pLm­L S¡e¡C Bj¡l B¿¹¢lL p¤¤i L¡je¡,

a¡q­m ­c¢l e¡ L­l öl¦ Ll¡ k¡L

-----------fËbj AdÉ¡u----------

Bj¡l j­a, Bf¢e HLh¡l ­R¡V L­l öl¦ e¡ Ll­m h¡­u¡gÓ­Ll iu

L¡V­he¡, a¡C ­R¡­V¡ L­l °L j¡R ¢c­u öl¦ Ll¦e, ­cM¤e iu ­L­V k¡­h
Hhw A­eL ¢LR¥ ¢nM­a f¡l­hez qu­a¡ HL¢ce Bj¡l ­b­LJ i¡­m¡
¢n­M k¡­hez

gÓL ¢L?

S­m ¢h¢iæ Ef¡c¡e ­kje- nÉ¡Jm¡,j¡­Rl jm,Ah¢nø M¡h¡l HC ph à¡l¡

N¢Wa HL lLj S­m AdÑ i¡­p¡j¡e hÙ¹¥, M¡¢m ­Q¡­M hs p¡C­Sl gÓL
…­m¡ ­cM¡ k¡u, ¢L¿¹ ­R¡­V¡ p¡CS Hl gÓL …­m¡ ­cM¡ k¡u e¡z

h¡­u¡gÓL ¢L?

¢h‘¡­el i¡o¡u h¡­u¡ j¡­eC S£he, a¡q­m hm¡ k¡u gÓL H S£he b¡­L,
Ab¡v HV¡ hm¡ k¡u ­k gÓL q­µR EfL¡l£ S£h¡e¤­cl h¡p¡ h¡dy¡l Olz

EfL¡l£ hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ …­m¡­L q¡¢au¡l L­l Bjl¡ Sm­L ¢WL l¡M­h¡ AbÑ¡v
j¡­Rl r¢aL¡lL ¢ho …­m¡ eø Ll­h¡z HL Lb¡C hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ S­ml VÉ¡­ˆ
f¡me Llh, a¡l g­m Bj¡­cl j¡R Evf¡ce ¢V q­u k¡­hz
fËh¡­u¡¢VL ¢L?

fËh¡­u¡¢VL q­µR p¤¤ç AhÙÛ¡u b¡L¡ EfL¡l£ hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ (S£h¡e¤)z

­kje ¢Xj h¡ ­L¡­e¡ n­oÉl h£S ­kje p¤¤ç AhÙÛ¡u b¡­L, ¢e¢cÑø f¢l­hn
­f­m SeÈ ¢e­a b¡­L, ­aje fËh¡­u¡¢VL A¢„­Se,­j¡m¡¢pp,Sm HC …­m¡
­f­m ­fË¡h¡­u¡¢VL ­b­L EfL¡l£ hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ SeÈ ¢e­a b¡­Lz

Bl HC i¡­h S£¢ha L­l ­a¡m¡l fÜ¢a ­L ­fË¡h¡­u¡¢VL AÉ¡¢ƒ¢ine

h­mz

EfL¡l£ S£h¡e¤l¡ L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡­ˆ (j¡R Q¡­ol ­Q±h¡µQ¡u) L¡S Ll¡l

SeÉ V¡L¡ ­eu e¡, Jl¡ Sm-A¢„­Se R¡s¡ B­l¡ c¤¢V ¢S¢ep Q¡u, ¢L ¢L
hm¢R
1) ­j¡m¡¢pp (L¡hÑe)
2) j¡R ­b­L Evfæ qJu¡ AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ (NH /NH ).3 4

j¡R ­b­L Evfæ AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ VÉ¡­ˆl Sm ­b­L ­f­u k¡u Bl ­j¡m¡¢pp

Bjl¡ S­m ¢c­a b¡L­h¡, a¡q­mC pjpÉ¡ ¢j­V ­Nmz a¡q­mC h¡­u¡gÓ­L
j¡R Q¡o q­u ­Nm

¢L¿¹ ph ¢LR¥ ­cJu¡l HL¢V ¢euj B­R, ­pC ¢S¢ep …­m¡C Bjl¡
¢nM­h¡z

¢L.........? f¡WLNe ­h¡T¡ k¡­µR ­a¡? Lf¡­m i¡S f­s¢e­a¡........?

jnLl¡ Llm¡j, ¢LR¥ j­e Ll­he e¡
 ----------¢àa£u AdÉ¡u--------

B¢j M¤h pqS i¡­h h¡­u¡gÓ­Ll ¢hou¢V ­h¡T¡h¡l SeÉ ¢LR¥ Ec¡qlZ
¢c­a b¡L­h¡-

öl¦ Ll¡ k¡L, a­h HL¢V Lb¡ h¢m Bj¡l HC hC¢V h¡l h¡l fs­m
pqS j­e q­hz

Bjl¡ k¡l¡ i¡a l¡æ¡ Ll­a f¡¢l a¡­cl L¡­R i¡a l¡æ¡ L¢We hÉ¡f¡l?
e¡ pqS hÉ¡f¡l? pqS hÉ¡f¡l hm­Re ­a¡, h¤­T¢R

­pC lLj, k¡l¡ HLh¡l-c¤h¡l ¢h­u¡gÓL L­l­R a¡­cl L¡­RJ pqS hÉ¡f¡l,
k¢c M¤h S¢Vm hÉ¡f¡l qa, a¡q­m e¡C­S¢lu¡,C­¾c¡­e¢nu¡l j­a¡ ­cn
…­m¡­a ­R¡V ­R¡V ­R­m ­j­u Hhw A¢n¢ra ­m¡L …­m¡ h¡­u¡gÓ­L j¡R
Q¡o Ll­a¡ ¢L i¡­hz

Bjl¡ h¡wP¡¢ml¡ h¤¢Ü Lj, HC Lb¡ i¡h­Re e¡ ­a¡?

jq¡L¡n N­hnZ¡, mÉ¡hV¡¢l ¢lp¡QÑ, ¢LR¥ B¢h×L¡l HC pjÙ¹ S¢Vm ¢ho­u

Bj¡­cl h¡wP¡m£­cl hs i¥¢jL¡ B­R, H­a¡ ¢LR¥ Ll­a f¡l­m h¡­u¡gÓL
Ll­a f¡­h¡e¡? AhnÉu f¡l­h¡
Hh¡l L¡­Sl Lb¡u B¢p,

phS£ l¡æ¡ Ll­a ­N­m ­kje L­uL¢V Ef¡c¡e Hhw ¢e¢cÑ¢ø pj­u ­cJu¡l
hÉ¡f¡l b¡­L ¢WL ­ajeC h¡­u¡gÓ­LJ ¢LR¥ Ef¡c¡e h¡ ¢e¢cÑø pj­u fË­u¡N
Ll¡l hÉ¡f¡l b¡­Lz

phS£ l¡æ¡ Ll­a ­N­m ­kje - qm¤c,mˆ, mhe CaÉ¡¢c m¡­N ­aje
h¡­u¡gÓ­L Q¡o Ll­a ­N­m- ­fË¡h¡­u¡¢VL, ­j¡m¡¢pp (¢QV¡ …s), mhe,
h¡a¡p, f¢lj¡f Ll¡l SeÉ ¢LR¥ ­VØV¡l Hl fË­u¡Se quz

­R¡­V¡­hm¡ ­b­L ö­e Bp¢R , HL¢V ­Q±hµQ¡u j¡R R¡s­m q­he¡ j­l
k¡­hz ¢L¿¹ ­LJ ­i­h ­c­Me¡ ­L­e¡ q­he¡, k¢c Bjl¡ i¡ha¡j h¡ ­Qø¡
Lla¡j a¡q­m qu­a¡ h¡l h¡l hÉ¡bÑ q¡h¡l f­l Bjl¡ S¡e­a f¡la¡j
­Le que¡ h¡ ¢L Ll­m quz ¢h‘¡e£l¡ ­i­h ­c­M­R Hhw ­pC ­Qø¡u
pgm q­u­R Hhw HC fÜ¢a¢Vl e¡j ¢c­u­R h¡­u¡gÓL
 -----------a«a£u AdÉ¡u----------

Hh¡l Bjl¡ S¡e­h¡ h¡­u¡gÓL e¡ L­l k¢c Bjl¡ ­Q±h¡µQ¡­a (VÉ¡­ˆ) j¡R
L¢l a¡q­m ¢L ¢L Ap¤¤¢hd¡ q­h Hhw ­Le j¡R j­l k¡­h,
HV¡ S¡e­a f¡l­m h¡­u¡gÓL Ll¡ pqS q­h, a¡C Bj¡­cl S¡e¡l clL¡l

fËbj Lb¡ VÉ¡­ˆ Bjl¡ j¡R Q¡o Ll­m h¡C­ll h¡a¡p S­ml ¢ia­l
fË­hn L­le¡ h¡ S­m j¡R ­h¢n b¡­L h­m S­ml ph A¢„­Se ­no q­u
k¡u, Bjl¡ S¡¢e Sm ­b­L A¢„­Se ¢e­u j¡R ­h­Qy b¡­Lz

a¡q­m Bjl¡ j¡R Q¡o Ll­a ­N­m Bj¡­cl S­m A¢„­Se ¢c­a
q­h, ka ­h¢n j¡R aa ­h¢n A¢„­Se ­fË¡­u¡Se, Bjl¡ HL¢V h¡a¡p
°al£ L­l Hje k¿» (Hu¡l f¡Çf) ­eh Hhw HC Hu¡l f¡­Çfl p¡q¡­kÉ
Bjl¡ S­m h¡a¡p ­jn¡­h¡ (Hu¡­lne ­ch) z h¡a¡p ¢c­mC S­m
A¢„­Se ¢j­n k¡­hz

j¡­Rl jm, M¡h¡­ll Ah¢nø Awn HC ­e¡wl¡ fc¡bÑ …­m¡ VÉ¡­ˆl am¡u
fË¢a¢ce Sj­a b¡­L, ­ke e¡ Sj­a f¡­l a¡C Bjl¡ Hu¡­lne ­hn£
j¡œ¡u ­ch a¡q­m ¢e­Q e¡ S­j S­ml p¡­b Efl ¢eQ L­l ­Mm¡ Ll­a
b¡L­h, HV¡C ­a¡ Bj¡­cl clL¡lz

j¡­Rl jm h¡ M¡h¡­ll Ah¢nø S­m ¢j­n ­N­m, A­eL lLj Nå Evfæ

qu, ­pC Nå (NÉ¡p) j¡­Rl HLcj i¡­m¡ m¡­Ne¡ h¡ j¡œ¡l ­b­L ­h¢n
q­u ­N­m j¡R j­lJ k¡uz HC NÉ¡p …­m¡l ¢ia­l ph ­b­L M¡l¡f NÉ¡p
c¤¢V q­µR -
1) AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ (NH /NH )
3 4

2) e¡CVÊ¡CV (NO -)
2

B­l¡ HL¢V NÉ¡p ­cM¡ k¡u e¡C­VÊV (NO3)

HC jq¡ nœ¥ NÉ¡p …­m¡­L c§l Ll­a q­h h¡ L¢j­u ¢c­a q­hz
Bl HC L¡S¢V Ll­h L¡l¡ S¡­ee?

HC L¡S¢V Ll­h EfL¡l£ S£h¡e¤l cm (hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡) k¡­cl­L Bjl¡ ­Q¡­M

­cM­a e¡ ­f­mJ ­M­a ¢c¢µR, A¢„­Se ¢c¢µR, m¡me f¡me Ll¢R Hhw
hy¡p¡ h¡d¡l SeÉ Ol ¢c¢µR(gÓL)z

hÉ¡­ƒ¢lu¡ …­m¡ f¤o¢R, a¡q­m hÉ¡­ƒ¢lu¡ …­m¡ ¢LR¥­a¡ ­c­h Bj¡­cl,

qÉ¡y hÉ¡­ƒ¢lu¡ …­m¡ S­m Evfæ qJu¡ HC c¤C r¢aL¡lL NÉ¡p …­m¡­L
eø L­l ­c­hz

HC hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ …­m¡ ¢Li¡­h L¡S L­l HLV¥ hm¢R, gÓ­L j§ma c¤C
fËS¡¢al hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ b¡­L (¢ho­c k¡¢µRe¡, clLl¡J ­eC)z

HLfËS¡¢al hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡­L ­M­u h¡ ­i­P e¡CVÊ¡CV H f¢lea

L­l, Bl HL S¡¢al hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ e¡CVÊ¡CV ­L e¡C­VÊV H f¢lea L­lz
e¡C­VÊV ¢L¿¹¥ ­h¢n r¢a L­l e¡z
 -------------Qa¥bÑ AdÉ¡u----------------

h¡­u¡gÓL Q¡o¢V B¢j Bj¡l ¢q­p­h 2 i¡­N i¡N Ll­h¡-

1) Bj¡l fÜ¢a h¡ pqS fÜ¢a

2) S¢Vm fÜ¢a h¡ ¢hÙ¹¡¢la fÜ¢a

fËb­j B­m¡Qe¡ Llh pqS fÜ¢a ¢e­u, HC fÜ¢a L¡­l¡ fÜ¢al p¡­b
e¡ ¢jm q­aJ f¡­l, ¢L¿¹ L¡kÑLlz

fËh¡­u¡¢VL ¢e­S h¡e¡­e¡ k¡u, ­p Lb¡ HL pju B­m¡Qe¡ Llh, ¢e­S

h¡e¡­e¡l Q¡C­a ­k ­L¡e ­L¡Çf¡¢el fËh¡­u¡¢VL ¢L­e öl¦ Ll¡ i¡­m¡,
L¡le ­L¡Çf¡¢el fËh¡­u¡¢VL mÉ¡­h¡V¡¢l­a h¡e¡­e¡ qu, A­eL
f¢lr¡-¢e¢lr¡ L­l, ­L¡Çf¡¢el fËh¡­u¡¢VL M¤h i¡­m¡ L¡S L­l

a¡C k¡l¡ ea¥e öl¦ Ll­a Q¡C­Re, a¡l¡ ¢e­Sl h¡e¡­e¡ fËh¡­u¡¢VL ¢e­u
öl¦ Ll¡l Lb¡ e¡ i¡h¡C i¡­m¡ z fËh¡­u¡¢VL h¡e¡­e¡l SeÉ ¢lp¡QÑ L­l
V¡Cj eø e¡ Ll¡C i¡­m¡z
fËb­j fËh¡­u¡¢VL AÉ¡L¢V­iV Ll­h¡, ¢L i¡­h ­p¢V hm¢R-

5000 ¢mV¡l S­ml SeÉ, 20 ¢mV¡l Hl HL¢V f¡­œ 10-15 ¢mV¡l Sm

­eh Hhw ­pC S­m 200 NË¡j ­j¡m¡¢pp (¢Q­V …s) J 100 NË¡j
fËh¡­u¡¢VL ¢j¢n­u 3 ¢ce m¡N¡a¡l/L¢¾V¢eJ Hu¡­lne Q¡¢m­u l¡M­h¡z j­e
l¡M­a q­h fË¢a¢ce HL¢V f¢lú¡l m¡¢W à¡l¡ fËh¡­u¡¢VL ­jn¡­e¡ Sm¢V
c¤C ­hm¡ i¡­m¡ L­l O¤¢m­u/­e­s ¢c­a q­h, ­ke hÉ¡L­V¢lu¡ …­m¡ ¢e­Q
S­j e¡ k¡uz

Hhw ­pC HLC pj­u, L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡­ˆ A­dÑL Sm i­l, a¡­a fË¢a q¡S¡l
¢mV¡l S­ml SeÉ 1 ­L¢S ­j¡m¡¢pp Hhw 1 ­L¢S e¤e (B­u¡¢Xe j¤š²)
¢j¢n­u Hu¡­lne ­chz

Ec¡qlZ, dl¦e Bj¡l 5000 ¢mV¡l S­ml VÉ¡ˆ, a¡q­m B¢j 2500
¢mV¡l fËb­j Sm il­h¡ Hhw 2.5 ­L¢S ­j¡m¡¢pp Hhw 2.5 ­L¢S mhe
¢j¢n­u Hu¡­lne ¢c­u ­l­M ­ch 3 ¢ce Hl SeÉz

HL¢c­L fËh¡­u¡¢VL Hhw Afl¢c­L VÉ¡­ˆl Sm Hl Hu¡­lne ­k¢ce 3

¢ce f§ZÑ q­h, a¡l f­ll ¢ce AÉ¡L¢V­iV Ll­a ­cJu¡ ­fË¡h¡­u¡¢VL …­m¡
L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡­ˆl S­ml Q¡¢lf¡­n ­Y­m ¢c­a q­hz
HC AhÙÛ¡u L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡­ˆ ­fË¡h¡­u¡¢VL ­jn¡­e¡l f­l B­l¡ 3 ¢ce
Hu¡­lne ¢c­u l¡M­a q­hz

fËh¡­u¡¢VL ­jn¡­e¡l B­N 3 ¢ce Hu¡­lne Hhw fËh¡­u¡¢VL ­jn¡­e¡l

f­l 3 ¢ce, a¡q­m L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡­ˆl fËÙ¹¥¢a ­j¡V 6 ¢ce f§ZÑ qm, Hh¡l
L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡­ˆ j¡R R¡s¡ ­k­a f¡­lz HC 6 ¢ce Hl ¢ial gÓL °al£
que¡, j¡R R¡s¡l 2-6¢ce fl ­b­L gÓL SeÈ ­eJu¡ öl¦ L­lz
HM¡­e HL¢V Lb¡ h­m l¡¢M, HC pqS fÜ¢a­a °L/¢n¢P/j¡…l HC j¡R
…­m¡ i¡­m¡ i¡­h Ll¡ k¡­hz HC pqS fÜ¢a­a ­am¡¢fu¡,¢Qws£,f¡‰¡p
Ll¡ HLV¥ j¤p¢Lmz
L¡lZ Bjl¡ gÓL °al£ qh¡l B­NC HC fÜ¢a­a j¡R R¡s¢R Hhw gÓL
…­m¡ j¡R R¡s¡l 3-5 ¢ce fl ­b­L SeÈ ¢e­a b¡­Lz AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ Hhw
e¡CVÊ¡CV HC fÜ¢a­a 4-8 ¢ce fl ­b­L L¾­VÊ¡m q­a b¡­Lz HC 4-8
¢ce Hl j­dÉ ­am¡¢fu¡/ ¢Qws£ j¡R AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡, e¡CVÊ¡CV Hl ¢ho¢œ²u¡
pqÉ e¡J Ll­a f¡­lz ¢L¿¹¥ °L/j¡…l/¢n¢P j¡­Rl AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ pqen£ma¡
b¡L¡l SeÉ ¢LR¥ r¢a que¡z

HC pqS fÜ¢a­a j¡R R¡s¡l 2-3 ¢ce fl ­b­L M¡h¡l ­cJu¡ öl¦ Ll¡
Ll¡ i¡­m¡, M¡h¡l ­cJu¡l pqS Ef¡C q­µR -

p¡l¡ ¢c­e 3-4 h¡l M¡h¡l M¤h pL¡m ­b­L öl¦ L­l AåL¡l qh¡l B­N
fkÑ¿¹ 1 j¡p, a­h ¢n¢P j¡R l¡­a ­M­a i¡­m¡h¡­pz 1 j¡p fl ­b­L
¢d­l ¢d­l L¢j­u 2 h¡l M¡h¡l ­cJu¡ AiÉ¡p Ll¡­a q­h M¤h pL¡­m
HLh¡l Hhw ¢h­L­m HLh¡l z

A­e­L h¢X J­uV Hl JSe ¢q­p­h j¡R­L M¡h¡l ­cJu¡l Lb¡ h­m,
B¢j Hph j¡¢ee¡, pqS HL¢V Ef¡C B­R, ­p¢V q­µR B¢j j¡R­L fËbj
1 j¡p 4 h¡l M¡h¡l ¢cuz kMe M¡h¡l/¢gX ¢cu aMe 5 ¢j¢eV d­l d£­l
d£­l M¡h¡l VÉ¡­ˆl Q¡¢lf¡­n ¢c­a b¡¢L Hhw kMe M¡h¡l M¡Ju¡ hå L­l
­cu, aMe ­b­L Bl ¢cue¡, k¢c ­L¡e L¡lZhna 10 ¢j¢eV Hl E­ÜÑ
M¡h¡l i¡p­a ­c¢M a¡q­m M¡h¡l …­m¡ HL¢V ­eV Hl j¡dÉ­j ­R­L
­g­m ¢cuz
 HL j¡p fl ­b­L 4 h¡l M¡h¡l ­cJu¡l ¢euj ¢V 3 h¡­l ¢e­u B¢p
HC i¡­h HL pç¡q ¢cu, a¡l fl ­b­L 2 h¡l Mh¡l ­cJu¡l AiÉ¡p
L¢lz

ph pju B¢j i¡pj¡e M¡h¡l hÉhq¡l L¢l, j¡­Rl M¡h¡l ¢h­œ²a¡l L¡­R
¢N­u j¡­Rl hup hm­mC, ¢L p¡CS Hl M¡h¡l m¡N­h ­p¢V a¡l¡ ¢c­u
­cuz

a­h fËbj j¡p H B¢j i¡m j¡­el M¡h¡l hÉhq¡l L¢lz

Hare hmm¡j B¢j ¢L i¡­h gÓL °al£ L¢l, Hh¡l hmh B¢j gÓL,
AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡, e¡CVÊ¡CV, ¢f.HCQ ¢L i¡­h L¾VÊm L¢lz

gÓL SeÈ e¡ ­eJu¡ fkÑ¿¹ 3-7 ¢ce S­ml HC pjÙ¹ fÉ¡l¡¢jV¡l …¢m
L¾VÊm e¡ q­aJ f¡­lz k¡C ­q¡L M¡h¡l ­cJu¡ öl¦ ­k¢ce Ll¡ qu, ­pC
¢ce ­b­L ­j¡m¡¢pp ¢c­a qu, pqS fÜ¢a­a 100 NË¡j M¡h¡­ll SeÉ 50
NË¡j ­j¡m¡¢pp ¢cu, 1 ­L¢S M¡h¡l Hl SeÉ 500 NË¡j ­j¡m¡¢pp
hÉhq¡l L¢lz HL Lb¡u B¢j M¡h¡­ll 50% ­j¡m¡¢pp h¡hq¡l L¢lz
 -------------f’j AdÉ¡u----------------

¢L ¢L L¡l­Z gÓL °al£ que¡ ­S­e l¡M¤e-

1) fËh¡­u¡¢VL i¡­m¡ e¡ q­m

2) h¡­u¡gÓ­L fËQ¥l Hu¡­lne m¡­N, Hu¡­lne Lj q­m

3) h¡C­l ­b­L ­L¡­e¡ LlZhna r¢aL¡lL S£h¡e¤/hÉ¡¢ƒ¢lu¡ fË­hn

Ll­m, ­kje- q¡a m¡N¡­m, f¡­ul d¤­m¡l p¡­b, i¡Cl¡p O¢Va ­e¡wl¡
fË­hn Ll­m, CaÉ¡¢cz

4) LÓ¢le k¤š² Sm hÉhq¡­l,

LfÑ­lne Hl S­m LÓ¢le b¡­L, LÓ¢le Sm hÉhq¡l Ll­a Q¡C­m
fËb­j AÉ¡¢¾V­LÓ¡¢le ¢c­u Sm­L f¢l­n¡de Ll­a q­hz

5) B­u¡¢Xe k¤š² e¤e hÉhq¡l Ll­mz

B­u¡¢Xe b¡L­m S£h¡Z¤ j­l k¡­hz

6) ea¥e ¢p­j¾V VÉ¡­ˆl ¢ho¢œ²u¡l g­m z

ea¥e VÉ¡­ˆl ¢ho¢œ²u¡ L¡V¡­e¡l SeÉ fËb­j f¤­l¡ VÉ¡­ˆ Sm il­a
q­h Hhw L­uL¢V Lm¡N¡R ­R¡V ­R¡V L­l ­L­V ­pC S­m ­g­m l¡M­a
q­h 20 ¢ce Abh¡ Nhl ¢c­uJ Ll­a f¡­lez 20 ¢ce f­l ph ­e¡wl¡
Hhw Sm ­hl L­l ¢c­a q­hz VÉ¡ˆ¢V­L i¡­m¡ L­l d¤­u Bh¡l Sm i­l
HL pç¡q ­l­M ¢c­a q­hz HL pç¡q f­l VÉ¡­ˆl S­ml pH ­j­f
­cM­a q­h, k¢c hÉhq©a S­ml Q¡C­a VÉ¡­ˆl S­ml pH ­h¢n qu
a¡q­m S¡e­a q­h ¢ho¢œ²u¡ j¤š² qu¢e, ­p­r­œ f¤el¡u HLC fÜ­a
Bh¡l ¢ho¢œ²u¡ j¤š² Ll¡l ­Qø¡ Ll­a q­hz kMe hÉhq©a Sm Bl
VÉ¡­ˆl S­ml pH pjf¢lj¡e ­cM¡­h, aMe S¡e­a q­h VÉ¡ˆ¢V ¢ho¢œ²u¡
j¤š² q­u­R Hhw j¡R Q¡­ol SeÉ fËÙ¹¥az

Abh¡ T¡­jm¡ j­e q­m Cf¢„ lw L­l ¢e­a f¡­lez Abh¡ VÉ¡­ˆl
¢ia­l f¢m¢be ­f­a ¢c­a f¡­le

-------------f’j AdÉ¡u------------

p¡hdea¡ ¢L ¢L ­eJu¡ clL¡l-

1) h¡­u¡gÓ­Ll VÉ¡­ˆ k¢c e¡j¡l fË­u¡Se qu, a¡q­m q¡a-f¡ i¡­m¡ L­l
d¤­u e¡j¡ E¢Qvz e¡ q­m gÓL ­L­V k¡h¡l h¡ S£h¡e¤ j­l ­k­a f¡­lz

2) gÓL VÉ¡­ˆl am¡u/¢e­Q Ad£L f¢lj¡e S­j ­N­m AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ Hhw

Ae¡eÉ r¢aLlL NÉ¡p pª¢ø qu, a¡C pç¡q A¿¹l HL¢V ¢LR¥l p¡q¡­kÉ
VÉ¡­ˆl am¡l gÓL …­m¡ O¤¢m­u/­e­s ­cJu¡ clL¡l, i¡­m¡ gm f¡Ju¡
k¡uz
3) Hu¡­ln­el ¢X¢gJS¡l/­ØV¡e …­m¡ p¡ç¡¢qL f¢lú¡l Ll¡ clL¡l, ­ke
Hu¡l ­hl qJu¡ Lj q­u e¡ k¡u
HL¢V 10000 ¢mV¡l L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡­ˆ ­R¡­V¡ p¡C­Sl (2C¢¾Q) ­ØV¡e 10
­b­L 15 ¢V ­cJu¡ ­k­a f¡­l h¡ hs p¡CS (4 C¢¾Q) q­m 6 ­b­L 8
¢V ­cJu¡ ­k­a f¡­l, ¢e­Sl ¢q­p­hJ ¢c­a f¡­lez

4) j¡R k¢c Ef­ll ¢c­L ph pju ­i­p b¡­L a¡q­m S¡e­a q­h,
A¢„­Se Lj q­µR, ­p­r­œ Hu¡l ­ØV¡e h¡¢s­u ¢c­a q­hz

5) Hu¡­lne Lj q­m Oe Oe gÓL ¢e­Q S­j k¡­hz

7) fË¢a pç¡q A¿¹l gÓL HL¢V Hjqf ­L¡e à¡l¡ ­j­f ¢e­a q­h, k¢c
gÓL fË¢a ¢mV¡l S­m 30-40 ¢j¢m Hl ­b­L ­h¢n qu, a¡q­m Sm ¢eQ
­b­L ­XÊe L­l ¢c­a q­hz Hhw ea¥e Sm ¢c­u i­l ¢c­a q­hz
 Hjqf ­L¡e Bf¢e h¡¢s­a fÔ¡p¢VL S­ml ­h¡am ­L­V h¡¢e­u ¢e­a
f¡­le, L¡S Q­m k¡­hz S­m gÓL j¡f¡l SeÉ Hj.qf ­L¡e/­h¡a­m i­l
20 ¢j¢eV l¡M­mC gÓL …­m¡ ¢e­Q S­j ­N­m ­cM¡ k¡u LaV¥L¥ gÓL
B­Rz

8) j¡R R¡s¡l 20-25 ¢c­el ¢ial fË¢a ¢mV¡l S­m fËbj j¡­p gÓL 10
­b­L 20 ¢j¢m q­mC Q­m, a­h HLj¡p fl ­b­L 30-40 ¢j¢m gÓL e¡
q­m B­l¡ fËh¡­u¡¢VL AÉ¡L¢V­iV L­l R¡s­a q­h fË­aÉL pç¡q A¿¹lz
fËh¡­u¡¢VL AÉ¡L¢V­iV Ll¡l ¢euj ¢V B­NC B­m¡Qe¡ L­l¢Rz LM­e¡
fËh¡­u¡¢VL AÉ¡L¢V­iV e¡ L­l pl¡p¢l VÉ¡­ˆ ­cJu¡ E¢Qv euz

10) AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ L¾­VÊ¡m Ll¡l q¡¢au¡l q­µR ­j¡m¡¢pp, k¢c ­L¡­e¡ L¡lZ
hna gÓL B­R AbQ AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ L¾­VÊ¡m Bfe¡l j­el ja q­µRe¡,
­p­r­œ Bf¢e ­j¡m¡¢pp Hl j¡œ¡ Lj ­h¢n L­l ­cM­a f¡­lez Ab¡v
fË¢a¢ce ­k f¢lj¡e M¡h¡l hÉhq¡l L¢l, fË¢a¢ce ­pC f¢lj¡­el 50%
­j¡m¡¢pp ­cJu¡l Lb¡ h­m ¢Rm¡j, a¡l ­b­L ¢LR¥ Lj-­h¢n L­l ­cM­a
f¡­lez L¡lZ M¡h¡­l b¡L¡ fË¢Ve Hl Efl ­j¡m¡¢pp ­cJu¡l Hl f¢lj¡e
f¡bÑLÉ quz

11) pH h¡­u¡gÓL fÜ¢a­a HLV¥ ­h¢n l¡M¡ clL¡l, e¡C¢VÊg¡Cw

hÉ¡­ƒ¢lu¡ L¡S Ll¡l pju r¡l S¡¢au Ef¡c¡e hÉhq¡l L­l, a¡C pH
­h¢n b¡L­m r¢a ­eCz pH 7.2 ­b­L 8.4 l¡M¡ ­k­a f¡­lz a­h a¡l
­b­L Lj-­h¢n q­m hÉhÙÛ¡ ­eJu¡ clL¡lz p¡d¡lea h¡­u¡gÓL ¢WL j­a¡
Qm­a b¡L­m pH L¾­VÊ¡m Hl ¢ia­lC b¡­Lz ah¤J ­k­e l¡M¡ i¡­m¡ ¢L
L­l pH Lj ­h¢n Ll¡ k¡uz A­eL Ef¡C Hl ¢ial B¢j ­k¢V hÉhq¡l
L¢l ­p¢V qm pH h¡s¡­e¡l SeÉ Q¥e (­k Q¥e j¡R Q¡­o hÉhq¡l qu
X­m¡j¡CV/n´M Q¥e) Hhw Lj Ll¡l SeÉ ¢i­eN¡l Abh¡ ­VV¥m ­N¡m¡
Smz

12) j¡R kMe 1.2 Hj Hj M¡h¡l M¡­h h¡ 20 ¢ce j¡R R¡s¡ q­h aMe
­b­L 4 ¢ce A¿¹l d£­l d£­l Sm h¡s¡­a q­h Hhw 10-15 ¢ce Hl
¢ial VÉ¡­ˆl Sm f§ZÑ L­l ¢c­a q­hz

------------- oø AdÉ¡u--------------

VÉ¡ˆ h¡e¡­e¡l ¢ho­u ¢LR¥ Lb¡ -

1) ¢p­j¾V VÉ¡ˆ h¡e¡­a Q¡C­m, °cOÑ-fËÙÛ fË­u¡Se ja Ll­a qu, a­h

EµQa¡ 4 g¥V Ll¡ i¡­m¡, a¡q­m 3-3.5 g¥V fkÑ¿¹ Sm l¡M¡ k¡­hz

­N¡m¡L¡l h¡ B­u¡aL¡l Eiu Ll¡ k¡­h h¡­u¡gÓ­Ll SeÉz a­h ¢e­Q

­e¡wl¡ …­m¡ ­ke pq­S ­hl Ll¡ k¡u, a¡l SeÉ Y¡m l¡M¡ clL¡lz VÉ¡ˆ
h¡e¡h¡l pju ¢eQ ­b­L Sm ­hl Ll¡l SeÉ AhnÉu HL¢V f¡Cf m¡N¡­a
q­hz

­k ­L¡­e¡ VÉ¡­ˆ La V¥L¥ Sm dl­h a¡l HL¢V ¢q­ph q­µR fË¢a ¢LE¢hL
g¥­V 28 ¢mV¡l Sm d­lz HC i¡­h ­k ­LJ a¡l VÉ¡­ˆl Sm d¡le
rja¡ ­hl L­l ¢e­a f¡l­h
¢LE¢hL g¥V= °cOÑ x fËÙÛ x EµQa¡

HC VÉ¡ˆ¢V­a ­j¡V Sm dl­h= 6x4x3=72x28=2016 ¢mV¡l

2) a¡lf¢me Hl VÉ¡­ˆ j¡R Q¡o HMe M¤h ­cM¡ k¡­µR, Q¡C­m a¡lf¢me
Hl VÉ¡ˆ ¢L­e ¢e­a f¡­le, a­h 4 ­b­L 5 hR­ll ­h¢n ­VLnu q­h
h­m j­e qu e¡z

3) j¡¢V ­L­V h¡ f¤L¥l h¡¢e­u f¢m¢be ­f­a ¢c­uJ VÉ¡ˆ h¡e¡­e¡ k¡uz
B­l¡ A­eL Ef¡­u VÉ¡ˆ h¡e¡­e¡ k¡uz

------------- pçj AdÉ¡u--------------

fËnÀ Ešl fhÑ

fËnÀ : h¡­u¡gÓL H TDS Hl ¢L i¥¢jL¡?

Ešl: ­h¡lJ­um Hl Sm q­m ­aje i¥¢jL¡ ­eC, a­h TDS ¢jV¡l

b¡L­m ­j­f ¢e­a f¡­lez S­m e¤e ­jn¡­e¡l B­N 200-500 ¢ia­l
b¡L¡ i¡­m¡z

fËnÀ : TDS ¢L e¤e ¢c­m h¡­s?

Ešl : TDS e¤e ¢c­m h¡­s, a­h TDS Hhw Salinity (S­m e¤­el j¡œ¡)
c¤¢V Bm¡c¡ ¢S¢epz

fËnÀ: S­m e¤e e¡ ¢c­mJ ­a¡ gÓL q­u k¡u, a¡q­m e¤e Hl i¥¢jL¡ ¢L?
Bl e¤e Lah¡l ¢c­a qu HLh¡l j¡R Q¡o Ll­a ­N­m?

E: e¤e ¢c­m j¡­Rl ­l¡N Lj qu, e¡C¢VÊg¡¢uw hÉ¡L­V¢lu¡­cl L¡S Ll­a

p¤¤¢hd¡ qu Hhw ­j¡m¡¢pp J mhe ¢j­n ¢N­u HL¢V pÉ¡m¡Ce Hl L¡S
L­l, k¡­a j¡­Rl EfL¡l quz

S­m e¤e öd¤j¡œ HLh¡l öl¦­a ¢c­a qu, a­h ­h¢n gÓL qh¡l L¡l­Z
kMe Sm ­hl L­l ¢c­a qu, aMe Bh¡l ka V¥L¥ Sm il­he ­pC
f¢lj¡e mhe ¢c­a q­hz dl¦e ea¥e Sm 1000 ¢mV¡l ­Y¡L¡­me aq­m
1 ­L¢S e¤e ¢c­a q­hz
fË: fËb­j B¢j j¡R Q¡o öl¦ Llh ¢L j¡R ¢c­u öl¦ Llh?

E: ¢i­uae¡j °L ¢c­u öl¦ Ll¦e, ¢n­M ­N­m ­k ­L¡­e¡ j¡R Ll­a

f¡l­hez

fË: HL¢V 10000 ¢mV¡l VÉ¡­ˆ La Ju¡V h¡ ­Lje FLOW RATE Hl

Hu¡l f¡Çf ¢c­m i¡­m¡ qu?

E: 120 ¢mV¡l f¡l ¢j¢eV, h¡ 100 Ju¡V Hl HL¢V Hu¡l f¡Çf ¢c­m
i¡­m¡ quz Hu¡l f¡­Çfl ­fËp¡l .40-.45 ­L.¢f.H q­m i¡­m¡ quz

­fË¡: S­ml h¡¢L fÉ¡l¡¢jV¡l …­m¡ hm¤e

Ešl: h¡JgÓL-H AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ (NH /NH ) 1.5 mg/L ­b­L Lj l¡M¡ i¡­m¡
3 4

Hhw e¡CVÊ¡CV (NO -) 2 mg/L Hl ­b­L Lj l¡M­m j¡­R ­l¡N Lj q­h h¡

2

j¡R ­NË¡b (h¡s­h) i¡­m¡ q­hz

­fË¡: B¢j ­j¡m¡¢pp,mhe HC …­m¡ ¢L pl¡p¢l VÉ¡­ˆ ­Y­m ­ch?

E: e¡, pl¡p¢l ­Y­m e¡ ¢c­u, 10-20 ¢mV¡l S­ml p¡­b …­m/ ¢j¢n­u
­cJu¡l ­Qø¡ Ll¦ez

­fË¡: B¢j ­am¡¢fu¡ Q¡o Llh, Bm¡c¡ fÜ¢a ¢L hm¤e?

E: qÉ¡y, HLV¥ Bm¡c¡, H­a¡V¡ pq­S ­am¡¢fu¡ que¡, a­h HLV¥ fÜ¢al
f¢lhaÑe Ll­m, ­am¡¢fu¡ Ll¡ k¡uz ­am¡¢fu¡ Q¡­ol SeÉ fËb­j
CYCLING h¡ fËbj gÓL fË¢aÙÛ¡fe (hÉ¡­ƒ¢lu¡l Lm¢e h¡e¡­a q­h)
Ll¡l clL¡l, ¢hÙ¹¡¢la B­m¡Qe¡ S¢Vm fÜ¢al ¢ial f¡­hez
­fË¡: B¢j ¢L ¢Qw¢s j¡R Q¡o Ll­a f¡l­h¡?

E: ¢Qw¢s j¡R f¡me Hl SeÉ Bm¡c¡ ­VÊ¢ew ¢e­a q­h, ¢Qw¢s ¢VÊ¢ew
h¡­u¡gÓ­L q­mJ A­eL V¡ Bm¡c¡, JM¡­e salinity (â¢hi¥a mhe) Hl
HL¢V hs i¥¢jL¡ B­R, Hhw ¢Qw¢s j¡­Rl S¡a/dle Ae¤p¡­l fË­aÉ­Ll
Bm¡c¡ Bm¡c¡ Q¡­ol fÜ¢a B­Rz

­fË¡: Bjl¡ h¡­u¡gÓL Hl L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡­ˆl S­ml c¤C lLj lw ­cM­a f¡C,
­L¡e L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡­ˆl lw qu ph¤S Bh¡l L¡­l¡ qu q¡mL¡ h¡c¡¢j,
hÉ¡f¡l¢V ¢L?

E: k¢c VÉ¡­ˆl Efl p§­kÑl B­m¡ f­s a¡q­m nÉ¡Jm¡ SeÈ¡­e¡l g­m
S­ml lw q¡mL¡ ph¤S q­u b¡­Lz Bl k¡l Ce­X¡l h¡ ­pX Hl ¢ial
Q¡o L­l a¡q­m q¡mL¡ h¡c¡¢j lw Hl qu, c¤­V¡l ­L¡­e¡¢V­aC Ap¤¤¢hd¡
­eCz

­fË¡: h¡­u¡gÓ­L ­L¡e j¡R ph ­b­L i¡­m¡ qu?

E: ¢Qws£ Hhw ­am¡¢fu¡, L¡le Hl¡ gÓL M¡C Hhw M¡h¡l MlQ Lj¡u

­fË¡: °L,j¡…l,¢n¢P,­am¡¢fu¡,¢Qw¢s, f¡‰¡p, Lje L¡hÑ HC …­m¡ ­a¡

h¡­u¡gÓ­L Ll­a ­c­M¢R, Bl ¢L ¢L j¡R quz

E: B¢j S¡¢ee¡, a­h AeÉ j¡R HMe A­e­LC f¢lr¡ Ll­R h¡­u¡gÓ­L
Ll¡ k¡C ¢L e¡, a­h m¡ih¡e qh¡l Lb¡ HM­e¡ ­n¡e¡ k¡C¢ez
­fË¡: n£aL¡­m h¡­u¡gÓ­L j¡R Q¡o qu ¢L?

E: qu, a­h i¡­m¡ que¡, j¡R n£aL¡­m M¡h¡l M¡Ce¡ ­h¢n a¡C h¡­sJ
e¡, e¡C¢VÊg¡Cw hÉ¡L­V¢lu¡ 24 ¢XNË£ ­p¢¾V­NËX Hl Lj S­ml a¡f jœ¡u
i¡­m¡ L¡S L­le¡, a¡C n£aL¡­m Ad£L Oe­aÆ j¡R b¡L­m ¢hfc qh¡l
pñhe¡ b¡­Lz

­fË¡: j¡­Rl OeaÆ ¢L l¡M­h¡?

E: °L/¢n¢P/j¡…l/f¡‰¡p EµQ Oe­aÆ l¡M¡ k¡u, ¢L¿¹ ­am¡¢fu¡ j¡R ­h¢n

EµQ Oe­aÆ l¡M­m i¡­m¡ gm f¡Ju¡ k¡u e¡z

fËbj j¡R Q¡o Ll¡l pju EµQ OeaÆ ¢e­u ­j¡­VC i¡h¡ E¢av eu, ka
EµQ OeaÆ q­h, aa j¡R hs qh¡l p¡­b p¡­b AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡,e¡CVÊ¡CV L¾­VÊ¡m
l¡M¡ j¤n¢Lm q­u J­Wz a¡C k¡l¡ ea¥e öl¦ Ll­Re, a¡l¡ AÒf ­Xe¢p¢V
¢c­u öl¦ Ll¦ez

°L j¡R ¢mV¡­l HL¢V Abh¡ 1 ¢mV¡­l 100 NË¡j fkÑ¿¹ Ll¡ k¡C, a­h
ea¥e k¡l¡ öl¦ Ll­Re, a¡l¡ fË¢a 3 ¢mV¡­l HL¢V j¡R ­R­s h¡­u¡gÓL
fÜ¢a¢V ­nM¡ E¢Qvz

­fË¡: h¡­u¡gÓ­L ¢L ¢L ­l¡N j¡­Rl qu? Bl ¢L ¢L Kod Bjl¡ hÉ¡hq¡l

Ll­a f¡l­h¡?
E: h¡­u¡gÓL ¢WLj­a¡ Ll­a f¡l­m, AbÑ¡v S­ml fÉ¡l¡¢jV¡l ¢WL l¡M­m
­L¡­e¡ ­l¡N que¡z k¢c ­L¡­e¡ j¡­R ­l¡N h¡ c§hÑm ­cM¡ k¡u a¡q­m ­pC
j¡R¢V d­l AeÉ HL¢V f¡­œ ­l­M ¢Q¢Lvp¡ Ll­a f¡­lez L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡­ˆ
­L¡e pju, Kod hÉ¡hq¡l Ll¡ k¡­h e¡z hÉ¡­ƒ¢lu¡ j­l ­k­a f¡­lz

­fË¡: Bf¢e ¢L ­am¡¢fu¡ j¡R Q¡o L­l­Re?

E: qÉ¡y L­l¢R, 1000 ¢mV¡l H 100-200 ¢fp Hl ­h¢n j¡R l¡M­m

i¡­m¡ gm f¡Ju¡ k¡Ce¡z Bj¡l hÉ¡¢š²Na A¢i‘a¡C ­am¡¢fu¡ j¡­Rl
SeÉ A­eL Sm m¡­N, a¡C f¤L¥­l h¡­u¡gÓL L­l ­am¡¢fu¡ j¡R Q¡o ph
­b­L Ešjz

­fË¡: Bf¢e ¢L ¢L fÜ¢a­a j¡R Q¡o L­l­Re? Hhw ­L¡e fÜ¢a­a ph

Q¡C­a i¡­m¡ gm ­f­u­Re?

E: B¢j RAS (Recirculating aqua culture System), biofloc, Hhw

flow-through (Aehla ea¥e Sm ¢c­u j¡R Q¡o) HC ¢ae¢V fÜ¢a ¢c­u
j¡R Q¡o L­l¢Rz ph ­b­L i¡­m¡ gm ­f­u¢R flow-through ¢p­ØVj ¢c­uz

HM¡­e h­m l¡¢M ­gÓ¡-bË¥ ¢p­ØVj f¡a¡m Hl Sm ¢c­u Ll­m fËQ¥l Sm

AfQu q­h, ­p­r­œ ¢e¢cø Bfe¡l Hm¡L¡C S­ml Ae¤j¢al ­fË¡­u¡Se
b¡L­m ­p¢V Ll­a q­hz

­fË¡: FLO-THROUGH ¢p­ØVj Hl hÉ¡f¡­l ¢LR¥ hm¤e

E: fËb­j f¤L¥l,ec£-e¡m¡,hª¢øl Sm h¡ f¡a¡m (NË¡Eä Ju¡V¡l) HL¢V VÉ¡­ˆ

­lp¡iÑ L­l a¡­a Hu¡­lne ¢c­u l¡M­a qu Hhw d£­l d£­l ­pC Sm
j¡­Rl VÉ¡­ˆ ­Y¡L¡­a quz j¡­Rl VÉ¡­ˆ Hhw ¢lS¡li¡­l (Sm ­kM¡­e
pwlre L­l l¡M­he ­pC S­m) c¤­V¡­aC Hu¡­lne ¢c­a quz

f¤L¥l ec£-e¡m¡l Sm q­m HL¢V uv m¡CV hÉ¡hq¡l Ll­m M¡l¡f

hÉ¡­ƒ¢lu¡l q¡a ­b­L lr¡ f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

ea¥e Sm h¡ ¢lS¡iÑ Sm ¢L f¢lj¡e ¢c­a qu ­p¢V AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ ­VØV L­l

­cM­a qu, dl¦e fË¢a¢ce 2000 ¢mV¡l Sm ­cJu¡l f­lJ AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡
L¾­VÊ¡m q­µR e¡, a¡q­m B­l¡ ­h¢n Sm ¢c­a q­hz

a­h ea¥e Sm ­ch¡l HL¢V fÜ¢a B­R, HLh¡­l ph ea¥e Sm e¡

Y¥¢L­u, HL¢V VÉ¡f Hl p¡q¡­kÉ d£­l d£­l p¡l¡ ¢ce ¢c­a q­hz

­fË¡: RAS Hl hÉ¡f¡­l ¢LR¥ hm¤e

E: Bj¡l j­a h¡­u¡gÓ­Ll ­b­L A­eL i¡­m¡ ¢p­ØVj q­µR RAS , ¢L¿¹¥
C­m¢ƒÊL ¢hm fËQ¥l B­p, a¡C h¡­u¡gÓL i¡­m¡z

­fË¡: Bf¢e ­L¡e ­fË¡h¡­u¡¢VL hÉ¡hq¡l L­le?

E: B¢j ­k ­fË¡h¡­u¡¢VL hÉhq¡l L¢l ­p¢V qm Metaprob-FS , H¢V B¢j

Aem¡Ce ­b­L ¢L­e ¢eu, k¡­cl p¡­b ¢L¢e a¡­cl ­L¡Çf¡¢el e¡j ­jV¡m
p¡C¾p, Hhw a¡­cl ­j¡h¡Cm e¡ð¡l +91 7799857769 (Bj¡l e¡j
Ll­m Hl¡ MRP ­b­L 20% ¢XpL¡E¾V ­c­h)
a­h pL­ml HLC ­fË¡h¡­u¡¢VL fR¾c qu e¡, Bfe¡l ­k¢V fR¾c ­p¢V
Bf¢e ¢Le­a f¡­lez

­fË¡: A­eL ­m¡­Ll ­cM¡ k¡u, HL¢c­e ph j¡R j­l ¢N­u­R, H¢V ­Le
qu?

E: A­eL L¡l­Zl ¢ia­l j§m L¡lZ …­m¡ hm¢R -

1) k¢c Bj¡­cl Ah­qm¡l L¡l­Z ­j¡m¡¢pp ¢c­a i¥­m k¡u, a¡q­m

hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ …­m¡ L¡S L­le¡ Hhw AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ h¡s­a b¡­L, HL¢V L¡lZz

2) Bj¡­cl Ah­qm¡ S¢ea L¡l­e VÉ¡­ˆl am¡u ­h¢n f¢lj¡e gÓL S­j
¢N­u ­pM¡­e AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ °al£ q­a b¡L­m j¡R j­l k¡Ju¡ öl¦ q­a
f¡­lz

3) ­L¡­e¡ L¡lZhna Hu¡lf¡Çf hå q­u ­N­m, A¢„­Se Hl Ai¡­h j¡R

jl­a f¡­lz k¡l¡ i¢hnÉ­a hs L­l A­eL …­m¡ VÉ¡ˆ ¢c­u j¡R Q¡o
Ll­h, a¡­cl A¢a¢lš² A¢„­Se f¡Çf q¡­a l¡M­a q­h

4) M¡l¡f hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ Y¥­L ¢N­u i¡­m¡ hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ ­j­l AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡, e¡CVÊ¡CV

h¡s­a b¡L­m j¡R j­l ­k­a f¡­lz

­fË¡: k¢c HLh¡l L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡­ˆ EfL¡l£ hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ ph j­l k¡u, a¡q­m
¢L Llh? Abh¡ VÉ¡­ˆl ¢e­Q AaÉ¢dL f¢lj¡­e gÓL S­j c£OÑ¢ce b¡L¡l
g­m L¡­m¡ q­u ­N­m h¡ gÓL ¢e­Q fQe dl­m ¢L Llhz

E: HLh¡l HL¢V L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡­ˆ, ­L¡­e¡ L¡lZ hna Hje q­m Bl ­L¡e
Ef¡C ­eC ­p¢V­L ¢WL Ll¡z ­p­r­œ AeÉ HL¢V VÉ¡­ˆ j¡R …m ­l­M
L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡ˆ¢V­L i¡­m¡ L­l f¢lú¡l L­l Bh¡l ea¥e L­l gÓL h¡e¡­a
q­hz k¡l¡ i¢hnÉ­a hs j¡­fl Q¡o Ll­h a¡­cl ph pju HL¢V
A¢a¢lš² VÉ¡ˆ q¡­a l¡M¡ i¡­m¡z

­fË¡: B¢j ¢L Bfe¡l HC hC¢V f­s h­s¡ L­l h¡­u¡gÓL ¢e­u Q¡o
Ll­a f¡¢l?

E: e¡, Bf¢e öd¤j¡œ HL¢V hC f­s, h­s¡ L­l fËbjh¡l Ll­a ­N­m
mp Hl pÇj¥¢re q­a f¡­le, fËbj HL¢V-c¤­V¡ q¡l­iø ­R¡V L­l HL¢V
VÉ¡ˆ ¢c­u öl¦ Ll¦e, pgma¡ ­f­m ka hs CµR¡ Ll­a f¡l­hez

------------- Aøj AdÉ¡u--------------

S¢Vm h¡ ¢hÙ¹¢la fÜ¢a :-

¢hÙ¹¢la fÜ¢a­a c¤¢V ¢S¢ep Bm¡c¡ ­kje-

1) gÓL fË¢aÙÛ¡fe fÜ¢a

2) M¡h¡l ­cJu¡l fÜ¢a
gÓL fË¢aÙÛ¡f fÜ¢a

Hl B­NC Bjl¡ B­m¡Qe¡ L­l¢R, ­kje Bjl¡ 6 ¢ce Hu¡­lne

­cJu¡l f­lC j¡R ­R­s ¢c¢µR, ­p¢V Ll­m q­he¡z
H­r­œ B­Nl jaC 6 ¢c­e VÉ¡­ˆl S­m fËh¡­u¡¢VL ¢j¢n­u fËÙ¹¥a Ll¡l
f­l h¡S¡l ­b­L 1 ­L¢S h¡ 2 ­L¢S °L h¡ ­am¡¢fu¡ j¡R ¢L­e ¢e­u
Bp¤¤e Hhw HC VÉ¡­ˆ ­R­s ¢ce,

HC i¡­h 10 ¢ce l¡M¤e AÒf M¡h¡l ¢ce ­h­Q b¡L¡ ja, Hhw ­k
f¢lj¡e M¡h¡l ­c­he a¡l 50% q¡­l ­j¡m¡¢pp ¢c­a b¡L¥e fË­aÉL ¢cez

HC ea¥e j¡R …­m¡­L 10-15 ¢ce VÉ¡­ˆ l¡M­a q­h, ­ke EfL¡l£
hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ …­m¡ hwn¢hÙ¹¡l Ll­a f¡­lz EfL¡l£ S£h¡Z¤ M¡h¡l Bl
f¢l­hn ­f­mC hwn¢hÙ¹¡l Ll­h

HC 10-15 ¢ce Cycling h¡ fË¢aÙÛ¡fe Ll¡ L¡¢me HL¢V ¢S¢ep Hl

Efl eSl l¡M­a q­h, ­p¢V qm tan (AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡-e¡CVÊ¡CV Hl i¡lp¡jÉ)

HM¡­e ­i­P f¤­l¡ ¢hhle e¡ h­õ h¤T­a Ap¤¤¢hd¡ q­h, h¡­u¡gÓ­L hÉ¡­ƒ¢lu¡
­L L¡­S m¡¢N­u Sm f¢l×L¡l l¡M¡ qu, j¡­e S­ml fÉ¡l¡¢jV¡l …­m¡
¢WL l¡M¡ quz

hÉ¡­ƒl£u¡ ­k L¡S ¢V L­l ­p¢V q­µR ammonia ­b­L nitrite, Hhw nitrite
­b­L nitrate HC i¡­h fl fl Lei¡VÑ (f¢lh¢aÑa qu) qu z nitrate
­aje ¢LR¥ M¢a L­le¡, a­h Sm ¢LR¥V¡ f¢lhaÑe L­l Lj¡­e¡ k¡uz
L¡mQ¡l VÉ¡­ˆl S­m AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ Hhw e¡CVÊ¡CV HC c¤¢V fÉ¡l¡¢jV¡l j¡R
Hhw j¡­Rl M¡h¡l ­b­L Evfæ qu, Bl HC c¤C fÉ¡l¡¢jV¡l j¡­Rl SeÉ
¢hoz Hl Ef¢ÙÛ¢a Lj l¡M¡l ­Qø¡ Ll­a q­h

¢L¿¹ gÓL °al£ qh¡l p¡­b p¡­bC HC c¤C ¢ho eøL¡l£ hÉ¡L­V¢lu¡
B­V¡­j¢VL hwn¢hÙ¹¡l Ll­a b¡­L, ¢L¿¹ HM¡­e HL¢V hÉ¡f¡l O­V ­p¢V
q­µR AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ dwpL¡¢l hÉ¡L­V¢lu¡ (Heterotrophic bacterial) M¤h
a¡l¡a¡¢s hwn ¢hÙ¹¡l Ll­a f¡­l, ¢L¿¹¥ e¡CVÊ¡CV dwpL¡l£ hÉ¡L­V¢lu¡
(chemoautotrophic bacterial) ­pC a¥­m¡e¡C Lj hwn¢hÙ¹¡l Ll­a f¡­l

H­r­œ ­cM¡ k¡u j¡­Rl VÉ¡­ˆ k¢c 100 ¢j¢m AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ pª¢ØV qu a¡q­m
AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ ­b­L 100 ¢j¢m e¡C­VÊVJ °a¢l q­hz

Hh¡l ­cM¤e AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ dwpL¡¢l hÉ¡L­V¢lu¡ pwM¡ ­h¢n b¡L¡l L¡l­e

AÉ­j¡¢eu¡ M¤h â¥a eø q­h, ¢L¿¹¥ ­pC a¥me¡C e¡CVÊ¡CV dwpL¡l£
hÉ¡­ƒ¢lu¡ Lj b¡L¡u 100 ¢j¢m AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ f¤­l¡V¡ eø Ll­a f¡l­h e¡z

a¡C tan (AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ Hhw e¡CVÊ¡C­Vl f¡bÑLÉ) ­ke e¡ h¡­s ­pC SeÉ
cycling (pju Hl p¡­b p¡­b, HC c¤C lLj hÉ¡­ƒ¢lu¡ SeÈ ­e­h Hhw
L¡S Ll­a prj q­h, HV¡­LC Cycling h­m h¡ gÓ­L hÉ¡­ƒ¢lu¡
hwn¢hÙ¹¡l Ll¡l fË¢œ²u¡ h­m) clL¡l z

HLh¡l cycling Ll­a 20-25 ¢ce pju m¡­N, A­eL pju ¢LR¥ ¢ce
Lj-­h¢n q­a f¡­l

H¢V ¢L i¡­h Ll­a qu B¢j hm¢R, cycling Ll¡l SeÉ kMe 1-2
¢L­m¡ j¡R R¡s­me, a¡l c¤C ¢ce fl ­b­L fË¢a¢ce S­ml AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡,
e¡CVÊ¡CV ­j­f ­cM­a q­h, 15-20 ¢c­el ¢ial ­k ¢ce Bf¢e c¤¢V
fÉ¡l¡¢jV¡l Hl j¡f HL lLj f¡­he Abh¡ ka p¡j¡eÉ f¡bÑLÉ b¡L­m
Qm­hz ­pC ¢ce h¤T­a q­h gÓL fË¢aÙÛ¡fe f§ZÑ q­u­R Hhw j¡­Rl ­f¡e¡
R¡s¡l Efk¤š² q­u­Rz TAN ¢e­u Bl ­L¡e pjpÉ q­h e¡ z

hÉ¡­ƒ¢lu¡l fË¢aÙÛ¡fe (cycling) Hl pju, k¢c VÉ¡­ˆ pl¡p¢l p§­kÑl B­m¡

f­s, a¡q­m hÉ¡­ƒ¢lu¡ SeÈ e¡ ¢e­aJ f¡­l, L¡le p§­kÑl uv m¡CV Hl¡
fËbj ¢c­L pkÉ Ll­a f¡­le¡z a¡C cycling Ll¡l pju, VÉ¡­ˆl Ef­l
L¡­m¡ f¢m¢be ¢c­u ­pX ¢c­m i¡­m¡ quz HLh¡l cycling q­u ­N­m
p§­kÑl B­m¡u Bl r¢a que¡
hÉ¡f¡l ¢V M¤h S¢Vm j­e qm, a¡Ce¡?

Bp­m HC SeÉC B¢j e¡j ¢c­u¢R S¢Vm fÜ¢a

¢am¡¢fu¡ /¢Qws£ j¡R Q¡­ol SeÉ HC i¡­h cycling h¡ tan Hl Ae¤f¡a

¢WL e¡ Ll­a f¡l­m, i¡­m¡ gm f¡Ju¡ k¡­he¡z

a­h H­aJ p¡gmÉ f¡Ju¡ pñj, 2-3 ­V q¡l­iØV (Q¡o) Ll­m ph

B­u¡­š Q­m Bp­hz

------------- ehj Adɡu--------------

M¡h¡l ­cJu¡l fÜ¢a

M¡h¡l ­ch¡l p¢WL fÜ¢a h¡ ¢euj Ae¤p¡­l M¡h¡l ­cu¡l fÜ¢a B¢j
HL¢V glj¤m¡ ¢c­u ­h¡T¡­e¡l ­Qø¡ Ll¢R-

dl¦e Bf¢e HL ¢c­e 2¢L­m¡ M¡h¡l ¢c­µRe, Hhw ­pC M¡h¡­ll ­fË¡¢Ve
% q­µR 30%, a¡q­m ­j¡V e¡C­VÊ¡­Se q­h

2­L¢S=2000 NË¡j
a¡q­m ­j¡V ­fË¡¢Ve Bf¢e j¡R­L ¢c­µRe

a¡q­m ­j¡V ­fË¡¢Ve q­h= 600 NË¡j

HL¢V gj¤Ñm¡ Ae¤k¡u£, dl¡ qu ­fË¡¢Ve Hl 16% e¡C­VÊ¡­Se/AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡

S­m ¢c¢µR,

a¡q­m j¡R­L ­j¡V e¡C­VÊ¡­Se (N) ¢c­µRe = 96 NË¡j

abÉ Ae¤p¡­l, 75% e¡C­VÊ¡­Se j¡R hÉhq¡l L­l e¡, h¡ S­m ¢j­n k¡u

a¡q­m S­m ­j¡V e¡C­VÊ¡­Se/AÉ¡­j¡¢eu¡ q­h=

­j¡V r¢aL¡lL e¡C­VÊ¡­Se qm = 72 NË¡j

abÉ Be¤p¡­l ­j¡V VÉ¡­ˆ Ef¢ÙÛa e¡C­VÊ¡­Se Hl 10 …e ­h¢n ­j¡m¡¢pp
¢c­a quz

a¡q­m ­j¡m¡¢pp m¡N­h= 72X10 = 720 NË¡j

a¡q­m HM¡­e C:N Ratio qm 10:1

HC i¡­h c:n ratio ­je­Ve Ll­a quz

h¡­u¡gÓL ¢e­u C¢äu¡ Hhw h¡wm¡­c­n ¢lp¡QÑ A­e­L haÑj¡­e Ll­R, B¢j
BS ­k Lb¡ …­m¡ h­m¢R p¢WL, a­h Hl Q¡C­a i¡­m¡ Lb¡ h¡ Ef¡C

flh¢aÑ­a ­LJ h¡ B¢j hm­a f¡¢l, L¡lZ h¡­u¡gÓL ¢e­u ¢lp¡QÑ j­e qu
L¡­l¡ f¤­l¡ Lj¢fÔV qu¢e HM­e¡z

HM¡­e ¢LR¥ Lj B­R j­e q­m Bj¡­L qVpAÉ¡f L­l S¡e¡­he, B¢j
p¡q­k¡¢Na¡ Llh h¡ pdf H kah¡l ea¥e ¢LR¥ pw­k¡Se Llh, abÉ
S¥s­h¡ aah¡l ¢he¡ j§­mÉ B¢j ­fCX ­jjh¡l­cl ­pä L­l ­chz

­k­L¡e ­qÒf f¡h¡l SeÉ påÉ¡ 7 V¡ ­b­L l¡œ£ 10 fkÑ¿¹ Lm Ll¦e

+91 9091639248 Abh¡ p¡l¡ ¢ce HC e¡ð¡­l öd¤j¡œ qVpAÉ¡f
Ll¦ez
­k ­j¡h¡Cm ­b­L fËbj ­jjh¡l q­he ­pC e¡ð¡l ­b­L Lm h¡ QÉ¡V
Ll­m a­hC PDF ­Le¡l flhaÑ£­a ­qÒf f¡­he, ea¥e e¡ð¡l ­b­L Lm
Ll­m ­L¡­e¡ lLj p¡q¡kÉ f¡­he e¡z L¡lZ Bjl¡ öd¤j¡œ HL¢V e¡ð¡l
­l¢Sø¡l Ll­a f¡l­h¡z

Aj¡l ¢WL¡e¡-

e¡j- pjl j™m

NË¡j J ­f¡- f¡¢VL¡h¡¢s
b¡e¡- eJc¡
­Sm¡- j¤¢nÑc¡h¡c
f¢ÕQjh‰- 742121

------------------------------- pj¡ç--------------------------------