 −3 × 90 4.85 × 10 −4 − (3 × 2.55 × 10 −5 ) = 1.10 × 10 −4 m 3 ]
dUcenH ³ ΔV = 1.10 × 10 −4 m 3

12 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 22 > eKdutkemþAGaluymIjÚmEdlmanm:as 0.3g enAsItuNðPaBedIm 20 C rhUtdl; o

rlaykøayCarav .KNnabrimaNkemþAEdlRtUvkar ebIcMNucrlayrbs;GaluymIjÚmenA

sItuNðPaB 660 C nigmankemþAm:as 0.22kcal / kg C nigkemþArlay 76.8kcal / kg .
o o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnabrimaNkemþAEdlRtUvkar ³
-brimaNkemþAedIm,IstemøIgsItuNðPaBBI 20 C dl; 660 C ³
o
Q = mcΔt o
1

-brimaNkemþAedIm,IrMlaym:asGaluymIjmÚ ³ Q = mL 2

eyIg)nbrimaNkemþAEdlRtUvkar ³ Q = Q + Q = mcΔt + mL = m(cΔt + L)

1 2

eday ³ c = 0.22kcal / kg C , L = 76.8kcal / kg

o

Δt = 660 o C − 20 o C = 640 o C , m = 0.3g = 0.3kg

eyIg)n ³ [
Q = 0.3kg (0.22kcal / kg o C × 640 o C ) + 76.8kcal / kg = 65.28kcal ]
dUcenH ³ Q = 65.28kcal

dUcenH ³ H = 8.33 × 10 −2 J / s

23 > eKykdMuTwkkkEdlmanm:as m = 20 g enAsItuNðPaB − 50 C eFVI[rlayeTACaTwk

ice
o

eRkaymkeKbegáInsItuNðPaBTwkdl;150 C . KNnabrimaNkemþAEdelRtUvkar ebI kemþA

o

m:asTwkkkesμI 0.5kcal / kg C kemþArlayTwkkk 80kcal / kg kemþAcMhayTwk 540kcal / kg

o

kemþAm:ascMhayTwk 0.5kcal / kg C .
o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnabrimaNkemþAsrubedIm,IrMlaydMuTwkkk ³
-brimaNkemþAedIm,IbnßykemþAdMuTwkkkBI − 50 C eTA 0 C ³o
Q = m C (0 − t )
o
1 ice ice i

eday ³ m = 20 g = 0.02kg , C = 0.5kcal / kg C , t = −50 C

ice ice
o
i
o

eyIg)n ³ Q = 0.02 × 0.5(0 − (−50)) = 0.5kcal

1

-brimaNkemþAedIm,IrMlaydMuTwkkk ³ Q =m L 2 ice

13 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

eday ³ m = 0.02kg , L = 80kcal / kg
ice

eyIg)n ³ Q = 0.02kg × 80kcal / kg = 1.6kcal

2

-brimaNkemþAedIm,ItemøIgsItuNðPaBTwkBI 0 C dl; 100 C ³

o
Q = m C Δt
o
3 ice w

eday ³ m = 0.02kg , C = 1kcal / kg C , Δt = 100 C

ice w
o o

eyIg)n ³ Q = 0.02 × 1 × 100 = 2kcal

3

-brimaNkemþAedIm,I[TwkkøayCacMhayTwk ³ Q = m L' 4 ice

eday ³ m = 0.02kg , L = 540kcal / kg

ice

eyIg)n ³ Q = 0.02kg × 540kcal / kg = 10.8kcal

4

-brimaNkemþAedIm,ItemøIgsItuNðPaBTwkBI 100 C dl; 150 C ³

o
Q = m C Δt
o
5 ice w

eday ³ m = 0.02kg , C = 0.5kcal / kg C , Δt = 150 C − 100 C = 50 C

ice h
o o o o

eyIg)n ³ Q = 0.02 × 0.5 × 50 = 0.5kcal

5

-brimaNkemþAsrubedIm,IrMlayTwkkk nigtemþIgsItuNðPaBdl; 150 C KW ³ o

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 = 0.5 + 1.6 + 2 + 10.8 + 0.5 = 15.4kcal

dUcenH ³ Q = 15.4kcal

24>eKcak;Twkkkmanm:as m = 200g enAsItuNðPaB − 20 C cak;cUlkñúgTwk m = 350 g

1
o
2

enAsItuNðPaB 40 C enAkñúgkaLÚrIEm:RtEdlmanm:assmUlCaTwk m = 50 g . KNna

o

sItuNðPaBcugeRkay .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnasItuNðPaBcugeRkay ³
-brimaNkemþAbeBa©jedayTwk nigkaLÚrIEm:Rt ³ Q = (m + m)c(40 − t ) 2

-brimaNkemþARsUbedayTwkkk ³ Q' = Q + Q + Q 1 2 3

smmUl ³ Q' = m c (0 − (−20)) + m L + m c(t − 0) = 20m c + m L + m ct

1 ice 1 1 1 ice 1 1

eday Q = Q' eyIg)n ³ (m + m)c(t − 40) = 20m c + m L + m ct

2 1 ice 1 1

14 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

eday ³ m1 = 200g = 0.2kg , m2 = 350g = 0.35kg , m = 50g = 0.05kg

cice = 0.5kcal / kg o C , c = 1kcal / kg o C

eyIg)n ³ (0.35 + 0.05)1(40 − t ) = (20 × 0.2 × 0.5) + (0.2 × 80) + 0.2t

smmUl ³ 16 − 0.40t = 2 + 16 + 0.2t

naM[ ³ t=
2
− 0.4 − 0.2
= −3.33 C o

eyIgsegáteXIjsItuNðPaBseRmcmansBaØadk mann½yfaTwkkkminGacrlay
)neT . dUcenHsItuNðPaBcugeRkayKW 0 C . o

25> ExSGaluymIjÚmmYymanmuxkat; A = 1cm manGRtacmøgkemþA 8cal / s manemKuN

2

cmøgkemþA k = 0.50cal / s.cm C . KNnasItuNðPaBcmøgkemþA .

o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnasItuNðPaBcmøgkemþA ³
ΔT ΔT
tamrUbmnþ ³ H = kA
Δx
naM [ ³ Δx
=
H
kA
eday ³ k = 0.50cal / s.cm C , H = 8cal / s , A = 1cm
o 2

ΔT
eyIg)n ³ =
8cal / s
Δx 0.50cal / s.cm C × 1cm o
= 16 C / cm
2
o

ΔT
dUcenH ³ Δx
= 16 C / cm
o

26> bnÞHelah³ragkaermYymankRmas; 4cm manRCug 25cm manplsgsItuNðPaB

rvagépÞTaMgsgxag 40 C . KNnakemþAEdlbBa¢Únkñúgry³eBlmYyem:ag ebIemKuNcmøg
o

kemþA ( conductivity ) k = 0.0025cal / s.cm C .

o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnasItuNðPaBcmøgkemþA ³
ΔQ ΔT ΔT
tamrUbmnþ ³ H=
Δt
= kA
Δx
naM [ ³ ΔQ = kA
Δx
× Δt

eday ³ k = 0.0025cal / s.cm C , ΔT = 40 C , A = 25 × 25 = 625cm

o o 2

Δt = 1h = 3600s , Δx = 4cm
15 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl
eyIg)n ³ ΔQ = 0.0025 × 625 ×
40
4
× 3600 = 56.25 × 10 3 cal

dUcenH ³ ΔQ = 56.25 × 10 3 cal

27 > TVarTUrTwkkkmYymankm<s;150cm manTTwg 80 cm nigkRmas; 6cm . KNnabrimaN

kemþAEdl)t;bg;kñúgmYynaTI ebIsItuNðPaBxagkñúg 0 C nigxageRkA 30 C manplsg
o o

sItuNðPaB nigemKuNcmøgkemþA ( conductivity ) k = 0.0005cal / s.cm C . o

dMeNaHRsay
KNnabrimaNkemþAEdl)t;bg;kñúgmYynaTI ³
ΔQ ΔT ΔT
tamrUbmnþ ³ H=
Δt
= kA
Δx
naM [ ³ ΔQ = kA
Δx
× Δt

eday ³ k = 0.0005cal / s.cm C , ΔT = 30 C , A = 80 × 150 = 1.2 × 10 cm

o o 4 2

Δt = 1mn = 60s , Δx = 6cm

eyIg)n ³ 30
ΔQ = 0.0005 × 1.2 × 10 4 × × 60 = 18000cal
6
dUcenH ³ ΔQ = 1800cal

28 > EsV‘rmYymankaM 3cm manskmμPaBCarUbFatuexμA . EsV‘rsßitkñúgsßanPaBlMnwgCamYy

nwgsRmUbEdlmanGanuPaB 30kW BImCÄdæaneRkA .KNnasItuNðPaBrbs;EsV‘r ebIemKuN
bMPaykaMrsμI e = 1 nigemKuNcmøgkemþA σ = 5.67 × 10 W / m K .
−8 2

dMeNaHRsay
KNnasItuNðPaBrbs;EsV‘r ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P
R = = eσ t
A
4
naM [ ³ t=
P
Aeσ
4

eday ³ σ = 5.67 × 10 W / m K , e = 1 , P = 30kW = 30 × 10 W

−8 2 3

A = 4π r 2 = 4π (3cm) 2 = 113.04cm 2 = 113.04 × 10 −4 m 2

30 × 10 3
eyIg)n ³ t=4
113.04 × 10 − 4 × 1 × 5.67 × 10 −8
= 2616 K

dUcenH ³ t = 2616 K

16 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl

 29 > cMNucrn§exμAtUcmYyenAkñúgc®gáanGKÁisnImYyEdlmanépÞ 100mm . eKcg;[rn§exμA 2

enHekInsItuNðPaBdl; 1100 C . KNnaGanuPaBénkarbBa¢ÚnrsμIqøgkat;rn§exμAenH ebI

o

emKuNbMPaykaMrsμI e = 1 nigemKuNcmøgkemþA σ = 5.67 × 10 W / m K . −8 2

dMeNaHRsay
KNnaGanuPaBénkarbBa¢ÚnrsμIqøgkat;rn§exμA ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P
R = = eσ t
A
4
naM[ ³ P = eσ t A 4

eday ³ σ = 5.67 × 10 W / m K , e = 1 , A = 100mm = 10 m

−8 2 2 −4 2

t = 1100 o C = 1100 + 273 = 1373K

eyIg)n ³ P = 5.67 × 10 −8 × (1373) 4 × 10 −4 = 20.47W

dUcenH ³ P = 20.47W

dUcenH ³ t = 2616 K

30 > muxkat;énRbdab;kemþAeKhdæanmYymanépÞ1.5m manemKuNbMPaykaMrsμI e = 0.55 .

2

k > KNnaGanuPaBbnSayrsμI eBlmansItuNðPaB 50 C . o

x > KNnaGRtakarbBa¢ÚnkaMrsμIkemþA .
eK[emKuNcmøgkemþA σ = 5.67 × 10 W / m K .
−8 2

dMeNaHRsay
k > KNnaGanuPaBbnSayrsμI ³
tamrUbmnþ ³ P
R = = eσ t
A
4
naM[ ³ P = eσ t A 4

eday ³ σ = 5.67 × 10 W / m K , e = 0.55 , A = 1.5m

−8 2 2

t = 50 o C = 50 + 273 = 323K
eyIg)n ³ −8
P = 5.67 × 10 × (323) 4
× 1.5 = 509W

dUcenH ³ P = 509W

x > KNnaGRtakarbBa¢ÚnkaMrsμIkemþA ³
17 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl
eyIgman ³ R=
P
A
eday ³ P = 509W , A = 1.5m 2

eyIg)n ³ R=
509W
1.5m 2
= 339W / m 2

dUcenH ³ R = 339W / m 2

66666
666

18 eroberogeday ³ hak; kusl