The strength gained was comparatively lesser for AAB with RHA derived activator and the probable

reason for lack

of attaining strength is the partial dissolution of amorphous silica in designated 24 hours for equilibrium (Bernal et al.,
2012). It was observed that amorphous silica is more reactive with NaOH to produce sodium silicate even at low
temperature while crystalline silica exhibits reactivity neither at higher temperature nor after long reaction time (Mejia
et al., 2013). Properties of AAB with metakaolin as precursor was also studied. RHA derived activator, and silica
fume derived activator was used, and similar performance was reported (Bernal et al., 2012). As activation time is
increased, the compressive strength is increased (Mejia et al., 2013). Reaction products of AAB with different
activators (sodium silicate from silica fume, RHA, etc.) are consistent as observed from the microstructural studies
(Bernal et al., 2015). Poor performance was reported for AAB with commercially available sodium silicate at a higher
temperature (800 ⁰C). A similar result was also reported for sodium silicate derived from silica fume due
to the crumbling at 800 ⁰C. It is interesting to note that AAB with sodium silicate derived from RHA had better
strength at the same higher temperature (800 ⁰C) (Bernal et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2014). Earlier published works
reported that higher compressive strength is observed for AAB with water glass as an activator compared to AAB with
RHA derived activator due to high amount of soluble silica and hence, the less unreacted precursor (as observed from
microstructural studies) and less pore volume (Tchakouté et al., 2016). However, Bernal et al. reported higher
compressive strength with RHA derived activator compared to commercially available sodium silicate at early ages (7
days) which is not in line with the finding of other studies (Bernal et al., 2015).

8. Utilisation of rice husk ash in the preparation of bricks

Bricks are one of the oldest and commonly used construction material in different parts of the world for masonry
construction. Burned clay bricks gained wide acceptance due to their durability and fire resistant properties. The
properties of bricks which are of utmost importance are density, compressive strength, water absorption and
efflorescence. Each of these properties defines the durability and strength characteristics of the bricks. Moreover, clay
properties such as water content, Atterberg limits, and linear shrinkage were affected with the addition of RHA, which
in turn affects the performance of the brick. The change in Atterberg limits with an increasing amount of RHA is due
to the excess amount of amorphous silica (Silva and Surangi, 2017; Wan et al., 2002). Typically, the plasticity index
(PI) value is used to classify soil according to its plasticity. PI of the clay in the absence of RHA was observed to be in
the range of low plasticity (PI value is between 5 to 30%). As shown in Figure 17, brick can be manufactured with
RHA without losing the plastic behaviour of the brick earth mix. It can also be seen that linear shrinkage is decreased
with the addition of RHA.

The addition of RHA decreases the density of the RHA blended brick, as shown in Figure 18 (Rahman, 1987). Kazim
et al. (2016) observed that an increase in the apparent porosity on the addition of RHA, which plays an important role
in reducing the density of the brick (Kazmi et al., 2016b). Therefore, these bricks can be used in the construction of
infill walls which in turn reduce the dead weight of the structure (Silva, 2018). However, the use of raw RHA without
grinding or other processing, led to a reduction in density and other engineering properties were also adversely
affected (Hwang and Huynh, 2015b). Evaporation of water, breakdown of carbonates decomposition, and organic
decomposition are the causes for the increase in porosity in RHA blended bricks (Kazmi et al., 2016b). On the other
hand, it led to predominant enhancement in the heat insulation ability of RHA blended brick. Quesada et al. (2017)
have found that water absorption is increased on the addition of RHA (Eliche-Quesada et al., 2017) attributed to the
fact that rice husk or RHA is hygroscopic in nature which tends to absorb more amount of water. However, several
other durability properties such as resistance to weather and efflorescence have been improved in RHA blended brick
compared to that of control bricks (Kazmi et al., 2016a). The maximum compressive strength of RHA blended brick
varies with burning temperature adopted in the brick kiln (Rahman, 1987). Hence, the optimum burning temperature
and duration to attain the highest compressive strength were observed as 1000 °C and 4 hours (Rahman, 1988, 1987).
Moreover, the addition of RHA with higher amount of carbon rich fibrous particles reduces the compressive strength
(Sutas et al., 2012). Pozzolanic reaction of RHA is due to the higher amount of silica, which enhances the properties
of unburned brick and better performance is reported than rice husk based brick (Kazmi et al., 2016b).

Rahman, 1987 Rahman, 1988

Kazmi et al., 2016 Silva and Perera,
2018 Rahman, 1987 Rahman, 1988
Silva and Perera, 2018
30 9

25
8
Linear shrinkage (%)
Plasticity Index (%)

20

7
15

10 6

Low-plasticity soil
5
5

0 0
0 5 10 15 20
Level of RHA replacement (%)
Figure 17: Plasticity index and linear shrinkage for different levels of RHA replacement

Rahman, 1987
Rahman, 1988
2000 Sutas et al., 2012
Hwang and Huynh.,2015
Quesada et al., 2016
1800 Silva and Perera, 2018
ensity (kg/cm3)
 1600

1400

1200

1000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Level of RHA replacement (%)
Figure 18: Change in bulk density with an increasing amount of RHA (Lines indicate linear shrinkage)
9. Utilisation of rice husk ash in the stabilisation of soil
A stabilised subgrade is essential for the proper construction of roads. Some soils are expansive in nature which
results in swelling and hence degrades the quality of the pavements (Zhang et al., 2016). Stabilizers, preferably
cementing agents such as Portland cement, lime, asphalt are added to the soil to improve its engineering properties.
The use of commercially available stabilizer is not found to be economical in several regions. Moreover, the use of
locally available by-products as soil stabilizer decreases the transportation cost and reduces the problems associated
with their disposal. When RHA is used as a stabilizer, it initially coats the soil to stabilize it (Behnood, 2018;
Ikeagwuani and Nwonu, 2019; Jalal et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2014). Table 6 shows studies conducted by researchers on
the use of RHA as soil stabilizer for different types of soils.

The plasticity of the soil is measured in terms of plasticity index, which is reduced for an RHA stabilised soil implies
the enhancement in the soil properties (Basha et al., 2005). As discussed in section 9, the addition of RHA decreases
the plasticity of the soil similar to that of cement. The incorporation of RHA and cement in the soil increases the
optimum moisture content and decreases the maximum dry density of the soil. The liquid limit shows a downward
trend, whereas the plastic limit shows a trend in a reverse direction to that of the former. This reduction in the liquid
limit implies that there is a decrease in the compressibility and swelling characteristics. The unconfined compressive
strength shows an up-surging trend up to the point of optimum level of replacement. The unconfined compressive
strength was increased almost linearly with increase in RHA (Karatai et al., 2016). A gradual decline in the maximum
dry density has been seen with the increase in the levels of replacement of RHA and it is due to the addition of RHA
possess lesser specific gravity than the soil.

The application of RHA as a stabilizer in cement-stabilized soil improved the engineering properties such as
compressive, tensile and shear strength. Hence, cement can be partially replaced with RHA for cement-stabilized soils
(Basha et al., 2005). RHA also improve the unconfined compressive strength of cement-stabilized soils. Adrian et al.,
(2011) studied the properties of clay stabilized with RHA, which is to be used as a landfill liner to mitigate the
leaching of pollutant into ground water (Adrian et al., 2011). Due to the pore structure of RHA, the optimum moisture
content of the soil with RHA is increased (Behak and Núñez, 2013; Hossain, 2011). However, the demands for excess
water due to the increased optimum moisture content leads to high cost during the dry season. Addition of RHA as a
sole material would require a large amount for the stabilisation of the soil. Therefore, the addition of comparable
quantities of quick lime with RHA is mostly preferred in applications. Lime is added with RHA for imparting
cementitious behaviours to bind silty sand particles and expansive clay. As a result, the formed cementitious
component increases the unconfined compressive strength. However decrease in shrinkage and plasticity index were
observed (Behak and Musso, 2016; Karatai et al., 2016). Application of RHA with lime and steel slag as stabilizers
was studied (Ashango and Patra, 2016) and also the effect of alternate wetting and drying cycles on the unconfined
compressive strength of the RHA stabilised soil was investigated. RHA-lime stabilised mixture of soil has more
resistance than only lime stabilised soil mixture owing to the capacity of the former one to withstand three cycles of
wetting and drying (Muntohar et al., 2012). Details of the use of RHA in soil stabilisations is tabulated in Table 6.

Table 6: Use of RHA as a stabilizer for different types of soil

Optimum level of
Reference Type of soil
RHA (%) Stabilizers

(Rahman, 1986) Laterite soil 18 RHA

(Basha et al., 2005) Granite soil 20 RHA + Cement
(Adrian et al., 2011) Clayey soil 16 RHA
(Hossain, 2011) Clayey soil 20 RHA
(Muntohar et al., 2012) Silty soil 12 RHA + Lime+ Plastic fibre
(Behak and Núñez, 2013) Sandy soil 20 RHA + Lime
(Adhikary et al., 2014) Clayey soil 10 RHA + Lime
(Ashango and Patra, 2016) Clayey soil 10 RHA + Steel slag + Lime
(Behak and Musso, 2016) Silty soil 25 RHA + Lime
(Karatai et al., 2016) Clayey soil 20 RHA + Lime
(Yadav et al., 2017) Alluvial soil 7.5 RHA
(Sani et al., 2018) Laterite soil 8 RHA + Sisal fibre

10. Utilisation of rice husk ash in the construction of pavements

Cement is consumed to a large extent for the construction of concrete pavements. Cement clinker production is an
energy intensive process and emits high CO 2. Application of RHA as an alternative cementitious material in concrete
pavement reduces the consumption of cement clinker, which reduces CO 2 emission due to cement clinker calcination
and fossil fuel combustion. Moreover, less production of clinker reduces limestone exploitation. The use of RHA
reduces the cost of blended cement production. Reduction in permeability and sulphate attack (sulphate source from
the soil) are evidently reported for RHA blended concrete (Chindaprasirt et al., 2007; Chopperla et al., 2019; Sensale,
2010). Hence, it significantly reduces the maintenance cost of RHA blended concrete pavement compared to
conventional concrete. RHA can be used as an appropriate alternative cementitious material in the construction of
rigid pavements. Moreover, it is also used as filler in the hot mix asphalt concrete and reclaimed asphalt pavement.
The effects of stabilization of pavement subgrades using RHA are similar, as explained in the previous section
(Anupam et al., 2016). Addition of RHA with Portland cement and fly ash were studied to improve properties the
reclaimed asphalt pavement. The utilisation of RHA blended cement enhanced the strength and durability properties
of reclaimed asphalt pavement in soaked condition due to the pozzolanic performance of RHA (Edeh et al., 2012;
Modarres and Hosseini, 2014). Similar effects were observed on addition of fly ash and RHA on reclaimed asphalt
pavement (Behnood et al., 2015). Moreover, substantial improvement in durability properties of reclaimed asphalt
pavement was observed on addition of RHA (Al-Hdabi, 2016). However, on designing hot asphalt pavement, the
addition of only RHA or an equal quantity of RHA and limestone (2.5 % each) achieved peak value for marshal
stability test (Goh et al., 2014; Mistry et al., 2019; Sargin et al., 2013). Pervious concrete pavement is gaining
importance due to its environmental benefits. RHA blended pervious concrete was studied, and enhancement in
mechanical as well as durability properties were reported (Hesami et al., 2014). The thermal susceptibility of RHA
modified bituminous binder was less than to be improved at high temperature (Arabani and Tahami, 2017). Moreover,
modification of asphalt binder with both RHA and bio-oil improved the properties at high as well as low temperature
ranges. The bonding system of RHA and bio-oil modified asphalt is due to micro-pores in the microstructure of RHA
(Yuan et al., 2017).
11. Proposed framework for the utilisation of RHA and directions for future research
Effective utilisation of the resource is considered as a backbone of the economy. Conservation and sustainable use of
natural resources is a vital part of any industrial process to protect the environment. Hence, a detailed framework with
cleaner production pathways is proposed for the effective utilisation of rice husk based by-products as an outcome of
the adopted literature study. Different pathways starting from the agricultural sector directing towards the energy and
construction sector are shown in Figure 19. The proposed pathway helps to attain material, energy, and carbon balance
by connecting the agricultural, energy, and construction sectors. The pathway starts with the cultivation of paddy, the
most prevalent crop grown in different parts of the world. During the period of harvesting, rice along with rice husk
(outer cover), is transported to the rice mill and leaving behind rice straw in the field. Rice husk is separated in the
mill during processing of rice, and this rice husk was conventionally burnt in an open land as a method of disposal and
leaving the ash on the land. The burning of rice husk in an open field has several harmful effects on social and
environmental aspects such as i) emission of harmful gasses such as methane (CH 4), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile
organic compounds (VOC) and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) into the atmosphere; ii)
increase in the amount of the smog; iii) reduction in fertility of the topsoil and iv) health hazards to humans and
animals.
Implementation of rice husk based cleaner production technologies adds value to the waste generated from rice
cultivation and can bring additional revenue to the rice mill owners, which indirectly improves the revenue for the
farmers. Although rice husk has several other uses, the generation of electricity is mostly preferred due to its
advantages over other applications in terms of high revenue and environmental benefits associated with this process.
Rice husk has a significant calorific value of 15MJ/kg, which makes it to be used as a fuel feedstock in the
cogeneration boilers to produce steam and electricity (Mohiuddin et al., 2016). Moreover, the biomass based
electricity generated is used for the rice mills as well as the rural electricity supply. As most of the rice mills are
located at villages, the implementation of cleaner production with controlled burning using cogeneration boilers will
enable to meet the demand of rural electricity, which is the major challenge in many developing countries like India. It
is reported that during October and November, the Air Quality Index (AQI) in northern parts of India is 20 times
higher than the threshold AQI (Kumar et al., 2015). It further leads to especially smoke related illnesses, transport
disruption, etc. During the year of 2008-09, total welfare loss in values of health damages due to air pollution in the
northern state is approximately 1 million US dollars (Lohan et al., 2018). Controlled combustion includes
incineration, pyrolysis, etc. RHA produced using muffle furnace, gas furnace, torbed reactor and fluidized bed reactor
are of superior quality than the ash obtained from open field burning or uncontrolled burning. The use of rice husk as
fuel in the energy sector using controlled cogeneration boilers helps to reduce carbon dioxide emissions due to
uncontrolled field burning of rice husk as well as the use of fossil fuels as feedstock in the energy sector. Hence, the
use of rice husk as fuel in cogeneration boilers, a cleaner production technology, reduce pollution due to opening
burning of rice husk. Thus, it improves the sustainability in terms of waste reduction, environmental as well as social
benefits, and resource reutilisation. Hence, a suitable pathway is witnessed for the usage of rice husk as a raw material
in the energy sector. Furthermore, the application of by-products from the agricultural sector as a raw material in the
energy sector establishes a symbiotic relationship with mutual benefits between these two sectors.
The process of recycling the residual ash from cogeneration boilers for its use in construction products can effectively
reduce the problems associated with the disposal of RHA in the landfill and subsequent land pollution. In most of the
places, the RHA is dumped as waste material in landfills, which increases the consumption of useful cultivable land.
Implementation of policy incentives and large-scale promotion by government officials will promote the recycling of
agricultural waste. Stringent regulations need to be adopted on the disposal of residual RHA in the cultivable land,
which prevents disposal to open land. Moreover, the use of RHA as an alternative cementitious material in concrete
can also reduce excessive cement clinker consumption. As cement production is an energy intensive process and emits
a high amount of CO2 (about 8 % of global emission from only cement plants (Andrew, 2017)), the use of RHA in
blended cement production directly reduces the significant emission of CO 2 from cement plants. Moreover, the use of
RHA as a replacement material of ordinary Portland cement leads to lesser consumption of limestone, which is an
extensively mined and limited natural resource. Similarly, RHA is used as supplementary cementitious material in
different types of concretes such as conventional concrete, ultra-high-performance concrete, self-compacting concrete,
and fibre reinforced concrete. As per earlier research studies, up to 20 % of cement can be replaced with RHA in
concrete. As a result, the use of RHA from cogeneration boilers in blended cement is an alternative pathway for
conventional cement production, which is energy intensive and highly polluting process. Therefore, environmental
benefits are witnessed with RHA utilisation.
 Food industry  Material Recovery Muffle furnace
Energy Recovery
Product  Incineration Pyrolysis Fluidized bed
Rice

Advantages
Torbed reactor

Paddy Gas furnace

Loss of fertile
Processing
Rice husk Transportation Controlled
Disposal ENERGY SECTOR
of rice husk burning
By- products Rice husk ash
Rice  Reduction emission of
Cultivation CO2
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR Open burning Collection of RHA  Reduction in depletion
Disadvantages of natural resource
 Reduction in cost
Transportation and storage

Advantages
Emission of harmful gases such Loss of fertility Health hazards to humans,
Smog
as CH4, CO, VOC, PAH of the soil animals and birds Processing/pre-treatments
CONSTRUCTION SECTOR

Cement replacement Replacement for fine aggregate Alkali activated Binder Brick Soil stabilization Pavement

Clayey soil

Sandy soil
Conventional Fibre reinforced
concrete concrete Precursor Activator Reclaimed asphalt pavement
Silty soil

Laterite soil Hot asphalt pavement

Self-compacting High performance
concrete concrete
Alluvial soil Pervious concrete pavement

Figure 19: Cleaner production pathways with the circular economy, green energy and sustainable construction products based on the utilisation of RHA
27
The use of RHA as an alternative cementitious material leads to the reduction in permeability of concrete due to
pozzolanic reaction, and hence the durability of the structure is improved. Hence, the service life of a structure is
increased without major repair. High cost, manpower and energy are required for repair and rehabilitation of concrete
structures, and these can be considerably minimized using RHA as a mineral admixture. Moreover, RHA blended
cement production leads to high quality and low cost cement compared to that of conventional Portland cement. The
utilisation of RHA in alkali activated binder as a precursor and a source for activator solution are suitable alternatives
to commonly used high cost conventional activators. This also helps in reducing the considerable cost incurred for
alkali activated binders used in the construction. Hence, RHA based alkali activated binders have significant
economic benefits, which is a primary advantage for the use of eco-friendly alkali activated systems in real time
construction projects. In addition, amounts of CO2 emissions from synthetic activator production can also be reduced
by the use of RHA derived alkali activator. Therefore, as described in the proposed framework, RHA has two
application pathways in alkali activated binder i.e. as a precursor and as a source material for low cost activator.
Hence, economic and environmental benefits are witnessed for RHA based alkali activated binder
Moreover, the utilisation of unground RHA as fine aggregate in concrete tends to reduce the mining of natural
resources like river sand. In the case of brick production, RHA based unburnt bricks are preferred instead of
conventional burnt clay bricks due to the excessive heat energy required for the production of burnt bricks and also
kiln burning leads to emission of harmful gases. As a result, RHA based unburnt bricks are eco-friendly compared to
conventional burnt clay bricks as they do not need any burning process. Top fertile soil is excessively mined and used
as a primary raw material for conventional burnt clay bricks. In the case of unburnt bricks, by-products such as RHA,
fly ash, and bagasse ash are used as a main raw material. Therefore, effective utilisation of waste products as primary
raw material and reduction in fertile soil mining can be achieved together by adopting RHA based unburnt bricks over
the conventional burnt clay bricks. Another notable utilisation pathway is the use of RHA (sole material or with other
stabilizers such as lime and cement) as soil stabilizer to enhance the engineering properties of soil for construction
related projects. In the case of pavement construction, few important valorisation routes are identified for RHA. One
application of RHA is its use as a stabilizer for subgrade construction. In addition, RHA is used as a filler in the
reclaimed asphalt pavement and hot mix asphalt concrete. Moreover, in the pervious concrete pavement, RHA is used
as a pozzolan. In addition to the environmental benefits, the suggested pathways help to improve economic aspect due
to the decrease in cost of various construction products. Therefore, environmental, social and economic benefits can
be achieved by using RHA blended construction products.
For the application in the construction sector, the RHA from the cogeneration plant needs to be collected and
transported to the corresponding construction applications. For instance, RHA can be transported to the cement plant
for the production of the RHA blended cement. Transportation cost is one of the imperative factors for acceptance in
the real application. Optimization is required in the cost associated with the logistics of RHA to the user destination.
Moreover, a centralized database on the national scale is necessary to provide the availability details of RHA in rice
producing countries. It helps to identify the nearest available locations of RHA by cement manufacturers, brick
production units and other RHA demand point to establish effective utilisation of RHA. To achieve desired properties
like high reactivity of RHA, essential processing and pre-treatment methods need to be adopted. Hence, vitality can be
seen that a suitable pathway exists between the energy sector and construction sector with direct benefits, including
biomass based energy, green construction products and reduction in land pollution.

Although a considerable number of research studies have been reported for the individual industry on the use of RHA,
there is a significant gap in knowledge transfer to the concerned industries, and hence the application of RHA in real-
time is hindered to a greater extent. Therefore, further research studies should be more focused on understanding
various reasons for the lack of applications and possible cleaner production pathways for overcoming these barriers to
increase the real-time application of RHA in the construction sector. For this purpose, important recommendations for
future research studies on the application of RHA are listed below:

 The availability database of RHA needs to be developed. It is vital to connect the available sources of RHA
with demand points. The effective utilisation of RHA by industries on a large scale primarily depends on
availability, ease accessibility and transportation cost. Thus, it is necessary to carry out a detailed study to
maintain a centralized database for the availability of RHA.
 Policymakers could step in to form stringent rule to implement cost for the emission of greenhouses gases

28
and encourage the use of the agricultural by-products such as RHA by construction industries.

29
  Earlier research studies reported different processing conditions influence on the properties of the residual
ashes. Therefore, the quality of disposed RHA varies with respect to the industrial burning process adopted.
Several construction products (soil stabilisation, brick, etc.) need low reactive RHA, whereas production of
few construction materials (High strength concrete, SCC, etc.) needs high reactive RHA. It is essential to
classify the level of reactivity of RHA and suitability to use in a particular application. Although several
RHA based construction products have been reported in the existing literature, there is a lack of information
for the use of RHA in particular construction products based on a fixed range of reactivity. Hence,
categorization of application of RHA in terms of its level of reactivity is recommended to enable effective
utilisation of available RHA sources.
 The use of RHA obtained from the controlled burning, or any other appropriate processing methods provide
superior properties than currently used high cost raw materials in the production of construction products.
From the detailed literature study, it is observed that several studies evidently proved the potential of RHA as
a raw material in the production of different construction products such as high quality cement, brick
production, alkali activated binder, aerated block, tiles etc. Therefore, future studies on processing methods
and their influence on the reactivity of RHA are necessary for the effective use of RHA.
 Detailed studies on the life cycle analysis for individual RHA based construction products with the
consideration of geographic locations could avail the understanding of real-time scenarios. For that reason, a
detailed life cycle analysis for every RHA based construction product is proposed for future research studies.
 Environmental impact assessment between the construction sector, energy sector and rice mills is essential to
understand resource utilisation, economic and environmental benefits between these industries by using
RHA. As the material resource flow is evident among these industries from the proposed framework, it leads
to understanding the benefits of the circular economy and beneficial symbiotic relationship between them.
Hence a detailed environmental impact assessment in terms of RHA utilisation is suggested.
 Although extensive studies have been carried on the application of RHA, there are only limited studies
related to the handling and transportation of low dense materials. As rice husk is a low density material, it is
essential to study technologies for efficient handling and to transport of the material.
 The cost associated with the adaptation of RHA over other materials should be studied in a broader
perspective. The cost included for combustion, collection, transportation, packing and storage of rice husk
and RHA need to be investigated in every process and each product. Additionally, a comparison of cost with
the other commonly used materials is essential to highlight the economic benefits and also to encourage the
use of the RHA in the construction sector.
 Based on the detailed review, it is noted that lack of study on combined utilisation of both by-products from
paddy, RHA, and rice straw ash even though both of these materials are available from a single source. The
utilisation of RHA and rice straw ash will enable complete usage of agro-waste from paddy field.
12. Conclusion
A comprehensive review on the utilisation of RHA in construction products is presented, and specific conclusions
drawn from the review are listed below.

 Incorporation of RHA about 10-20 % has a positive impact on the properties of concrete. Enhancement in
fresh, hardened and durability properties was reported for RHA blended specimens compared to conventional
concrete, ultra-high-performance concrete, fibre reinforced concrete and self-compacting concrete.
 It was observed from the previous studies that the pozzolanic performance of RHA is higher than the
minimum requirement specified in the standard, and its reactivity is also comparable with other widely used
supplementary cementitious materials.
 Optimum replacement level of RHA was reported about 20% as an alternative fine aggregate without
compromising the performance of the concrete.
 Proper processing is required to improve the pozzolanic performance of RHA. Controlled burning of RHA in
the range of 700 to 800 °C enhances its reactivity. Grinding of RHA to 5-10 µ m size been suggested to attain
highly reactive RHA.
 A detailed exploration of physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of RHA in earlier research
studies confirms the presence of about 80 % amorphous silica, which makes its suitability for the effective
utilisation of RHA as a raw material in various construction products.
  Morphological characteristics of RHA revealed the presence of the abundant amount of silica rich particles.
Moreover, carbon rich fibrous particles and the porous structure of RHA are reported in several studies and
these particles increase the water absorption and loss on ignition.
 From the available publications, an upward trend in the utilisation of RHA in AAB as precursor and as an
activator was also witnessed. Moreover, RHA is used upto 20% in brick production, whereas for soil
stabilisation, 10-20% of RHA is used either as sole material or in combination (with cement or lime) to
improve the properties of brick and soil respectively.
 From the present review, the potential use of RHA in the production of various construction materials is
witnessed without compromising their desired properties. Directions for future research studies and a detailed
framework are recommended to achieve cleaner production of RHA based construction materials.

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 UTILISATION OF RICE HUSK ASH FOR CLEANER PRODUCTION OF
DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS

Highlights

 Utilisation of rice husk ash in construction products is comprehensively reviewed

 Enhancement in properties of rice husk ash based construction products is presented
 A framework is given for the varied uses of rice husk ash in construction sector
 Directions for future research studies on the use of rice husk ash are recommended
Declaration of interests

☐  The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal
relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

☒The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered
as potential competing interests: