Structures for realization of discrete time systems

Structures for realization of FIR discrete systems

Realization of FIR direct form structure
Realization of FIR cascade form structure-2 order
Realization of FIR cascade form structure-4 order
Realization of FIR cascade form structure- compare
Realization of IIR direct form structure
Realization of IIR direct form structure
Realization of IIR cascade form structure
Realization of IIR cascade form structure
Realization of IIR parallel form structure
Realization of IIR parallel form structure
Realization of IIR structure- Example
Realization of IIR structure- Example contd.
Realization of IIR structure- Example contd.

IMP: Recombining pair of

poles to make 2nd order filter
modules makes the
coefficients real – so avoids
complex multiplications and
easy realization /
implementation as in 1st order
(See coeffs. A3 and A*3).
 Quantization of Filter coefficients

•In realization of FIR and IIR filters in

hardware or in software on PCs, the
accuracy with which filter coefficients
can be specified is limited by the word
length of the computer or the length of
the register used to store the
coefficients.
•Since filter coefficients are not exact,
the actual poles and zeros will be
different from their desired values.
Sensitivity to quantization of Filter coefficients
 Sensitivity to quantization of Filter coefficients-contd.

How to relate error in pole to quantization error in ??

Relation of error in pole to quantization error in
Relation of error in pole to quantization error in
Relation of error in pole to quantization error in

Imp: Error in pole can be minimized by realizing a filter

having a large number of poles and zeros as an
interconnection of second order filter sections.
Quantization of filter coefficients- Contd.
Quantization of filter coefficients- Contd.
Quantization of filter coefficients- Contd.
Two different realizations of a two pole IIR filter-comparison
Two different realizations of a two pole IIR filter-comparison
Types of realization of second order IIR filter
 Types of realization of second order IIR filter

Conclusion ??
Sensitivity to quantization of IIR Filter coefficients (cascade realization) - example
Sensitivity to quantization of IIR Filter coefficients (parallel realization) - example
Sensitivity to quantization of IIR Filter coefficients (parallel realization) - example
Sensitivity to quantization of IIR Filter coefficients (parallel realization) - example
Quantization of Filter coefficients in FIR filters
Quantization of Filter coefficients in FIR filters
Quantization of Filter coefficients in FIR filters- Example