International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology

https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-021-00026-0

ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

Utilization of Higher Percentages of RAP for Improved Mixture

Performance by Adopting the Process of Fractionation
Bhanuprasad Katla1 · Sridhar Raju1   · Akshay Ravindra Waim1 · Venkata Akhilesh Danam1

Received: 19 August 2020 / Revised: 1 January 2021 / Accepted: 10 March 2021

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering 2021

Abstract
The study investigates the significance of fractionation as a process for the use of higher percentage of Reclaimed Asphalt
Pavement (RAP) material in the design of bituminous mixtures. The fractionation is a process in which the RAP material is
separated into two or more fractions to ensure consistency in the RAP gradation. In this study, the sieve analysis was carried
out on the milled RAP material collected from five different locations to find the variation in the gradation. As the varia-
tion in the gradation was observed to be similar in nature for the milled RAP material obtained from all the five different
locations, the detailed study was carried out on the RAP material from one particular location. The results showed that a
3-level fractionation had a significantly low variation in the RAP gradation even with the addition of 60% RAP material. A
detailed study was carried out on the bituminous mixtures with three fractionation levels (un-fractionation, 2-level fractiona-
tion, and 3-level fractionation) and with three RAP percentages (40, 50 and 60). The ANOVA analysis showed that when
compared to a 2-level and an un-fractionated RAP, a 3-level fractionated RAP substantially minimizes the variability in air
voids, voids in mineral aggregate, Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength ratio, and Cantabro loss for the RAP added
bituminous mixtures.

Keywords  RAP · Fractionation · Bituminous mixtures · Cantabro loss · ANOVA

1 Introduction The RAP material will be inhomogeneous in terms of

The road infrastructure is expanding faster, and natural
resources, such as aggregate and bitumen, are significantly
depleting. Hence, there is a need to find alternative resources
for aggregate and bitumen. Generally, the pavement dete-
riorates due to massive vehicle movement, oxidative binder
aging during its service life, and the deterioration is visible
in the form of distresses such as rutting, cracking, raveling,
and shoving. These distressed road pavements can be milled
and re-used as Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) instead
of providing an overlay with virgin materials. The RAP
material from old pavements can be used to produce the
bituminous mixtures with significant economic and envi-
ronmental benefits.
* Sridhar Raju
sridhar.raju@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute
of Technology & Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus,
Hyderabad, India
gradation and binder content. This inhomogeneity arises due
to the stockpiling of different sources of RAP material in a
single stockpile, bitumen aging, milling from multiple layers
[1–3]. West [4] and Bukowski [5] have concluded that the
variability is insignificant if the RAP material is less than
15% and does not affect the bituminous mixture design. The
field studies conducted by Solaimanian and Tahmoressi [6]
at four different site locations showed that the RAP added
bituminous mixtures had higher variation in gradation and
binder content than without RAP. The RAP content is lim-
ited to 30% in bituminous mixtures to reduce inhomogeneity
in aggregate gradation [1–3]. Therefore, most of the road
agencies adopt a fractionation process to minimize RAP
variability [2].
Fractionation separates the milled RAP material into two
or more stockpiles based on the RAP particle size [2]. The
researchers have suggested adopting a fractionation process
of RAP material for storage in various stockpiles for better
control over aggregate gradation [2, 6, 7]. The binder layer
was constructed on a state highway in Florida with 45% RAP
by adopting the fractionation process. That section of the

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 B. Katla et al.

pavement performed better than a conventional bituminous
layer [8]. By adopting a fractionation process, 35% RAP was
used in the surface layer with a good performance on a heavy
traffic local road in Overland Park, Kansas State, U.S.A [9].
Aurangzeb et al. [10] suggested that a high-quality RAP
mixture can be obtained in the laboratory by adopting the
fractionation process. They demonstrated that the bitumi-
nous mixtures with 30, 40, and 50% RAP performed the
same as virgin mixtures.
Shen et al. [11] used a 2-level and 3-level fractionation pro-
cess with 0, 15, 30, and 40% RAP to prepare the bituminous
mixtures after passing the RAP material through a 12.5 mm
sieve. A 4.75 mm sieve was considered a critical sieve for a
2-level fractionation, whilst an additional 2.36 mm sieve was
included for a 3-level fractionation. They concluded that the
RAP content increased from 30 to 40% by adopting a 3-level
fractionation. A higher percentage of RAP improved the stiff-
ness but reduced the cracking resistance in the bituminous
mixture. Thereby requiring a recycling agent to restore the
rheological properties of RAP aged binder [12–15]. Research-
ers have successfully used waste engine oil (WEO) as a
rejuvenator with a higher percentage of RAP material. The
structure of WEO resembles the molecular structure of bitu-
men with sufficient aromatic content, which leads to coherent
2 Gradation and Binder Properties Analysis
of Five Different Locations
In this research, the RAP material was collected from five
different site locations. Table 1 presents the site loca-
tion, pavement composition, grade of bitumen, and the
year of construction. In those five locations, the pave-
ment age varied from 10 to 12 years. The RAP binder
was extracted from the RAP material using a Soxhlet
extractor. The sieve analysis was performed to find the
RAP aggregate gradation after extraction. The gradation
and standard deviations are presented in Tables 2 and 3,
respectively. From the sieve analysis, it can be inferred
that the aggregate gradation and the standard deviation
of the RAP material from five different locations were
varying marginally.
The average seven-day maximum surface temperature
of the pavement from the corresponding air temperatures
for the five different locations was calculated using Eq. 1
[20]. The average seven-day maximum surface temperature
is given in Table 4. The temperature at all the places is in
between 65 ℃ to 70 ℃.
Tair − 0.00618Lat2 + 0.2289Lat + 42.2 ∗ (0.9545) − 17.78
[( ) ]
T20mm =

bonding by altering the constituents and rejuvenating the RAP (1)

aged bitumen [16–18]. According to Zaumanis et al. [19], the
optimum dosage of WEO ranges from 16 to 26% by weight of
RAP binder for the dense bituminous mixtures.
Several research studies have been carried out on utiliz-
ing RAP material without fractionation and with a 2-level
fractionation (coarse and fine fractions). However, a few
research work has been done on adopting a 3-level frac-
tionation process for utilizing a higher percentage of RAP
material. As a limited study has been carried out on the
variability in RAP gradation and other mixture properties,
an attempt has been made in this study to statistically inves-
tigate the effect of a 3-level fractionation at three different
RAP percentages. The outcome of this study may be helpful
for the contractors in utilizing the maximum percentage of
RAP to obtain a homogenous bituminous mixture.
where,
T20mm = Pavement temperature (℃) at a depth of 20 mm.
Lat = Latitude of the place.
Tair = Average of maximum temperatures (℃) of seven
days.
Generally, the aging occurs on the top surface due to
higher pavement surface temperatures. The surface tempera-
tures of the five locations were calculated and presented in
Table 4. But over time, the surface and the bottom-most bitu-
minous layers undergo uniform aging after ten years [21].
As the RAP material obtained for this study from all the
five locations were more than ten years old, the aging was
Table 1  Details of the RAP material

1.1 Objective S. No Location Grade of Bitu- Type of layer Year of

men con-
struc-
The objectives of this study are as follows: tion

• To determine the variation in gradation with 40, 50, and 1 Nellore (NH-16) VG30 DBM + BC 2010
60% RAP, for Un-fractionated, 2-level, and 3-levels frac- 2 Chennai (NH- VG30 DBM + BC 2009
tionated RAP added bituminous mixtures 16)
• To determine the variability in strength parameters with 3 Neemuch (NH- VG30 DBM + BC 2008
79)
40, 50, and 60% RAP, for Un-fractionated, 2-level, and
4 Nashik (NH-50) VG30 DBM + BC 2009
3-levels fractionated RAP added bituminous mixtures,
5 Tupran (SH-17) VG30 DBM + BC 2010
through a statistical analysis
DBM Dense Bituminous Macadam, BC Bituminous Concrete

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Utilization of Higher Percentages of RAP for Improved Mixture Performance by Adopting the Process…

Table 2  Sieve analysis of Sieve size (mm) AVG% Passing MoRTH 2013

the RAP material from five
different location Nashik Nellore Neemuch Chennai Tupran Upper MID Lower

26.5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19.0 98.1 99.2 100 98.3 99.3 100 95 90
13.2 89.4 88.1 87.1 88.7 89.4 79 69 59
9.5 75.1 78.3 78.3 76.9 76.6 72 62 52
4.75 53.2 54.3 55.3 54.8 53.2 55 45 35
2.36 43.4 42.3 43.6 43.8 42.5 44 36 28
1.18 32.3 33.4 32.6 32.4 33.6 34 27 20
0.6 25.9 25.7 25.6 26.7 25.3 27 21 15
0.3 18.2 17.8 18.2 18.8 17.9 20 15 10
0.15 12.3 11.6 12.3 12.5 12.1 13 9 5
0.075 6.8 7.3 7.2 7.5 7.1 8 5 2

3 Laboratory Experiment
Table 3  Standard deviation of the RAP material
Sieve size (mm) Standard deviation From the physical properties of the extracted RAP binder
Nashik Nellore Neemuch Chennai Tupran and the sieve analysis of the RAP material, it can be inferred
that all the five RAP materials have similar results with a
26.5 0 0 0 0 0 marginal variation. Based on the above results, the quantity
19.0 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.6 of material available at the plant site and the lead distance
13.2 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.7 were considered as the deciding factor to carry out a detailed
9.5 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.5 study on the Nellore RAP material. Hence, eight tons of
4.75 9.7 9.1 8.8 8.6 8.9 RAP material was obtained from the stockpile for this study,
2.36 6.3 6.2 7.3 7.4 6.8 and the detailed analysis is given in the following sections.
1.18 7.8 8.3 8.1 7.9 8.2
0.6 6.2 6.6 5.8 5.9 6.2 3.1 Materials
0.3 4.8 5.1 4.5 4.4 4.3
0.15 3.6 3.3 3.9 3.8 3.2 The RAP material, the virgin binder, and the virgin aggre-
0.075 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.5 3.1 gate were used for preparing the bituminous mixture for a
binder layer with a nominal size of 19.0 mm. In this study,
tests were carried out in accordance with the American
Table 4  The average seven-day Location Latitude Tempera- Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedures. The
maximum surface temperature ture (℃) details of the materials that were used in this study are given
in the following sections.
Tupran 17.47 67.4
Nellore 14.44 69.3
Chennai 13.06 65.5
3.2 Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)
Nashik 19.97 67.5
The milled RAP material was collected from a 10-year-old
Neemuch 24.82 66.4
National Highway pavement near Nellore, Andhra Pradesh,
India. The binder content and the RAP gradation were deter-
mined in accordance with ASTM D2172M [22, 23]. The
binder content in RAP material was determined using the
expected to be uniform throughout the bituminous layers.
Soxhlet extraction (reflux) method. The average bitumen
The extracted RAP binder was tested for penetration, sof-
content of the 10 RAP trials was considered and it was found
tening point, viscosity, and rheological properties, and the
to be 3.5% by weight of RAP material. The extracted RAP
results are given in Table 5. The binder contents for all the
aggregate was tested, and the properties are presented in
five different RAP materials ranged from 3.5 to 3.7%. The
Table 6. The gradation of the RAP material was determined
Performance Grading (PG) and Multi-Stress Creep Recovery
after extraction and is shown in Fig. 1. The RAP binder
Grading, is also given in Table 5 for all the five extracted
properties are presented in Table 5, and the binder was tested
RAP binders.

13
 B. Katla et al.

Table 5  Physical properties of Tupran Nashik Nellore Chennai Neemuch

the RAP binder
Bitumen content (%) 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.6
Penetration Value (dmm) 16.7 15.1 16.8 16.4 15.5
Softening Point (℃) 76.6 88.1 77.2 76.9 85.5
Viscosity (100% RAP binder) (cP)
160 ℃ 1214 1248 1018 1125 1200
180 ℃ 411 430 310 380 400
200 ℃ 195 205 170 178 199
Rheological studies
Temperature (℃) at G*/sinδ = 1 kPa 89.3 93.6 92.1 88.4 90.1
PG Grading PG 88-XX PG 88-XX PG 88-XX PG 88-XX PG 88-XX
Jnr @ 3.2 kPa 0.106 0.011 0.021 0.152 0.036
MSCR Grading PG 64E-XX PG 64E-XX PG 64E-XX PG 64E-XX PG 64E-XX

Table 6  Test results of Property RAP aggregates Virgin aggregates Test procedure

aggregates
Aggregate impact value (%) 21.3 22.0 ASTM C535
Specific gravity 2.670 2.640 ASTM C127
Water absorption (%) 2.01 2.80 ASTM C127
Los Angeles Aabrasion vvalue (%) 15.6 26.0 ASTM C535
Combined Flakiness and Elongation 10.0 15.0 ASTM D4791
Iindices (%)

Fig. 1  Aggregate gradation for

DBM mixtures

for higher temperature Performance Grade (PG) using the
Dynamic Shear Rheometer, and higher temperature was
found to be 92.1 ℃. Hence, the bitumen has designated as
PG 88-XX.
3.3 Virgin Aggregates and Bitumen Binder
The virgin aggregates were obtained from the Kesara
quarry in Hyderabad, India. The laboratory tests were
performed on the virgin aggregates, and the results are
presented in Table 6. The Viscosity Grade (VG30) bitu-
men obtained from Tiki Tar Industries Private Limited,
Baroda, was used as the virgin binder. The penetration,
softening point, and ductility values of VG-30 bitumen
were 68 dmm, 46 °C, and 90 cm, respectively. The binder
was tested for higher temperature Performance Grading
(PG) using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer, and the higher
temperature was found to be 68.5 ℃. Hence, the bitumen
has designated as PG 64-XX.

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Utilization of Higher Percentages of RAP for Improved Mixture Performance by Adopting the Process…

3.4 Gradation
Figure 1 shows the gradations adopted (job mix formula)
for 40, 50, and 60% RAP content for the design of Dense
Bituminous Macadam (DBM) mixtures.
3.5 Rejuvenator
A rejuvenator is necessary to increase the RAP percentage
by minimizing the stiffness and balancing the asphaltenes
in the aged RAP binder [19]. The addition of a rejuvenator
to the RAP material results in a decrease of embrittlement
and increases fatigue life. In this study, WEO was used as a
rejuvenator to enhance the workability of RAP (40, 50, and
60%) added mixtures.
3.6 Determination of Optimum Content
of Rejuvenator
In the present study, the optimum WEO dosage was deter-
mined by carrying out the PG grading tests on RAP binder
with WEO dosages of 16, 18, and 20%. The RAP binder
achieved a performance grading of PG 88-XX, though
the binder used was VG30 during the construction, which
corresponded to PG 64-XX. Therefore, the dosage cor-
responding to the target PG 64-XX was set as an optimum
rejuvenator dosage. Figure 2 shows the relation between
temperature and |G*|/sin δ for the RAP binder with WEO.
With an initial dose of 16%, the RAP binder achieved a PG
grading of PG 76-XX which was two grades lower than
the RAP binder alone. Further, when the WEO dosage was
increased to 18%, the RAP binder achieved a PG grad-
ing of PG 70-XX. The target grading of PG 64-XX was
achieved when the WEO dosage was increased to 20%.
Thus, 20% WEO was fixed as the optimum dosage of reju-
venator for the RAP binder.
3.7 Fractionated RAP Materials
Fractionation has been suggested as a process to provide bet-
ter control over the gradation and bitumen content [4]. The
fractionation process involves stockpiling the RAP mate-
rial into different heaps for providing greater flexibility in
designing the bituminous mixtures. Figure 3a–c show the
three different fractionation process adopted in this study.

Fig. 2  Relationship between 100

temperature and |G*|/sinδ RAP
16% WEO
18% WEO
10
20% WEO
|G*|/sin(δ)

VG30

0.1
58 64 70 76 82 88 94 100
Temperature (°C)

Fig. 3  Three levels of frac-

tionation a Un-fractionation b
2-Level fractionation c 3-Level
fractionation

13

3.7.1 Un ‑Fractionation
Figure 3a shows the process of un-fractionation. In this pro-
cess, material passing by 0.530 (13.2 mm) sieve and retained
on the pan was used to prepare the Marshall samples.
3.7.2 2‑level Fractionation
The 2-level fractionation is the most popularly adopted pro-
cess for separating the RAP material into coarse and fine
RAP stockpiles. In this study, No.4 (4.75 mm) sieve was
selected as a critical sieve to separate the RAP into two
stockpiles [2, 7, 24]. Figure 3b shows the process of the
2-level fractionation.
3.7.3 3‑Level Fractionation
Figure 3c shows the process of 3-level fractionation. In this
process, the original RAP material was separated into three
fractions and stored in stockpiles. In this study, along with
No.4 (4.75 mm) sieve, which is used in 2-level fractionation,
an additional sieve, No. 16 (1.18 mm) was also included.
3.8 Un‑Fractionated RAP Material
The sieve analysis was done for combined RAP and virgin
aggregates to ensure that the gradation conformed to DBM
grading adopted in this study. The Bituminous Concrete
grading I (BC-I), as per the Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways (MoRT&H) [25], was considered as the Dense
Bituminous Macadam (DBM) binder layer [26]. The virgin
aggregates were added to meet the desired gradation with
40, 50, and 60% RAP material, respectively. The sieve analy-
sis was carried out on ten samples by randomly sampling
the RAP material (passing 13.2 mm) from the stockpile to
check the gradation variation from the job mix formula. The
variation in gradation results helped arrive at a critical sieve
for separating the RAP material into stockpiles, as shown
in Fig. 4a–c. The trend lines from Fig. 4a–c represent the
extent of deviation from the job mix formula for 40, 50,
and 60% un-fractionated RAP, respectively. In most cases,
the un-fractionated RAP at 40, 50, and 60% showed sig-
nificant variation in the gradation compared with the job
mix formula. The variation was maximum at 4.75 mm and
1.18 mm sieve, and the fractionation sieve(s) was adopted
based on the maximum variation, which was then considered
as a critical sieve(s).
3.9 Gradation Variability with 2‑Level and 3‑Level
Fractionation
The average deviation from the job mix formula (JMF) for
40, 50, and 60% RAP with 2-level and 3-level fractionation
13
B. Katla et al.
processes are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. The sieve analysis was
carried out on ten samples by randomly selecting the RAP
(passing 13.2 mm) from the stockpile to check the gradation
variation from the Job Mix Formula (JMF). From Figs. 5 and
6, it was observed that the deviation increased significantly
with an increase in RAP content.
Figure 7a shows that there is a marginal deviation from
the JMF for un-fractionation (2–4%), whilst the 2-level frac-
tionation and 3-level fractionation showed similar results
(less than 2%) when 40% RAP material was used. Figure 7
(b) showed a significant deviation (2–7%) from the JMF for
un-fractionated RAP material, whilst the average deviation
from the JMF is in the range of 1 to 4% for 2-level frac-
tionation and from 0 to 1.5% for 3-level fractionation when
50% RAP was used. Similarly, Fig. 7c showed a significant
deviation (2–8%) from the JMF for un-fractionated RAP
material, whilst the average deviation from the JMF is in
the range of 1 to 6% and from 0 to 2% for 2-level fractiona-
tion, and 3-level fractionation, respectively. Hence, from the
sieve analysis, it can be inferred that a 2- level fractionation
can be adopted for RAP up to 40%, whilst it is necessary to
adopt a 3-level fractionation when 50 and 60% RAP is used,
to minimize the variability in the RAP gradation.
4 Mixture Design and Experimental
Approach
4.1 Mixture Design
In this study, the Marshall method of mixture design was
adopted in accordance with ASTM D6927 [27] and Asphalt
Institute’s manual series 2 (MS-2). For preparing the RAP
added bituminous mixture, the virgin aggregates, RAP mate-
rial, and the virgin bitumen were heated to the temperatures
of 180, 160, and 160 ℃, respectively [28, 29]. After mix-
ing, the mixture was placed in the oven at 140 °C for 2 h to
simulate the short-term aging. The short-term aged mixture
was then compacted in the Marshall mould by giving 75
blows on each face.
4.2 Volumetric Properties
The volumetric properties of mixtures have a very high
impact on the performance of bituminous pavements. The
air voids (Va) and voids in mineral aggregates (VMA) were
calculated by measuring the bulk density and maximum spe-
cific gravity (RICE method). The volumetric properties were
calculated, and the optimum binder content (OBC) arrived at
the target air voids of 4.0%. The OBC was approximated for
all the 3 fractionation levels as the variation was marginal.
Utilization of Higher Percentages of RAP for Improved Mixture Performance by Adopting the Process…
Fig. 4  RAP gradation variabil-
ity without fractionation a 40%
RAP b 50% RAP c 60% RAP
4.3 Marshall Stability Test
The Marshall stability test was conducted as per ASTM
D1559 [30] by placing the specimens in the water bath at
60 ℃ for 30 min before testing with a breaking head. The
specimen was subjected to a loading rate of 50 mm/min
until it fails. The flow value was noted (in mm) from the
dial gauge placed on the stability machine.
4.4 Indirect Tensile Strength Ratio (ITSR)
Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) test is extensively used to
assess moisture-induced damage of bituminous mixtures
[31]. The ITS test was carried out in accordance with
AASHTO T283. The moisture damage potential of bitumi-
nous mixtures at 40, 50, and 60% RAP with different frac-
tionation levels were evaluated using the ITSR approach.
13
 B. Katla et al.

Fig. 5  RAP gradation variability in 2-level fractionation a 40% RAP b 50% RAP c 60% RAP

13
Utilization of Higher Percentages of RAP for Improved Mixture Performance by Adopting the Process…

Fig. 6  RAP gradation variability in 3-level fractionation a 40% RAP b 50% RAP c 60% RAP

13

Fig. 7  RAP gradation standard deviation variability analysis a 40%
RAP material b 50% RAP material c 60% RAP material
The Marshall specimens, comprising of 63.5 ± 3 mm thick-
ness and 100 mm diameter, were prepared at the target air
voids of 7% using the Marshall mould. The ITSR was deter-
mined by computing the ITS ratio of the conditioned (wet)
sample to the ITS of the unconditioned (dry) sample.
4.5 Cantabro Loss
The abrasion resistance of the RAP mixtures was ascertained
in accordance with ASTM D 7064. The Marshall samples
were prepared following the similar procedure mentioned
in Sect. 4.4. Prior to testing, the specimens were kept in a
hot air oven at 25 ℃ for 4 h. The test temperature of the Los
Angeles (LA) abrasion drum was maintained as 25 ± 2 ℃.
Before testing, each specimen was weighed to the nearest
0.1 g. The specimens were placed in the LA drum without
any charge of steel spheres and subjected to 300 revolutions
(30 to 33 rpm). The tested specimen was then removed from
the LA machine, and the loose material was brushed off
13
B. Katla et al.
from the sample before taking the final weight. The loss in
the specimen mass as a percentage of the original mass dur-
ing the test was calculated and denoted as a mass loss (ML).
4.6 Statistical Analysis
To statistically compare the effect of fractionation on the
performance of RAP added mixtures, a one-way ANOVA
(analysis of variance) [α = 0.05] with Tukey–Kramer statis-
tical grouping was performed in Minitab 19 software. An α
value of 0.05 was selected to obtain a 95% confidence level.
The P-values for the independent variables with respect to
the dependent variables were obtained through the analysis.
For a 95% confidence interval, the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis are tested to check the significance of
the independent variables. If the P-value is less than the 95%
confidence interval [α = 0.05], the null hypothesis is sub-
jected to rejection, which shows that the independent vari-
ables have a significant effect on the dependent variable. In
this analysis, a minimum significant difference (MSD) was
calculated in the Tukey–Kramer statistical grouping method.
Tukey–Kramer statistical grouping results are grouped as A,
B, C, A/B, and B/C. If the bituminous mixtures are grouped
with a single letter, it indicates that their properties are sig-
nificantly different from each other, and if the mixtures are
grouped with a double letter, it indicates that the results
could befall in either category.
5 Discussion of Results
The Volumetric properties, Marshall stability, Indirect Ten-
sile Strength Ratio (ITSR), and Cantabro loss tests were
analyzed for the mixtures with 40, 50, and 60% RAP at 3
different levels of fractionation for determining the mean
value and the standard deviation.
5.1 Air Voids
Figure 8 shows the effect of fractionation on the variability
of air voids for mixtures with 40, 50, and 60% RAP content.
The air voids were reduced from 4.2 to 4.0%, 4.3 to 4.0%
and 4.4 to 4.2% from un-fractionation to 3-level fractiona-
tion for mixtures with 40, 50 and 60% RAP, respectively. It
was observed that, with the increase in RAP content, the air
voids increased, which can be attributed to the presence of
a stiffer RAP binder. The trend was similar to that reported
by Jia et al.[32] and Mogawar et al.[33]. Also, the varia-
tion in air voids increased with an increase in RAP content
from 40 to 60%. However, the standard deviation reduced
from 0.6 to 0.18%, 0.91 to 0.21% and 1.40 to 0.32% from
un-fractionation to 3-level fractionation for mixtures with
40, 50 and 60% RAP respectively. From the results, it can
Utilization of Higher Percentages of RAP for Improved Mixture Performance by Adopting the Process…

7.0 Un Fractionation 2 Level Fractionation 3 Level Fractionation 18 Un Fractionation 2 Level Fractionation 3 Level Fractionation

6.0 16

14
5.0
12
Air voids (%)

4.0 10

VMA
8
3.0
6
2.0
4
1.0 2

0
0.0
40 50 60
40 50 60

Fig. 8  Effect of fractionation levels on Air voids Fig. 9  Effect of fractionation levels on VMA

Table 7  ANOVA analysis for the effect of fractionation levels on Air Table 8, the post-ANOVA Tukey–Kramer statistical group-
voids (α = 0.05) ing was conducted to rank the mixtures based on the varia-
Test Factors F-value P-value tion in air voids. The statistical grouping analysis shows that
the 3-level fractionation significantly impacts the mixtures
Fractionation level RAP (%)
with 60% RAP than 40%. It was also observed that the other
Air voids Un fractionation 40, 50, 60 0.08 0.929 2-levels of fractionation have no significant difference in the
2-level fractionation 40, 50, 60 0.14 0.870 mean variation. Hence, it can be inferred from this analysis
3-level fractionation 40, 50, 60 6.65 0.030 that if the RAP content is increased to 50 or 60%, a 3-level
fractionation process is an essential requirement.

Table 8  Statistical groupings for the effect of fractionation levels on 5.2 Voids in Mineral Aggregates (VMA)
Air voids (α = 0.05)
Fractionation level RAP (%) Average 95% Grouping Figure 9 shows the effect of VMA on the level of fractiona-
Confidence tion for mixtures with 40, 50, and 60% RAP. The VMA
interval was reduced from 15.2 to 14.9%, 14.9 to 14.7% and 14.8 to
Un fractionation 60 4.6 (2.90, 6.20) A 14.4% from un-fractionation to 3-level fractionation for mix-
50 4.3 (2.67, 5.97) A tures with 40, 50, and 60% RAP, respectively. This reduction
40 4.2 (2.53, 5.83) A in the VMA may be due to the better packing efficiency of
2-level fractionation 60 4.3 (3.51, 5.02) A the RAP material by adopting a 3-level fractionation. Thus,
50 4.1 (3.34, 4.86) A it can be inferred that the fractionation process resulted in
40 4.0 (3.29, 4.79) A reduction of air voids and VMA, thereby densifying the bitu-
3-level fractionation 60 4.2 (4.11, 4.34) A minous mixture even further. It can also be observed that all
50 4.0 (3.93, 4.16) A/B the mixtures fulfill the minimum VMA requirement speci-
40 4.0 (3.86, 4.10) B fied by the Indian Specifications [25].
The VMA decreased with the increase in RAP, and this
result was similar to that reported by Kumari et al. [24]
be inferred that the variation in air voids in RAP added bitu- and Jia et al. [32]. The variation in VMA was significantly
minous mixture can be significantly minimized by adopting higher, with the increase in RAP content from 40 to 60%.
the fractionation process. However, the standard deviation reduced from 0.30 to
ANOVA was conducted to determine the significance of 0.09%, 0.78 to 0.12% and 1.62 to 0.23% from un-fraction-
fractionation on the air voids in the bituminous mixtures ation to 3-level fractionation for mixtures with 40, 50, and
with RAP. Tables 7 and 8 show the statistical grouping 60% RAP, respectively. From the results, it can be inferred
results for One-way ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer, respec- that the variation of VMA in RAP- added bituminous mix-
tively. From the results, it can be inferred that the 3-level ture could be significantly minimized by adopting the frac-
fractionation has a significant impact on the air voids, as tionation process.
the P value is less than 0.05. The 2-level fractionation and ANOVA was conducted to calculate the effect of VMA on
un-fractionation showed no significant impact on the air the level of fractionation in bituminous mixtures with RAP.
voids, as the P values were greater than 0.05. As shown in Tables 9 and 10 show the statistical grouping results for

13
 B. Katla et al.

Table 9  ANOVA analysis for the effect of fractionation levels on Un Fractionation 2 Level Fractionation 3 Level Fractionation
VMA (α = 0.05) 30

Test Factors F-value P-value

Marshall stability (kN)

25
Fractionation Llevel RAP (%)
20

VMA Un fractionation 40, 50, 60 0.12 0.890

15
2-level fractionation 40, 50, 60 1.14 0.381
3-level fractionation 40, 50, 60 45.34 0.000 10

One-way ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer, respectively. From 0

the results, it can be inferred that the 3-level fractionation
had a significant impact on VMA, as the P-value is less than
0.05. The 2-level fractionation and un-fractionation showed
no significant impact on VMA, as the P values were greater
than 0.05.
The post-ANOVA Tukey–Kramer statistical grouping was
carried out to rank the mixtures on the basis of variation in
VMA, shown in Table 10. The statistical grouping analysis
shows that the 3-level fractionation has a significant impact
on the bituminous mixtures with 60% RAP than the one with
40%. It is also found that the other two levels of fractionation
do not have a significant difference in the mean variation.
From this study, therefore, it can be inferred that a 3-level
fraction is an essential requirement if the RAP content is
increased to 60%.
5.3 Marshall Stability
Figure 10 shows the effect of Marshall stability on the level
of fractionation for mixtures with 40, 50 and, 60% RAP con-
tent. With the increase in RAP content, the Marshall stability
increased due to the presence of a stiffer RAP binder, result-
ing in an overall increase in mixture stiffness. The Marshall
Stability for a 3-level fractionation with 40, 50, and 60%
RAP added bituminous mixtures were noted to be 15 kN,
18 kN and 20 KN, which was reduced by 7, 6.9, and 12%,
respectively when compared with an un-fractionated RAP
mixture. Increasing the fractionation level from un-frac-
tionation to 3-level fractionation has reduced the Marshall
40 50 60
Fig. 10  Effect of fractionation levels on Marshall stability
stability of the bituminous mixtures, and this could be due
to controlled gradation with lesser fines. The results are in
good agreement with the previous researchers Taherkhani
and Noorian [34], and Zaumanis [3]. The variation in Mar-
shall Stability was increased with an increase in the RAP
content from 40 to 60%. However, the standard deviation
from un-fractionation to 3-level fractionation with 40, 50,
and 60% RAP was reduced from 2.69 to 1.20 kN, 3.79 to
1.60 kN, and 6.05 to 1.83 kN, respectively. From the results,
it can be inferred that, by adopting the fractionation process,
the variation of Marshall Stability in RAP- added mixture
could be minimized significantly.
The ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer results showing the
effect of fractionation levels on Marshall stability are given
in Tables 11 and 12, respectively. From the results, it can be
inferred that the 2 and 3-levels fractionation significantly
impact Marshall stability, as the P-values are less than 0.05.
The un-fractionated RAP mixture showed no significant
impact on Marshall stability as the P-value was greater than
0.05. As given in Table 12, the post-ANOVA Tukey–Kramer
statistical grouping was conducted for ranking the mixtures
based on the variation in Marshall stability. The un-frac-
tionated RAP mixtures showed a significant variation in
Marshall stability. Upon adopting a 2-level fractionation, the
variations in 40% RAP added mixtures were considerably

Table 10  Statistical groupings Fractionation level RAP (%) Average 95% Confidence interval Grouping
for the effect of fractionation
levels on VMA (α = 0.05) Un fractionation 60 14.75 (13.252, 16.254) A
50 14.92 (13.410, 16.412) A
40 15.17 (13.670, 16.672) A
2-level fractionation 60 14.47 (13.820, 15.137) A
50 14.77 (14.109, 15.427) A
40 15.05 (14.394, 15.711) A
3-level fractionation 60 14.45 (14.356, 14.554) C
50 14.72 (14.615, 14.814) B
40 15.00 (14.900, 15.098) A

13
Utilization of Higher Percentages of RAP for Improved Mixture Performance by Adopting the Process…

Table 11  ANOVA analysis for the effect of fractionation level on Un Fractionation 2 Level Fractionation 3 Level Fractionation
100
Marshall stability (α = 0.05)
90
Test Factors F-value P-value 80
70
Fractionation level RAP (%)
60

ITSR (%)
Marshall stability Un Fractionation 40, 50, 60 0.52 0.617 50

2-level Fractiona- 40, 50, 60 7.76 0.022 40

tion 30

3-level Fractiona- 40, 50, 60 23.28 0.001 20

tion 10
0
40 50 60

reduced. Further, the variations in 50 and 60% RAP were Fig. 11  Effect of fractionation levels on ITSR
also reduced significantly by adopting a 3-level fractiona-
tion. Hence, it can be inferred that a 2-level fractionation Table 13  ANOVA analysis for the effect of fractionation level on
is required for 40% RAP, and a 3-level fractionation is an ITSR (α = 0.05) aged
essential requirement for 50 and 60% RAP. Test Factors F-value P-value
Fractionation Level RAP (%)
5.4 ITSR
ITSR Un fractionation 40, 50, 60 0.73 0.521
The moisture susceptibility is a vital property that directly 2-level fractionation 40, 50, 60 1.64 0.269
affects the durability and performance of the bituminous 3-level fractionation 40, 50, 60 4.44 0.066
mixtures. A higher ITSR value indicates that the mixtures
are highly resistant to moisture damage [25, 27, 29, 30].
Figure 11 shows the effect of ITSR on fractionation in bitu- The ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer results showing the
minous mixtures with 40, 50 and, 60% RAP. All the mix- effect of fractionation levels on the ITSR are given in
tures achieved the minimum ITSR value of 80% specified Tables 13 and 14, respectively. From the results, it can
in the MoRT&H [24]. Results showed that with the increase be inferred that the un-fractionation, 2-level, and 3-levels
in RAP from 40 to 60% the resistance against the moisture fractionation showed no significant impact on ITSR, as
damage was also increased. One of the primary factors con- the P values were greater than 0.05. The P-value of the
tributing to the increase in ITS could be an aged binder as un-fractionated RAP mixture (0.521) was much higher
ITS is a binder-dependent test [24, 29, 35, 36]. The variation than the 2-level (0.269), and 3-level (0.066) fractionated
in ITSR increased significantly with an increase in the RAP RAP mixtures. As shown in Table 14, the post-ANOVA
content from 40 to 60%. The standard deviation decreased Tukey–Kramer statistical grouping was conducted to rank
from 4.87 to 2.45%, 5.22 to 2.56%, and 6.49 to 3.55% with the mixtures based on the variation in the ITSR. This sug-
40, 50, and 60% RAP, respectively, when moved from un- gests that there was a significant variation in the ITSR
fractionation to 3-level fractionation. From the results, it values with un-fractionated RAP. With a 2-level fractiona-
can be inferred that the variation in ITSR with higher RAP tion, the variation was reduced marginally, and a signifi-
content (40, 50, and 60%) can be minimized significantly by cant reduction in variation was observed with a 3-level
adopting fractionation.

Table 12  Statistical groupings Fractionation level RAP (%) Average 95% Confidence interval Grouping
for the effect of fractionation
level on Marshall stability Un fractionation 60 21.3 (15.36, 25.82) A
(α = 0.05)
50 18.8 (14.72, 22.89) A
40 16.1 (10.85, 21.36) A
2-level fractionation 60 20.0 (17.12, 22.51) A
50 17.8 (14.52, 20.98) A/B
40 15.1 (12.23, 17.87) B
3-level fractionation 60 19.9 (18.43, 21.27) A
50 17.5 (15.63, 19.55) B
40 14.9 (13.16, 16.89) C

13
 B. Katla et al.

Table 14  Statistical groupings Fractionation level RAP (%) Average 95% Confidence interval Grouping
for the effect of fractionation
level on ITSR (α = 0.05) aged Un fractionation 60 89.23 (81.36, 97.09) A
50 87.36 (79.49, 95.22) A
40 83.83 (75.96, 91.69) A
2-level fractionation 60 89.08 (83.79, 94.37) A
50 87.84 (82.55, 93.13) A
40 83.78 (78.49, 89.07) A
3-level fractionation 60 89.37 (85.42, 93.31) A
50 87.91 (83.97, 91.85) A
40 82.90 (78.95, 86.84) A

fractionation. It can be inferred from the results that the
fractionation process has no significant effect on the ITSR.
5.5 Cantabro Test
Generally, Cantabro test is used for evaluating the bonding
and cohesion between the aggregate and binder [37]. It is
also used for assessing the abrasion resistance of the bitu-
minous mixtures. The resistance of the mixture to raveling
failure is indicated by a lower Mass Loss (ML). Figure 12
shows the Cantabro test specimens before and after test-
ing. From the figures, it was found that the ML was highest
for 60% un-fractionated RAP and least for 40% at a 3-level
fractionation. Figure 13 shows the ML for 60% RAP-added
mixtures with un-fractionated, 2-level and 3-level fractiona-
tion. The figure indicates that the variation in ML was signif-
icantly higher for un-fractionated RAP and relatively lesser
for 3-level fractionation.
From Fig. 14, it was found that ML increased with the
increase in RAP content from 40 to 60%. It can be observed
that the ML was reduced by adopting 2-level and 3-level
fractionated RAP, whilst the ML was higher with an un-
fractionated RAP material. This is due to the presence of
aged RAP binder in an inhomogeneous RAP material result-
ing in mixture brittleness. In addition, it was observed that
there was a significant variation in ML for un-fractionated
RAP and the variation was reduced to a marginal value by
adopting a 3-level fractionation. This reduction in variation
was due to the controlled aggregate gradation with lesser
fines resulting in a relatively lower mixture stiffness. The
standard deviation was reduced from 3.21 to 0.58%, 5.29 to
1.16%, and 7.51 to 1.53% from un-fractionated to a 3-level
fractionation with 40, 50, and 60% RAP content, respec-
tively. From the results, it can be inferred that the variation
of ML in RAP mixture can be minimized significantly by
adopting the fractionation process.
The ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer results showing the
effect of fractionation levels on ML are given in Tables 15
and 16, respectively. From the results, it can be inferred that
the 2 and 3- levels fractionation has a significant impact on
the ML, as the P-values were less than 0.05, whilst the un-
fractionated RAP showed no significant impact on ML, as

Fig. 12  Cantabro test specimens—before testing a Un-fractionation b 2-level fractionation c 3-level fractionation; after testing d Un-fractiona-
tionUn fractionation e 2-level fractionation f 3-level fractionation

13
Utilization of Higher Percentages of RAP for Improved Mixture Performance by Adopting the Process…

Fig. 13  Mass loss (ML) of 60% RAP with different fractionation level

30 Un Fractionation 2 Level Fractionation 3 Level Fractionation the P value was greater than 0.05. From Table 16, it can be
seen that the un-fractionated RAP showed similar ranking
25
for 40, 50 and 60% RAP mixtures. At 2-level fractionation
20
40 and 50% RAP, statistically, had a similar ranking, but
Mass loss(%)

was lower than 60% RAP. When a 3-level fractionation was

17.33 17

15
11.67
13 12.667 adopted, the ranking was C, B and A with 40, 50 and 60%
10
10.333
8.333
RAP, respectively. This indicated that 40% RAP had lower
6.67
5.333
ML, 50% RAP had moderate ML and 60% RAP had rela-
5 tively higher ML. Therefore, from the analysis, it can be
inferred that for 40 and 50% RAP mixtures, a 2-level frac-
0
40 50 60 tionation may be sufficient to reduce the variation in ML, a
3-level fractionation is necessary to reduce the variation in
Fig. 14  Effect of fractionation levels on Mass loss ML with 60% RAP.

Table 15  ANOVA analysis for the effect of fractionation level on

Cantabro loss (α = 0.05) Aged 6 Conclusions
Test Factors F-value P-value The fractionation process and its effect on the utilization of
Fractionation level RAP (%) higher RAP percentages (40, 50 and 60) in the bituminous
mixtures was evaluated in this study. All permutations of
Cantabro loss Un fractionation 40, 50, 60 0.83 0.479
three fractionation levels (un-fractionation, 2-level frac-
2-level fractionation 40, 50, 60 21.17 0.002
tionation and 3-level fractionation) and three RAP material
3-level fractionation 40, 50, 60 30.58 0.001
percentages (40, 50, and 60) were studied. This study con-
sisted of volumetric properties, Marshall parameters, Mass

Table 16  Statistical groupings Fractionation level RAP (%) Average 95% confidence interval Grouping
for the effect of fractionation
level on Cantabro loss (α = 0.05) Un fractionation 60 17.33 (9.40, 25.27) A
aged
50 13.00 (5.06, 20.94) A
40 11.67 (3.73, 19.60) A
2-level fractionation 60 17.00 (14.21, 19.79) A
50 10.33 (7.54, 13.11) B
40 6.67 (3.88, 9.45) B
3-level fractionation 60 12.67 (11.03, 14.29) A
50 8.34 (6.70, 9.96) B
40 5.34 (3.70, 6.96) C

13

Loss, and moisture sensitivity tests. The RAP mixtures were
prepared with 20% WEO as a rejuvenator. The following
conclusions were made from the results.
1. From the statistical analysis, it can be concluded that
if the RAP content is increased to 50 or 60%, a 3-level
fractionation process is an essential requirement to mini-
mize the variability in the air void content.
2. From the study, it can be concluded that a 3-level
fractionation process is an essential requirement for
minimizing the VMA variability if the RAP content is
increased to 60% in the bituminous mixtures. However,
a 2-level fractionation process can also be adopted with
40 and 50% RAP content.
3. From the ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer statistical group-
ing findings, it can be concluded that a 2-level fractiona-
tion process is a requirement with 40% RAP content, but
a 3-level fractionation process has to be adopted with 50
and 60% RAP content for minimizing the variability in
Marshall stability.
4. The fractionation process had no significant impact on
the ITSR with the increase in RAP content from 40 to
60%. However, the variability was significant in un-
fractionated RAP.
5. The un-fractionated RAP had a higher variability in ML,
whilst the 2-level fractionation significantly reduced
the ML variability with 40 and 50% RAP content. The
reduction in ML variability was marginal with 60% RAP
content at a 2-level fractionation. A 3-level fractionation
showed a significant reduction in ML variability when
60% RAP was used. Hence, it can be concluded that a
3-level fractionation process is necessary to reduce the
ML in the bituminous mixtures with 60% RAP content.
Author Contributions  The authors confirm contribution to the paper
as follows: study conception and design: SR, BK, AW; data collec-
tion: AW, VD; analysis and interpretation of results: BK, SR; draft
manuscript preparation: SR, BK. All authors reviewed the results and
approved the final version of the manuscript.
Declarations  oil and waste cooking oil. International Journal of Pavement
Conflict of interest  The authors declare that they have no competing
interests.
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Evaluation of mechanical properties and aging index of 10-year ble material for pavement con-
field aged asphalt materials. Construction and Building Materials, struction. His main focus in on
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22. ASTM D2172/D2172M-17 “Standard test methods for quanti- in bituminous mixtures. His
tative extraction of asphalt binder from asphalt mixtures.,” in: research area includes the frac-
ASTM, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, tionation of RAP material, rheo-
2017: p. 10. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1520/​D2172_​D2172M-​17E01. logical study of the binders and
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24. Kumari, M., Ransinchung, G., & Singh, S. (2018). A laboratory nous mixtures with different rejuvenators. He has also developed a
investigation on Dense Bituminous Macadam containing differ- modified binder with a low-viscosity binder for maximizing the RAP
ent fractions of coarse and fine RAP. Construction and Building content in the design of bituminous mixtures with improved perfor-
Materials, 191, 655–666. mance. In addition, he is also involved in the various quality assurance
25. MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highway). (2013). of road projects in the department. He is presently working under the
Specifications for road and bridge works. MoRTH. guidance of Prof. Sridhar Raju.
26. Kandhal, P., Veeraragavan, A., & Jain, R. (2010). Guidelines for
Long Lasting Bituminous Pavements in India. In: Journal of the Dr. Sridhar Raju  completed his
Indian Roads Congress, Paper (No. 564). BE in civil engineering and ME
27. ASTM, A., (2015). D6927–15 Standard test method for Marshall in highway engineering from
stability and flow of asphalt mixtures. West Conshohocken, PA, Bangalore University. He is cur-
USA: ASTM International. rently an Associate Professor in
28. Xie, Z., Rizvi, H., Purdy, C., Ali, A., & Mehta, Y. (2019). Effect of the department of civil engineer-
rejuvenator types and mixing procedures on volumetric properties ing at BITS Pilani Hyderabad
of asphalt mixtures with 50% RAP. Construction and Building Campus and was head of depart-
Materials, 218, 457–464. ment of civil engineering from
29. Bhanuprasad, K., Raju, S., Sarkar, A. K., Singh, S. K., & Ravin- 2016 to 2020. From 2009 to
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(RAP) material in asphalt mixtures. In: AAPA International flex- Researcher at Shell India Mar-
ible pavements conference (18th edn). Sydney, New South Wales, kets Private Limited, Bangalore.
Australia. He did his Ph.D. from IIT
30. ASTM, D. (1989). Test method for resistance of plastic flow of Kharagpur in 2009. From 1999
bituminous mixtures using Marshall apparatus. to 2005, he was a scientist in
31. Arepalli, U. M., Kottayi, N. M., & Mallick, R. B. (2019). Moisture flexible pavements division at Central Road Research Institute (CRRI),
susceptibility evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: combined effect of New Delhi. His area of interest includes the forensic investigation of
traffic and moisture. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., 12, 206–214. flexible pavements, remedial measures for minimizing top-down crack-
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waste engine oil on asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt ment of polymer-modified bitumen using low-density polyethylene
pavement. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27(12), plastic waste, gap-graded rubber asphalt mixtures and warm mix
04015042. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1061/​(ASCE)​MT.​1943-​5533.​00012​ asphalt. He is also interested in the area of pavement asset management
92. system, development of back-calculation model for overlay design. He
33. Mogawer, W. S., Booshehrian, A., Vahidi, S., & Austerman, A. is working on central and state government sponsored research
J. (2013). Evaluating the effect of rejuvenators on the degree of projects.
blending and performance of high RAP, RAS, and RAP/RAS mix-
tures. Road Materials and Pavement Design., 14, 193–213. https://​ Akshay Ravindra Waim  is a post-
doi.​org/​10.​1080/​14680​629.​2013.​812836. graduate student in the Depart-
34. Taherkhani, H., & Noorian, F. (2020). Comparing the effects of ment of Transportation Engi-
waste engine and cooking oil on the properties of asphalt concrete neering (Civil Engineering) at
containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Road Materials BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Cam-
and Pavement Design s., 21, 1238–1257. pus. His master’s thesis is
35. Al-Qadi, I. L., Aurangzeb, Q., Carpenter, S. H., Pine, W. J., & focused on reducing the grada-
Trepanier, J. (2012). Impact of high RAP contents on structural tion variability in the reclaimed
and performance properties of asphalt mixtures. asphalt pavement by using the
36. Singh, D., Chitragar, S. F., & Ashish, P. K. (2017). Comparison of concept of dynamic fractiona-
moisture and fracture damage resistance of hot and warm asphalt tion. In addition, he is also
mixes containing reclaimed pavement materials. Construction and involved in studies relating to
Building Materials, 157, 1145–1153. sustainable construction materi-
37. Cox, B. C., Smith, B. T., Howard, I. L., & James, R. S. (2017). als, bitumen rheology, and multi-
State of knowledge for Cantabro testing of dense graded asphalt. criteria optimization.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 29, 4017174.

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 B. Katla et al.

Venkata Akhilesh Danam  is a

postgraduate student in the
Department of Transportation
Engineering (Civil Engineering)
at BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Cam-
pus. His master’s thesis is
focused on evaluating the advan-
tages of utilizing SBS-modified
binder in low-viscosity binder
for the development of high-
RAP content bituminous mix-
tures. In addition, he is has car-
ried out microstructural studies
on modified binders with RAP
binder. His area of interest
includes the sustainable pave-
ment materials for long-lasting and durable roads.

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