Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Spring 1432/1433H (2011/2012H) Saturday, Wednesday 8:00am - 10:00am & Monday 8:00am - 9:00am MEP 261 Class ZA
Spring 1432/1433H (2011/2012H) Saturday, Wednesday 8:00am - 10:00am & Monday 8:00am - 9:00am MEP 261 Class ZA
Chapter #4
October XX, 2011
Announcements:
Dr. Walid’s e-mail and Office Hours
walid_aniss@yahoo.com
V = C , Hence dV = 0
b) For isobaric process (p = C).
EXAMPLE 4–2 Boundary Work for a
Constant-pressure Process.
A frictionless piston–cylinder device
contains 4.53 kg of steam at 413.57 kPa
and 160°C.° Heat is now transferred to the
steam until the temperature reaches 204.4
°C. If the piston is not attached to a shaft
and its mass is constant, determine the
work done by the steam during this
process.
Solution:
p , kPa
p0 = 413.57 kPa.
m = 4.53 kg
p = 413.57 kPa.
v, m3/kg
T
T 2 = 204.4 °C 2
T1 =
160 °C
1
v1 v2 v
The total boundary work done during the
entire process as the piston moves is
But as p = C
pV = mRT
Hence, for isothermal process :
Hence, pV = C
(#-2)
n
As, pV = C
Hence,
(4-9)
But, From Equation of State
pV = mRT Hence,
p1V1 = mRT1& p2V2 = mRT2 (#-5)
By substituting by p2V2 & p1V1 from
Eq. (#-4) in Eq. (4-9) to get
(4-10)
EXAMPLE 4–4 Expansion of a Gas
against a Spring.
A piston–cylinder device contains 0.05
m 3 of a gas initially at 200 kPa. At
this state, a linear spring that has a
spring constant of 150 kN/m is
touching the piston but exerting no
force on it. Now heat is transferred to
the gas, causing the piston to rise and
to compress the spring until the
volume inside the cylinder doubles. If
the cross-sectional area of the piston
is 0.25 m 2, determine (a) the final
pressure inside the cylinder, (b) the
total work done by the gas, and (c)
the fraction of this work done against
the spring to compress it.
Fig. (EXAMPLE 4–4)
V1 = 0.05 m 3 , p1 = 200 kPa, k = 150
kN/m , V2 = 2*V1 , A = 0.25 m 2
Required?
p2 = ?, Wb = ?, Fraction of work done
against the spring to compress it?
Solution:
V2 = 2 *V1 = 2 * 0.05 m3 = 0.1 m3
Displacement of the spring; x
i.e.;
Force applied by the linear spring at
the final state; F is
F = k x = (150 kN/m)*(0.2 m)= 30 kN
Additional pressure applied by the
spring on the gas at this state; p is
Without the spring, the pressure of the
gas would remain constant at
200 kPa while the piston is rising.
But under the effect of the spring, the
pressure rises linearly from 200 kPa to
200 + 120 = 320 kPa at the final state.
i.e.
p2 = 320 kPa
(b) One way for finding the work done
is to plot the process on a P-V diagram
and find the area under the process
curve. From Fig. (Example 4–4) the area
under the process curve (a trapezoid) is
Hence; W = 13 kJ
+ve sign indicates that the work is done
by the system.
( c) Total work consists of two
portions:
I) Work represented by the
rectangular area (region I) is done
against the piston and the
atmosphere, and
II) the work represented by the
triangular area (region II) is done
against the spring.
Thus,
(4-13)
For a cycle
∆E =0, thus
Q = W.
For a closed system undergoing a cycle,
the initial and final states are identical,
Hence, Eq. (4-11) can be re-written as
∆Esystem = E2 – E1 = 0 (#-6) &
Qin
Hence,
Qin= m(h2 –h1) (#-13′′)
From Table (A-5); Saturated water-
Pressure table
Cv dT = du at constant volume
(4-20)
h= u + RT (#-16)
Since R is constant and u = u(T). Hence,
enthalpy of an ideal gas is also a
function of temperature only:
i.e.
h = h(T) only (4-22)
As u = u(T) only; Eq. (4-21) & h = h(T)
only; Eq. (4-22) . Hence, the partial
derivatives; (4-19) and (4-20) turn to
ordinary derivatives; i.e.
du = Cv (T) dT (4-23)
dh = Cp (T) dT (4-24)
The change in internal energy or enthalpy
for an ideal gas during a process from
state 1 to state 2 is determined by
integrating these equations:
(4-25)
and
(4-26)
(4-28)
The specific heat values for some
common gases are listed as a function of
temperature in Table A–2b. The average
specific heats Cp,avg, and Cv,avg are
evaluated from this table at the average
temperature (T1 + T2)/2, as shown in Fig.
4–26.
FIGURE 4–26 For small T intervals, the
specific heats may be assumed to vary linearly
with T.
If the final temperature T2 is not known,
the specific heats may be evaluated at T1
or at the anticipated average temperature.
Then T2 can be determined by using these
specific heat values. The value of T2 can
be refined, if necessary, by evaluating
the specific heats at the new average
temperature.
Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
Differentiating the relation (#-16)
h = u + RT (#-16)
to get
dh = du + RdT (#-17)
By substituting by du & dh from Eqs.
(4-23)&(4-24) in Eq. (#-17) to get
Cp dT= Cv dT + R dT
Hence,
Cp = Cv + R (kJ/kg.K) (4–29)
In addition, Cp & Cv are related by ideal-
gas property called specific heat ratio k,
defined as;
k = Cp / Cv (4–31)
In molar basis;
(4–31)
where;
, &
(4–30)
To summarize
kJ/kmol.K
a = 28.11, b = 0.1967 -2
c = 0.4802 -5 d = -1.966 -9
Ru = 8.31447 kJ/kmol.K
Cv (T) = Cp (T) - Ru
Cv (T) = (a- Ru) + bT+ cT2+dT3
But, from Eq. (4–30)
m= 0.5 kg
T1= 30°C
p1= 3 kPa
m = 0.5 kg, T1= 30°C , p1= 3 kPa, P
=15 W , t = 30 min. (a) T2= ? and
(b) p2= ? . From Eq. (4-17) (4-17)
0 0 0
Q- W =∆E = ∆U+∆PE+∆KE
0
(#-18)
Wnet,out = Wout - Win
Hence,
Win = P *∆t (#-19)